Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1.
p(x) = x 4 + 4x 3 8x 2 1 ,
(a)
Let
p(x)
There is one real root with x < 4 and another with x > 1.
There is no real root with 4 < x < 1 .
and
(b)
Let p(x) = 8x 5 5x 4 40x 3 50 , then p'(x) = 40x4 20x3 120x2 = 20x2(2x + 3)(x 2)
3/2
p(x)
2.
6 < < 5
(a)
3< < 4 .
Let p(x) = x 4 + 2x 2 + 3x 1 .
The number of sign change for
p(x) is 1 .
p(x) is 1 .
real roots
)(
(b)
x = 1,
,1
p(x)
1< < 2 .
3.
+ + = p
(2)
( )2 = 2 + 2 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 2
Now,
= 0 2 2( p ) 2
( )2 , ( )2 , ( )2
y = 2p x 2 +
.
.
(1)
= q .
(3)
(4)
2
2
2
= ( + + ) 2( + + ) 2
2( q )
2q
= 2p 2 +
, by (1) - (4) .
2q
3q
. (5)
xy = 2px x 3 + 2q x 3 px + q + xy px = 3q xy px = 3q x =
x
yp
3
3q
3q
p
+ q = 0 y 3 6py 2 + 9p 2 y + 27q 2 4p 3 = 0
yp
yp
D = ( )2 ( )2 ( )2 = (27q2 4p3) =
(6)
4p3 27q2
.(6)
. (7)
(ii)
1 real double root and one other real root or 1 triple root D = 0 .
D>0.
4.
D<0.
should be real
4p3 27q2 0 .
x 2 (3 + 2 )x + (4 ) = 0
x2 3x + 4 = (1 + 2x)
= (3 + 2 ) 4(4 ) 0
2
42 + 16 0
4 21
2
or
4 + 21
2
x2 3x + 4 = (1 + 2x)
y = x 2 3x + 4 ....(1)
y = (1 + 2 x ) ....(2)
(2)
the point
=3
1
,0 .
2
4 21
2
4 + 21
2
4 21
2
or
4 + 21
2
1
,0
2
5.
When
= 3,
When
9 77
9 + 77
<x<
2
2
(2) becomes
Let y = (x 1)2 ( x a) + t
y = 3 + 6x .
(0.11 < x < 8.89),
(a > 1)
y"
y"
x =1
y is a max. when x = 1,
As x -, y -
y is a min. when x =
4(a 1)
+t<0
27
4(a 1)
27
t>0
ymax = t.
2a + 1
,
3
4(a 1)
+t
27
3
y min =
as x +, y + .
and
2a + 1
.
3
x = 1 or x =
3
t = 4(a 1)
27
0<t<
++=2+a
+ + = 1 2a
= a + t
+ + - 2( + + ) + 3
t=0
= 1 2a 2 (2 + a) + 3 = 0
6.
Let x =
p
q
However
p
p
a + b + c = 0
q
q
ax2 + bx + c = 0
There is a contradiction since ap2 , bpq, cq2 are all odd so their sum is also odd,
and must not be equal to 0 .
7.
(a)
P(x ) a 0 x n + a 1 x n 1 + ... + a n 1 x + a n
[ (
= (p q ) a 0 p
n 1
+p
n 2
q + ... + q
n 1
) + a (p
1
n 2
+ p n 3 q + ... + q n 2 + ... + a n 1
Since a0 , a1 , , an , p, q are integers, the second factor in the above expression is an integer.
The first factor (p q) is an even integer if
(b)
P(p) P(q)
is even .
(ii)
8.
If
a = b c
From (1),
(2)
(3)
is rational , by (3)
is rational .
m = 0, since is irrational
p(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) q(x) + n , that is, the remainder is independent of x .
9.
lim p( x ) = + , lim p( x ) = ,
x +
x=
p
3
(1)
Since
p
p" +
>0
y is a min when x = +
p
.
3
y min = q
2p
3
p
,
3
Since
p
p"
>0
y is a max when x =
p
3
y max = q +
2p
3
p
,
3
p(x) = 0 has 3 real roots (or 1 double real root and 1 real root) ymin 0 and ymax 0
4p 3 27q 2
2p p
0
3 3
and
2p p
2p
q+
q
3 3
3
(a)
q+
2p p
0
3 3
2p p
2p p
q+
0
q
3 3
3 3
[ymin > 0 and ymax > 0] or [ymin < 0 and ymax < 0]
p
>0
3
(b)
3x3 + 4x 2 = 0, Since 4p3 = 4(-4/3)3 = -256/27 , 27q2 = 27(-2/3)2 = 12, 4p3 < 27q2.
The equation has only one real root.
(c)
4x3 7x + 3 = 0 . Since 4p3 = 4(7/4)3 = 343/16 , 27q2 = 27(3/4)2 = 243/16, 4p3 > 27q2.
The equation has 3 real roots .
10.
(a)
x3 + Px2 + Qx + R = 0
(1)
(2)
P
P
, then the transformation x = X
3
3
x3 15x = 126
(3)
x=y+z
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
y + z = 126
(5) becomes :
and z
If y3 and z3 are both real and y0 , z0 are their real roots, possible values for y , z are y0,
y0, 2y0
By (6) , the product yz must be real. Therefore the only combinations consistent with this give, as
y0 + 2z0 ,
2y0 + z0 .
(a)
Take y03 = 1,
t = 1 or 125.
x2 + px + q = 0
1 + 5, + 52 ,
y0 = 1,
z0 = 5 .
2 + 5 .
+ = p , = q .
(1)
(2)
One of the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0 is equal to the cube of the other
(b)
3 =
or
x2 + px + q = 0
3 =
(3 )(3 ) = 0
+ = p , = q
(1)
(t + ) + (t + ) = (1 + t) ( + ) = (1 + t) (p) = p(1 + t)
(t + ) (t + ) = t(2 + 2) + + t2 = t[( + )2 2] + + t2 = t[(p)2 2q] + q + t2 q
= t2 q + t(p2 2q) + q
Hence the new equation is
(1)
If t 1 and is real, (t + ) , (t + )
(2)
If t = 1 , (t + ) , (t + )
are equal to p .
(a)
p +p b+q=0
(2)
. (1)
2
q + bq + q = 0
(3)
q + b + 1 = 0 q = (b + 1)
(4) (2), p + p b + (b + 1) = 0
4
p2 = (b + 1) or p2 = 1
p = (b + 1) or
(4)
(p + b + 1) (p 1) = 0
2
p = 1 .
(b)
p = 0 or
The equation x2 + bx + c = 0
+ = b , = c
(1)
( + ) 2 + 2 = b 2c + 2
1
1
+ +2
+
=
=
2
2
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 + b 2 2c + c 2
1 + ( + ) 2 + ( )
2
)(
1
1
1
=
1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + b 2 2c + c 2
If
(1 + b
2c + c 2 x 2 + 2c 2 b 2 x + 1 = 0 .
x=
13.
, , r
r
Let
Then + 1 + r = 3
r
b
3
(3)/(2),
(6)(1),
x 3 + 3x 2 + bx +
x=
b
or
3
x3 + 3x2 + bx + c = 0
be the roots of
. (1)
(2)
2 +1+ r = b
r
(5)
(5)(4),
c=
From (5)
and division,
3 3
3
x=
2
1 5
2
5 5
.
10
b2
= 0.
27
x=
b2
27
(3)
(6)
3 = c
(4)
b 2
b
b2
x + x + 3 x +
=0
3
3
9
b
4b 2
3
9
(7)
(8)
In (7),
b 4b 2
b 2 4b 2 27 6b b 2
= 9 2b +
=
= 3
3
9
9
9
3
is an integer and 0 , b
(10)
14.
x = 2, 1, 4.
x4 + a3 x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 = 0
4
z is a root of (1),
1/z is a root of
(1)
(2)
= 0
z + a3 z + a2z + a1z + a0 = 0
(1/z)4 + a3 (1/z)3 + a2(1/z)2 + a1(1/z) + a0 = 0
(1),
a
a
a 1
z 4 + 1 z 3 + 2 z 2 + 3 z +
a
a
0
0
a0 a0
(3)
Since z and 1/z are roots, (2) and (3) are identical.
a0 =
1
2
a 0 = 1 a 0 = 1
a0
Case (1),
When a0 = 1, a1 = a3
Case (2),
a1 = a3)
and x2-terms)
or (a0 = 1, a1 = a3 , a2 = 0)]
p(1) = 1 + a3 + a2 + a1 + a0 = 0 ,
p(1) = 1 a3 + a2 a1 + a0 = 0 .
Division of p(x) by (x 1)(x + 1) gives a quadratic factor and the problem reduces to solving quadratic
equation.
For Case (1),
equation
x 2 + a1x + a 2 +
Put
y=x+
(1)
a1 1
1
1
+
= 0 x 2 + 2 + a1 x + + a 2 = 0
x x2
x
x
1
x
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
1
1
x + 2 = x + 2 = y2 2
x
x
Then
y2 2 + a1y + a2 = 0 or y2 2 + a1y + ( a2 2) = 0
(4)
becomes
(6)
15.
. (2)
= s2
(3)
, = s3
( + ) = = s2
( + )( +) = 2 = ()() 4 = s1 s3 4 s4
(4)
(6)
= s4
(5)
(7)
2 2 2
= ()[()2 2 ] +[()2 2 ] = s4 [s12 2s2] + [s32 2s4 s2] = (4s2 s4 s12 s4 s32).(8)
From (6), (7), (8), the required cubic equation is
(9)
+ = y2
(10) ,
()() = s4
(11)
+ = y3
From (3), ( + ) + ( + ) = s3 z2 ( + ) + z1 ( + ) = s3
( + ) + ( + ) = s1
From (2),
(12)
(13)
and
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(14)
(15) , (16) form two quadratic equations for which , , , can be found.
Note that if (11) or (12) is used instead of (10) , the solution is the same due to the arbitrary use of the
, , , for the four roots of (1).
notation
16.
(a)
pk(z) in z = x + x-1 .
x2 + x-2 = (x + x-1)2 1 = z2 2
k = 2,
(n+1)
k = n + 1, x
-(n+1)
+x
where n
-n
-1
.
(n-1)
= (x + x )( x + x ) [x
, by inductive hypothesis.
pn+1(z) = pn(z) p1(z) pn-1(z) , then the proposition is also true for k = n + 1.
(b)
x 6 + ax 5 + bx 4 + cx 3 + bx 2 + ax + 1 = 0
3
-3
-2
-1
(x + x ) +a(x + x ) + b( x + x ) + c = 0
Putting z = x + x-1 , then (1) becomes
(c)
z2 + 4z + 3 = 0
-1
....
(2)
(3)
is a root of (2) .
(4)
(z 2) + 4z + 5 = 0
(z + 3)(z +1) = 0
or
z = x + x-1 = -1
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
or
x2 + x + 1 = 0
or
x=
3 5
2
(1)
z = x + x = -3
x=
+ 1
-1
....
(z3 3z) + a+ bz + c = 0 .
or
x 4 + 4 x 3 + 5x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0
1 3i
2
17.
(r 0) .
x3 + 3qx + r = 0
++=0
(1)
+ + = 3q
(2)
Put
p(x ) = r 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 27q 3 x 2 (x + 1)
Then
p = r 2 2 + + 1 + 27q 3 2
= r
(3)
(4)
2
2
2 + +1
3 ( + )
+ 1 = r 2
+
27
q
2
2
2
2 2
3 3
( 3q + r ) + ( 3q + r )
2
3
+ 27q 3 4 ( )2 = r 2
+
27
q
= r 2
2 ( )
4
( )
3
3q
( )2 = 27q 3 r 2 + 27q 3 ( r )2 = 0
= r 2 2 + 27q 3
6
6
6
3
satisfies
(a)
When q = 0 ,
p(x ) = r 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 27 q 3 x 2 (x + 1) = 0
3
x3 + r = 0
(1) becomes
3
r,
r ,
Then
When q = 0 ,
= or
, where
(6)
(5) becomes
(5)
or
x2 + x + 1 = 0
(7)
= 2
(8)
(9)
(10)
If
4q 3 + r 2 = 0 , then
(9) (5),
If
r2 = -4q3
p(x ) = 4q 3 x 2 + x + 1 + 27 q 3 x 2 (x + 1) = 0
3
(i)
If
=1, then = .
(ii)
If
(iii) If
= , then
2
= 1 or -2 or
satisfies (10),
Since
4 x 2 + x + 1 + 27 x 2 (x + 1) = 0
1
.
2
-2 + + = 0 ,
= -2 . From (1), -2 + = 0 ,
=.
=.
In any one of the above cases, there is a double root for (1).
18.
(a)
(b)
f (x ) x n + a 1 x n 1 + a 2 x n 2 + ... + a n 1 x + a n = 0
1 = a 1
Then
1 2 = a 2
(1) ,
n 1
1 2 ... n 1 = ( 1) a n 1 . (n-1)
in i
a i = ( 1) b i , then
i
Writing
(2)
, .,
1 2 ... n 1 n = ( 1) a n . (n)
n
nn
n
n
n
a n = ( 1) b n = ( 1) b n
n
n 1 n
b n 1 n 1 = ( 1)n 1 nb n 1 n 1
a n 1 = ( 1)
n 1
b n = 1 2 ... n 1 n
nb
n 1
n 1
= 1 2 ...
n 1
b n = (1 2 ... n 1 n )
1/ n
From (iii),
xi
> x i .
n
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
1`
1` n 1
= (1 2 ... n 1 ) n 1 = (1 2 ... n 1 ) n
1 2 ... n 1 n 1
n 1
<
< b n 1
n
1
n 1
= b n 1
(v)
n 1 n 2
2
1
f ' (x ) nx n 1 + (n 1) x n 2 + ... + 2a n 2 x + a n 1 = n x n 1 + (
) x + ... + a n 2 x + a n 1
n
n
n
Consider f '(x) = 0.
Since
f(x) = 0
has n
f(x) = 0 , there is at
f '(x) = 0
has
1 2 ... n 1 = ( 1)
n 1
2 n (n 1)
2
n2
n 2 2
n 2 n
n 2
b n 2 n 2 =
= (n 1)b n 2
a n 2 = ( 1)
b n 2
( 1)
n
2
n
n
n
2
b n 1 = (1 2 ... n 1 )
f '(x) = 0
a n 1
n 1 1
( 1)n 1 nb n 1n 1 = b n 1 n 1
= ( 1)
n
n
1
n 1
1
n 2
f(x) = 0 .
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
1
1
n 1
n 2
= (1 2 ... n 2 ) n 2 = (1 2 ... n 2 ) n 1
(n 1)b n 2 n 2 n 2
1 2 ... n 2
= b n 2
=
<
n 1
n 1
10