The Fountainhead

Fountainhead redirects here.

Fountainhead (disambiguation).

For other uses, see tiates himself with senior partner Guy Francon. Roark
and Cameron create inspired work, but rarely receive
recognition, whereas Keatings ability to atter brings him
The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Ayn Rand, and her quick success. To hasten his rise to power, Keating bends
his skills in manipulation towards the removal of rivals
rst major literary success. More than 6.5 million copies
within his rm. His actions culminate in the unintended
of the book have been sold worldwide.
manslaughter of Lucius Heyer, a senior partner, who dies
The Fountainhead's protagonist, Howard Roark, is an of a stroke when threatened with blackmail by Keating.
individualistic young architect who chooses to struggle Though he occasionally feels guilt for his unethical acin obscurity rather than compromise his artistic and per- tions that led to his partnership within the rm, Keating
sonal vision. The book follows his battle to practice what demonstrates that he will always pursue his lust for presthe public sees as modern architecture, which he be- tige regardless of personal cost.
lieves to be superior, despite an establishment centered
on tradition-worship. How others in the novel relate to After Cameron retires, Keating hires Roark, who is soon
Roark demonstrates Rands various archetypes of human red for insubordination by Francon. Roark works briey
character, all of which are variants between Roark, the at another rm and then opens his own oce. Howauthors ideal man of independence and integrity, and ever, he has trouble nding clients and eventually closes
what she described as the second-handers. The com- it down. He takes a job at a granite quarry owned by
plex relationships between Roark and the various kinds Francon. Meanwhile, Keating has developed an interof individuals who assist or hinder his progress, or both, est in Francons beautiful, temperamental and idealistic
allow the novel to be at once a romantic drama and a daughter Dominique, who works as a columnist for The
philosophical work. Roark is Rands embodiment of New York Banner, a yellow press-style newspaper. While
Roark is working in the quarry, he meets Dominique,
what she believes to be the ideal man, and his struggle
reects Rands personal belief that individualism trumps who has retreated to her familys estate in the same town.
There is an immediate attraction between them. Rather
collectivism.
than indulge in traditional irtation, the two engage in a
The manuscript was rejected by twelve publishers before battle of wills that culminates in a rough sexual encounter
editor Archibald Ogden at the Bobbs-Merrill Company that Dominique later describes as a rape. Shortly after
risked his job to get it published. Despite mixed reviews their encounter, Roark is notied that a client is ready to
from the contemporary media, the book gained a follow- start a new building, and he returns to New York before
ing by word of mouth and became a bestseller. The novel Dominique can learn his name.
was made into a Hollywood lm in 1949. Rand wrote the
Ellsworth M. Toohey, author of a popular architecture
screenplay, and Gary Cooper played Roark.
column in the Banner, is an outspoken socialist who
is covertly rising to power by shaping public opinion
through his column and his circle of inuential associates.
Toohey sets out to destroy Roark through a smear cam1 Plot summary
paign he spearheads. Toohey convinces a weak-minded
businessman to hire Roark to design a temple dedicated
In the spring of 1922, Howard Roark is expelled from his to the human spirit. Given full freedom to design it as
architecture school for refusing to adhere to the schools he sees t, Roark includes a nude statue of Dominique,
conventionalism. Despite an eort by some professors to which creates a public outcry. Toohey manipulates the
defend Roark and a subsequent oer to continue, Roark client into suing Roark. At the trial, prominent architects
chooses to leave the school. He believes buildings should (including Keating) testify that Roarks style is unorthobe sculpted to t their location, material and purpose el- dox and illegitimate. Dominique speaks in Roarks deegantly and eciently, while his critics insist that adher- fense, but he loses the case.
ence to historical convention is essential. He goes to New
York City to work for Henry Cameron, a disgraced archi- Dominique decides that since she cannot have the world
tect whom Roark admires. Peter Keating, a popular but she wants, in which men like Roark are recognized for
vacuous fellow student, has graduated with high honors. their greatness, she will live completely and entirely in
He too moves to New York to take a job at the prestigious the world she has, which shuns Roark and praises Keatarchitectural rm of Francon & Heyer, where he ingra- ing. She oers Keating her hand in marriage. Keating
1

BACKGROUND

accepts, breaking his previous engagement with Tooheys

niece Catherine. Dominique turns her entire spirit over to
Keating, doing and saying whatever he wants. She ghts
Roark and persuades his potential clients to hire Keating
instead. Despite this, Roark continues to attract a small
but steady stream of clients who see the value in his work.

rewrote the story, transforming the rivals into architects.

One of them, Howard Kane, was an idealist dedicated to
his mission and erecting the skyscraper despite enormous
obstacles. The lm would have ended with Kanes throwing back his head in victory, standing atop the completed
skyscraper. In the end DeMille rejected Rands script,
To win Keating a prestigious commission oered by and the actual lm followed Murphys original idea, but
elements she would later use in
Gail Wynand, the owner and editor-in-chief of the Ban- Rands version contained
The Fountainhead.[1]
ner, Dominique agrees to sleep with Wynand. Wynand
then buys Keatings silence and his divorce from Do- David Harriman, who in 1999 edited the posthumous
minique, after which Wynand and Dominique are mar- Journals of Ayn Rand[2] also noted some elements of
ried. Wynand subsequently discovers that every building The Fountainhead already present in the notes for an
he likes was designed by Roark, so he enlists Roark to earlier novel which Rand worked on and never completed.
build a home for himself and Dominique. The home is Its protagonist is shown as goaded beyond endurance by
built, and Roark and Wynand become close friends, al- a pastor, nally killing him and getting executed. The
though Wynand does not know about Roarks past rela- pastorconsidered a paragon of virtue by society but actionship with Dominique.
tually a monsteris in many ways similar to Ellsworth
Now washed up and out of the public eye, Keating realizes Toohey, and the pastors assassination is reminiscent of
he is a failure. He pleads with Toohey for his inuence Steven Mallorys attempt to kill Toohey.
to get the commission for the much-sought-after Cortlandt housing project. Keating knows his most successful projects were aided by Roark, so he asks for Roarks
help in designing Cortlandt. Roark agrees to design it in
exchange for complete anonymity and Keatings promise
that it will be built exactly as designed. When Roark
returns from a long trip with Wynand, he nds that the
Cortlandt design has been changed despite his agreement
with Keating. Roark dynamites the building to prevent
the subversion of his vision.

Rand began The Fountainhead (originally titled SecondHand Lives) following the completion in 1934 of her rst
novel, We the Living. While that earlier novel had been
based partly on people and events from Rands experiences, the new novel was to focus on the less-familiar
world of architecture. Therefore, she did extensive research to develop plot and character ideas. This included reading numerous biographies and books about
architecture,[3] and working as an unpaid typist in the ofce of architect Ely Jacques Kahn.[4]

The entire country condemns Roark, but Wynand nally

nds the courage to follow his convictions and orders
his newspapers to defend him. The Banner's circulation
drops and the workers go on strike, but Wynand keeps
printing with Dominiques help. Wynand is eventually
faced with the choice of closing the paper or reversing
his stance. He gives in; the newspaper publishes a denunciation of Roark over Wynands signature. At the trial,
Roark seems doomed, but he rouses the courtroom with
a speech about the value of ego and the need to remain
true to oneself. The jury nds him not guilty and Roark
wins Dominique. Wynand, who has nally grasped the
nature of the power he thought he held, shuts down the
Banner and asks Roark to design one last building for
him, a skyscraper that will testify to the supremacy of
man. Eighteen months later, the Wynand Building is under construction and Dominique, now Roarks wife, enters the site to meet him atop its steel framework.

Rands intention was to write a novel that was less overtly

political than We the Living, to avoid being considered
a 'one-theme' author.[5] As she developed the story, she
began to see more political meaning in the novels ideas
about individualism.[6] Rand also initially planned to introduce each of the four sections with a quote from
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, whose ideas had inuenced her own intellectual development. However, she
eventually decided that Nietzsches ideas were too dierent from her own. She did not place the quotes in the
published novel, and she edited the nal manuscript to
remove other allusions to him.[7]

Background

In 1928, Cecil B. DeMille charged Rand with writing

a script for what would become the lm Skyscraper.
The original story, by Dudley Murphy, was about two
construction workers involved in building a New York
skyscraper who are rivals for a womans love. Rand

Rands work on The Fountainhead was repeatedly interrupted. In 1937, she took a break from it to write a novella
called Anthem. She also completed a stage adaptation of
We the Living that ran briey in early 1940.[8] That same
year, she also became actively involved in politics, rst
working as a volunteer in Wendell Willkie's presidential
campaign, then attempting to form a group for conservative intellectuals.[9] As her royalties from earlier projects
ran out, she began doing freelance work as a script reader
for movie studios. When Rand nally found a publisher,
the novel was only one-third complete.[10]

4.2

Peter Keating

Publication history

Although she was a previously published novelist and had

a successful Broadway play, Rand had diculty nding a
publisher for The Fountainhead. Macmillan Publishing,
which had published We the Living, rejected the book after Rand insisted that they must provide more publicity
for her new novel than they did for the rst one.[11] Rands
agent began submitting the book to other publishers. In
1938, Knopf signed a contract to publish the book, but
when Rand was only a quarter done with manuscript by
October 1940, Knopf canceled her contract.[12] Several
other publishers rejected the book, and Rands agent began to criticize the novel. Rand red her agent and decided to handle submissions herself.[13]

3
mover to achieve pure art, not mitigated by others, as opposed to councils or committees of individuals which lead
to compromise and mediocrity and a watering down of
a prime movers completed vision. He represents the triumph of individualism over the slow stagnation of collectivism. He is eventually arrested for dynamiting a building he designed, the design of which was compromised
by other architects brought in to negate his vision of the
project. During his trial, Roark delivers a speech condemning second-handers and declaring the superiority
of prime movers; he prevails and is vindicated by the jury.
The character of Roark was at least partly inspired by
American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Rand described
the inspiration as limited to some of his architectural
ideas [and] the pattern of his career.[19] She denied that
Wright had anything to do with the philosophy expressed
by Roark or the events of the plot.[20][21] Rands denials have not stopped other commentators from claiming
stronger connections between Wright and Roark.[21][22]
Wright himself equivocated about whether he thought
Roark was based on him, sometimes implying that he
was, at other times denying it.[23] Wright biographer
Ada Louise Huxtable described the yawning gap between Wrights philosophy and Rands, and quoted him
declaring, I deny the paternity and refuse to marry the
mother.[24]

While Rand was working as a script reader for Paramount

Pictures, her boss there, Richard Mealand, oered to introduce her to his publishing contacts. He put her in touch
with the Bobbs-Merrill Company. A recently hired editor, Archibald Ogden, liked the book, but two internal
reviewers gave conicting opinions about it. One said
it was a great book that would never sell; the other said
it was trash but would sell well. Ogdens boss, BobbsMerrill president D.L. Chambers, decided to reject the
book. Ogden responded by wiring to the head oce,
If this is not the book for you, then I am not the editor for you. His strong stand got a contract for Rand in
December 1941. Twelve other publishers had rejected
4.2
the book.[14]
Rands working title for the book was Second Hand Lives,
but Ogden pointed out that this emphasized the storys
villains. Rand oered The Mainspring as an alternative,
but this title had been recently used for another book,
so she used a thesaurus and found 'fountainhead' as a
synonym.[15]
The Fountainhead was published in May 1943. Initial sales were slow, but as Mimi Reisel Gladstein described it, sales grew by word-of-mouth, developing a
popularity that asserted itself slowly on the best-seller
lists.[16] It reached number six on The New York Times
bestseller list in August 1945, over two years after its initial publication.[17]
A 25th anniversary edition was issued by New American
Library in 1971, including a new introduction by Rand.
In 1993, a 50th anniversary edition from Bobbs-Merrill
added an afterword by Rands heir, Leonard Peiko. By
2008 the novel had sold over 6.5 million copies in English,
and it had been translated into several languages.[18]

4
4.1

Characters
Howard Roark

As the protagonist of the book, Roark is an aspiring architect who rmly believes that a person must be a prime

Peter Keating

Peter Keating is also an aspiring architect, but is everything that Roark is not. His original inclination was to become an artist, but his opportunistic mother pushes him
toward architecture where he might have greater material
success. Even by Roarks own admission, Keating does
possess some creative and intellectual abilities, but is stied by his sycophantic pursuit of wealth over morals. His
willingness to build what others wish leads him to temporary success. He attends architecture school with Roark,
who helps him with some of his less inspired projects. He
is subservient to the wills of others: Dominique Francons
father, the architectural establishment, his mother, even
Roark himself. Keating is a man who never could be, but
doesn't know it. The one sincere thing in Keatings life is
his love for Catherine Halsey, Ellsworth Tooheys niece.
Though she oers to introduce Keating to Toohey, he
initially refuses despite the fact that such an introduction
would help his career. It is the only exception to his otherwise relentless and ruthless ambition, which includes
bullying and threatening to blackmail a sick old man and
unintentionally causing his death. Although Keating does
have a conscience, and often does genuinely feel bad after
doing certain things he knows are immoral, he only feels
this way in hindsight, and doesn't allow his morals to inuence current decision making. Keatings oer to elope
with Catherine is his one chance to act on what he believes
is his own desire. But, Dominique arrives at that precise
moment and oers to marry him for her own reasons,

and his acceptance of the oer and betrayal of Catherine ends the potential of romance between them. His acceptance of Dominiques oer of marriage, which would
help his career far more than a marriage with Catherine,
is a quintessential example of his failure to stand up for
his own convictions.

4.3

CHARACTERS

mately fails in his attempts to wield power, losing his

newspaper, his wife, and his friendship with Roark.[33]
The character has been interpreted as a representation of
Nietzsches "master morality",[34] and his tragic nature illustrates Rands rejection of Nietzsches philosophy.[35]
In Rands view, a person like Wynand, who seeks power
over others, is just as much a second-hander as a conformist like Keating.[36]

Dominique Francon

Dominique Francon is the heroine of The Fountainhead, 4.5

described by Rand as the woman for a man like Howard
Roark.[25] For most of the novel, the character operates
from what Rand later described as a very mistaken idea
about life.[26] Dominique is the daughter of Guy Francon, a highly successful but creatively inhibited architect.
She is a thorn in the esh of her father and causes him
much distress for her works criticizing the architectural
professions mediocrity. Peter Keating is employed by
her father, and her intelligence, insight and observations
are above his. It is only through Roark that her love of
adversity and autonomy meets a worthy equal. These
strengths are also what she initially lets stie her growth
and make her life miserable. She begins thinking that the
world did not deserve her sincerity and intellect, because
the people around her did not measure up to her standards. She starts out punishing the world and herself for
all the things about man which she despises, through selfdefeating behavior. She initially believes that greatness,
such as Roarks, is doomed to fail and will be destroyed
by the 'collectivist' masses around them. She eventually
joins Roark romantically, but before she can do this, she
must learn to join him in his perspective and purpose.

Ellsworth Toohey

The character has provoked varied reactions from commentators. Chris Matthew Sciabarra called her one
of the more bizarre characters in the novel.[27] Mimi
Reisel Gladstein called her an interesting case study in
perverseness[28] Tore Boeckmann described her as a British socialist Harold Laski was one of Rands primary inspicharacter with mixed premises, some of which were rations for the character of Ellsworth Toohey.
mistaken, and saw her actions as a logical representation
Ellsworth Monkton Toohey, who writes a popular art critof how her conicting ideas might play out.[29]
icism column, is Roarks antagonist. Toohey is Rands
personication of evil, the most active and self-aware villain in any of her novels.[37] Toohey is a socialist, and rep4.4 Gail Wynand
resents the spirit of collectivism more generally. He styles
the masses, but his
Gail Wynand is a wealthy newspaper mogul who rose himself as representative of the will of[38]
He controls inactual
desire
is
for
power
over
others.
from a destitute childhood in the ghettoes of New York
dividual
victims
by
destroying
their
sense
of self-worth,
City to control much of the citys print media. While
and
seeks
broader
power
(over
the
world,
as he declares
Wynand shares many of the character qualities of Roark,
to
Keating
in
a
moment
of
candor)
by
promoting
the idehis success is dependent upon his ability to pander to pubethical
altruism
and
a
rigorous
egalitarianism
that
als
of
lic opinion, a aw which eventually leads to his downtreats
all
people
and
achievements
as
equally
valuable,
refall. In her journals Rand described Wynand as the man
[39]
As
one
reviewer
described
gardless
of
their
true
value.
who could have been a heroic individualist, contrasting
him to Roark, the man who can be and is.[30] Some his approach:
elements of Wynands character were inspired by reallife newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst,[31] including Hearsts mixed success in attempts to gain political inuence.[32] Wynand is a tragic gure who ulti-

Aiming at a society that shall be an average drawn upon zeroes, he knows exactly
why he corrupts Peter Keating, and explains

5.2

Architecture
his methods to the ruined young man in a passage that is a pyrotechnical display of the fascist mind at its best and its worst; the use of the
ideal of altruism to destroy personal integrity,
the use of humor and tolerance to destroy all
standards, the use of sacrice to enslave.[40]

His biggest threat is the strength of the individual spirit

embodied by Roark.[41]

5
Fountainhead hardly mentions politics or economics, despite the fact that it was born in the 1930s. Nor does
it deal with world aairs, although it was written during
World War II. It is about one man against the system, and
it does not permit other matters to intrude.[44]

5.2 Architecture

Rand used her memory of the British democratic socialist

Harold Laski to help her imagine what Toohey would do
in a given situation. New York intellectuals Lewis Mumford and Clifton Fadiman also contributed inspirations for
the character.[42]

4.6

Minor characters

Henry Cameron: Roarks architect mentor and employer

The Dean: The dean of the Stanton Institute of
Technology architecture school
Guy Francon: Dominiques father and Keatings employer and business partner
Catherine Halsey: Keatings ancee and Tooheys
niece
Austen Heller: An individualistic thinker who hires
Roark and becomes one of his biggest allies.
Lucius Heyer: The business partner of Guy Francon, who is indirectly killed by Keatings attempts
at manipulation.
Mrs.
Keating:
Keatings overbearing and
Rands descriptions of Roarks buildings were inspired by the
manipulative mother

work of Frank Lloyd Wright, such as Fallingwater, a residence

he designed in the 1930s.

Steven Mallory: A disillusioned sculptor who tries

to kill Toohey but later regains his condence with
Rand dedicated The Fountainhead to her husband, Frank
the help of Roark
O'Connor, and to architecture. She chose architecture
Alvah Scarret: Wynands editor-in-chief
for the analogy it oered to her ideas, especially in the
context of the ascent of modern architecture. It pro John Erik Snyte: An employer of Roarks who uses vided an appropriate vehicle to solidify her beliefs that
a group of ve designers to create a nal sketch
the individual is of supreme value, the fountainhead
of creativity, and that selshness, properly understood as
ethical egoism, is a virtue.

5.1

Main themes
Individualism

Rand indicated that the primary theme of The Fountainhead was individualism versus collectivism, not in politics but within a mans soul.[43] Apart from scenes such
as Roarks courtroom defense of the American concept
of individual rights, she avoided direct discussion of political issues. As historian James Baker described it, "The

Peter Keating and Howard Roark are character foils.

Keating practices in the historical eclectic and neo-classic
mold, even when the buildings typology is a skyscraper.
He follows and pays respect to old traditions. He accommodates the changes suggested by others, mirroring the
eclectic directions, and willingness to adapt, current at
the turn of the twentieth century. Roark searches for
truth and honesty and expresses them in his work. He
is uncompromising when changes are suggested, mirroring modern architectures trajectory from dissatisfaction

RECEPTION AND LEGACY

with earlier design trends to emphasizing individual cre- 6.2 Responses to the rape scene
ativity. Roarks individuality eulogizes modern architects
One of the most controversial elements of the book
as uncompromising and heroic.
is the rape scene between Roark and Dominique.[53]
The Fountainhead has been cited by numerous archiFeminist critics have attacked the scene as representative
tects as an inspiration for their work. Architect Fred
of an anti-feminist viewpoint in Rands works that makes
Stitt, founder of the San Francisco Institute of Archiwomen subservient to men.[54] Susan Brownmiller, in her
tecture, dedicated a book to his rst architectural men1975 work Against Our Will, denounced what she called
tor, Howard Roark.[45] Nader Vossoughian has written
Rands philosophy of rape, for portraying women as
that "The Fountainhead... has shaped the publics perwanting humiliation at the hands of a superior man.
ception of the architectural profession more than perhaps
She called Rand a traitor to her own sex.[55] Susan
[46]
any other text over this last half-century.
According
Love Brown said the scene presents Rands view of sex
to renowned architectural photographer Julius Shulman,
as an act of sadomasochism and of feminine subordiit was Rands work that brought architecture into the
nation and passivity.[56] Barbara Grizzuti Harrison sugpublics focus for the rst time, and he believes that The
gested women who enjoy such masochistic fantasies
Fountainhead was not only inuential among 20th cenare damaged and have low self-esteem.[57] While Rand
tury architects, it was one, rst, front and center in the
scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein found elements to admire
life of every architect who was a modern architect.[47]
in Rands female protagonists, she said that readers who
have a raised consciousness about the nature of rape
would disapprove of Rands romanticized rapes.[58]

6
6.1

Reception and legacy

Contemporary reception

The Fountainhead polarized critics and received mixed

reviews upon its release.[48] The New York Times' review
of the novel named Rand a writer of great power who
writes brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly, and it stated
that she had written a hymn in praise of the individual... you will not be able to read this masterful book
without thinking through some of the basic concepts of
our time.[40] Benjamin DeCasseres, a columnist for the
New York Journal-American, wrote of Roark as an uncompromising individualist and one of the most inspiring characters in modern American literature. Rand
sent DeCasseres a letter thanking him for explaining the
books individualistic themes when many other reviewers
did not.[49] There were other positive reviews, but Rand
dismissed many of them as either not understanding her
message or as being from unimportant publications.[48] A
number of negative reviews focused on the length of the
novel,[50] such as one that called it a whale of a book
and another that said anyone who is taken in by it deserves a stern lecture on paper-rationing. Other negative
reviews called the characters unsympathetic and Rands
style oensively pedestrian.[48]
The year 1943 also saw the publication of The God of the
Machine by Isabel Paterson and The Discovery of Freedom by Rose Wilder Lane. Rand, Lane and Paterson
have been referred to as the founding mothers of the
American libertarian movement with the publication of
these works.[51] Journalist John Chamberlain, for example, credits these works with his nal conversion from
socialism to what he called an older American philosophy of libertarian and conservative ideas.[52]

Rand denied that what happened in the scene was actually

rape, referring to it as rape by engraved invitation[53]
because Dominique wanted and all but invited the act,
citing among other things the conversation after Dominique scratches the marble slab in her bedroom in order to invite Roark to repair it.[59] A true rape, Rand said,
would be a dreadful crime.[60] Defenders of the novel
have agreed with this interpretation. In an essay specically explaining this scene, Andrew Bernstein wrote that
although there is much confusion about it, the descriptions in the novel provide conclusive evidence that Dominique feels an overwhelming attraction to Roark and
desires desperately to sleep with him.[61] Individualist
feminist Wendy McElroy said that while Dominique is
thoroughly taken, there is nonetheless clear indication
that Dominique not only consented, but also enjoyed the
experience.[62] Both Bernstein and McElroy saw the interpretations of feminists such as Brownmiller as being
based in a false understanding of sexuality.[63]
Rands posthumously published working notes for the
novel, which were not known at the time of her debate
with feminists, indicate that when she started working
on the book in 1936 she conceived of Roarks character that were it necessary, he could rape her and feel
justied.[64]

6.3 Cultural inuence

The Fountainhead has continued to have strong sales
throughout the last century into the current one, and has
been referenced in a variety of popular entertainment, including movies, television series and other novels.[66] Despite its popularity, it has received relatively little ongoing critical attention.[67][68] Assessing the novels legacy,
philosopher Douglas Den Uyl described The Fountainhead as relatively neglected compared to her later novel,
Atlas Shrugged, and said, our problem is to nd those

6.4

Pop culture references

6.4 Pop culture references

In the lm Dirty Dancing (1987) Baby confronts Robbie
to pay for Pennys abortion. Robbie refuses to take responsibility and says Some people count and some people don't and then hands Baby a used paperback copy
of The Fountainhead saying, Read it. I think its a book
you'll enjoy, but make sure you return it; I have notes in
the margin.[77][78]
In Episode 7.7 "Mazel Tov, Dummies!" of 30 Rock, Jack
reads a passage from The Fountainhead instead of the
Bible.
In the lm A Scanner Darkly (2006) the character Charles
Freck unsuccessfully attempts suicide while wishing to be
found dead in his apartment with his body gripping a copy
of The Fountainhead. Due to drug-induced incoherence,
he illogically believes that such an action will indict the
system and allow his death to achieve something.

The name and motto of the Fountainhead Caf, a New York City
coeehouse, were inuenced by the novel.[65]

In Episode 20.20 "Four Great Women and a Manicure"

of The Simpsons, Marge takes Lisa to a salon for her rst
manicure, prompting a debate as to whether a woman
can simultaneously be smart, powerful and beautiful by
telling tales to one another. In the nal tale, Maggie is
depicted as Maggie Roark, representing Howard Roark
from The Fountainhead.

In Season 2 Episode 13 A-Tisket A-Tasket of Gilmore

topics that arise clearly with The Fountainhead and yet Girls, Rory encourages Jess to read The Fountainhead
do not force us to read it simply through the eyes of Atlas once more, saying that it is classic and that no one could
Shrugged.[67]
write a forty page monologue the way she (Ayn Rand)
Among critics who have addressed it, some consider The could.
Fountainhead to be Rands best novel,[69][70][71] such as In Woody Allens To Rome with Love, Monica (Ellen
philosopher Mark Kingwell, who described The Foun- Page) talks about her desire to sleep with Howard Roark
tainhead as Rands best workwhich is not to say it is to impress her friends boyfriend.
good.[72] A Village Voice columnist has called it blatantly tendentious and described it as containing heavy- In Season 2, Episode 3 of Elementary, the book was found
misplaced at the crime scene where Detective Marcus
breathing hero worship.[73]
Bell remarks that half the college kids in New York have
The book has a particular appeal to young people, an ap- that book. Sherlock Holmes then describes Ayn Rand as
peal that led historian James Baker to describe it as more The philosopher-in-chief to the intellectually bankrupt.
important than its detractors think, although not as important as Rand fans imagine.[70] Allan Bloom has re- In the Frasier episode Frasiers Edge, Dr. Frasier Crane
ferred to the novel as being hardly literature, one having says to his mentor that his interest in psychiatry was
a sub-Nietzschean assertiveness [that] excites somewhat sparked the day an older boy threw his copy of The Foun[79]
eccentric youngsters to a new way of life. However, he tainhead under a bus.
also writes that when he asks his students which books In the lm Identity Thief (2013), Sandy Pattersons boss
matter to them, there is always someone inuenced by Harold Cornish says to him: I'll get you a copy of The
The Fountainhead.[74] Journalist Nora Ephron wrote that Fountainhead. Then youll see why this is good for everyshe had loved the novel when she was 18 but admitted body. after questioning the hefty bonuses the higher-ups
that she missed the point, which she suggested is largely will be receiving.
subliminal sexual metaphor. Ephron wrote that she decided upon re-reading that it is better read when one is In Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda, planet Fountainhead
young enough to miss the point. Otherwise, one cannot is the historical homeworld of the Nietzschean people,
help thinking it is a very silly book.[75] Architect David orbited by Ayn Rand station. In the episode The Banks
Rockwell said that the lm adaptation inuenced his in- of the Lethe, Tyr throws a copy of The Fountainhead to
terest in architecture and design, and that many architec- Captain Hunt.
ture students at his university named their dogs Roark as In the Lost episode Par Avion, James Sawyer Ford is
shown reading a copy of The Fountainhead.[80]
a tribute to the protagonist of the novel and lm.[76]

REFERENCES

In Season 6, Episode 20 of Barney Miller, titled The Ar- Barcelona in early July 2014,[89] and then at the Festival
chitect, a man is arrested for vandalizing a newly con- d'Avignon later that month.[90]
structed building that he claims is an unaesthetic modication of his original design. When the arrestee derisively refers to the structure as that Cortlandt, Diet- 8 See also
rich deduces that he is a Roark copycat who has likely
planted a time-bomb. Dietrich explains: Cortland was
Objectivism (Ayn Rand)
the name of the building in The Fountainhead, a novel by
Ayn Rand. The Architect.
Ethical egoism
Rational egoism

7
7.1

Adaptations
Illustrated version

Romantic realism
Individualism
Libertarianism

In 1945, Rand was approached by King Features Syndicate about having a condensed, illustrated version of
the novel published for syndication in newspapers. Rand 9 References
agreed, provided that she could oversee the editing and
approve the proposed illustrations of her characters, 9.1 Citations
which were provided by Frank Godwin. The 30-part series began on December 24, 1945, and ran in over 35 [1] Heller 2009, pp. 65, 441; Eyman, Scott (2010). Empire
newspapers.[81]
of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille. New York:
Simon & Schuster. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-7432-8955-9.
OCLC 464593099.

7.2

Film version

Main article: The Fountainhead (lm)

[2] Journals of Ayn Rand, edited by David Harriman, Penguin, 1999, Ch. 3
[3] Burns 2009, p. 41

In 1949, Warner Brothers released a lm based on the

book, starring Gary Cooper as Howard Roark, Patricia
Neal as Dominique Francon, Raymond Massey as Gail
Wynand, and Kent Smith as Peter Keating. The lm
was directed by King Vidor. The Fountainhead grossed
$2.1 million, $400,000 less than its production budget.[82]
However, sales of the novel increased as a result of interest spurred by the lm.[83] In letters written at the time,
the authors reaction to the lm was positive, saying The
picture is more faithful to the novel than any other adaptation of a novel that Hollywood has ever produced[84]
and It was a real triumph.[85] However, she displayed
a more negative attitude towards it later, saying that she
disliked the movie from beginning to end, and complaining about its editing, acting and other elements.[86]
As a result of this lm, Rand said that she would never
sell any of her novels to a lm company that did not allow
her the right to pick the director and screenwriter as well
as edit the lm, as she did not want to encounter the same
production problems that occurred on this lm.[87]

7.3

Theatrical version

[4] Gladstein 1999, p. 11

[5] Burns 2009, p. 43
[6] Burns 2009, p. 69
[7] Burns 2009, p. 87; Milgram, Shoshana. "The Fountainhead from Notebook to Novel. in Mayhew 2006, pp.
1317
[8] Britting 2004, pp. 5456
[9] Burns 2009, pp. 5466
[10] Branden 1986, p. 171
[11] Branden 1986, p. 155
[12] Burns 2009, p. 52
[13] Burns 2009, p. 68
[14] Burns 2009, p. 80; Branden 1986, pp. 170171; Heller
2009, p. 186. Heller notes that the rejections included
Macmillan and Knopf, who had expressed some interest
in publishing the book but eventually rejected it over contractual issues.
[15] Burns 2009, p. 80

In June 2014, an adaptation for the stage (in Dutch)

[16] Gladstein 1999, p. 12
was presented at the Holland Festival, directed by Ivo
[88]
van Hove, with Ramsey Nasr as Howard Roark.
[17] Timeline of Ayn Rands Life and Career. Ayn Rand
The production subsequently went on tour, appearing in
Institute. Retrieved April 23, 2011.

9.1

Citations

[18] Gladstein 2009, p. 122

[45] Branden 1986, p. 420

[19] Rand 2005, p. 190

[46] Vossoughian, Nader. Ayn Rands 'Heroic' Modernism:

Interview with Art and Architectural Historian Merrill
Schleier. agglutinations.com/. Retrieved November 23,
2010.

[20] Berliner, Michael S. Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd

Wright. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 4850
[21] Reidy, Peter. Frank Lloyd Wright And Ayn Rand. The
Atlas Society. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
[22] Berliner, Michael S. Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd
Wright. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 4244
[23] Berliner, Michael S. Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd
Wright. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 4748
[24] Huxtable, Ada Louise (2008) [2004]. Frank Lloyd
Wright: A Life. New York: Penguin. p. 226. ISBN 9780-14-311429-1. OCLC 191929123.
[25] Rand 1997, p. 89
[26] Rand 1995, p. 341
[27] Sciabarra 1995, p. 107
[28] Gladstein 1999, p. 41
[29] Boeckmann, Tore. Aristotles Poetics and The Fountainhead. In Mayhew 2006, pp. 158, 164
[30] Burns 2009, p. 44; Heller 2009, pp. 117118
[31] Burns 2009, p. 44; Johnson 2005, p. 44; Berliner,
Michael S. Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd Wright. In
Mayhew 2006, p. 57
[32] Burns 2009, pp. 4445
[33] Gladstein 1999, pp. 5253
[34] Hicks 2009, p. 267
[35] Gotthelf 2000, p. 14; Heller 2009, p. 117; Merrill 1991,
pp. 4750
[36] Smith, Tara. Unborrowed Vision: Independence and
Egoism in The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp.
291293; Baker 1987, pp. 102103; Den Uyl 1999, pp.
5859
[37] Gladstein 1999, p. 62; Den Uyl 1999, pp. 5455; Minsaas, Kirsti. The Stylization of Mind in Ayn Rands Fiction. In Thomas 2005, p. 187

[47] McConnell 2010, pp. 8485

[48] Berliner, Michael S. "The Fountainhead Reviews, in
Mayhew 2006, pp. 7782
[49] Rand 1995, p. 75
[50] Gladstein 1999, pp. 117119
[51] Powell, Jim (May 1996). Rose Wilder Lane, Isabel Paterson, and Ayn Rand: Three Women Who Inspired the
Modern Libertarian Movement. The Freeman: Ideas on
Liberty 46 (5): 322. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
[52] John Chamberlain, A Life with the Printed Word, Regnery,
1982, p.136.
[53] Burns 2009, p. 86; Den Uyl 1999, p. 22
[54] Den Uyl 1999, p. 22
[55] Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men,
Women, and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster.
ISBN 0-671-22062-4.. Reprinted in Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 6365
[56] Brown, Susan Love. Ayn Rand: The Woman Who
Would Not Be President. In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999,
p. 289
[57] Harrison, Barbara Grizzuti. Psyching Out Ayn Rand.
In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 7475
[58] Gladstein 1999, pp. 2728
[59] Rand 1995, p. 631
[60] Rand 1995, p. 282
[61] Bernstein, Andrew. Understanding the 'Rape' Scene in
The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, pp. 201203
[62] McElroy, Wendy.
Looking Through a Paradigm
Darkly. In Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 163164

[39] Den Uyl 1999, pp. 5456; Sciabarra 1995, pp. 109110

[63] Bernstein, Andrew. Understanding the 'Rape' Scene in

The Fountainhead". In Mayhew 2006, p. 207; McElroy, Wendy. Looking Through a Paradigm Darkly. In
Gladstein & Sciabarra 1999, pp. 162163

[40] Pruette 1943

[64] "Journals of Ayn Rand", entry for February 9, 1936.

[41] Merrill 1991, p. 52

[65] Cohen, Arianne (May 21, 2006). The Soda Fountainhead. New York.

[42] Berliner, Michael. Howard Roark and Frank Lloyd

Wright. In Mayhew 2006, p. 57; Johnson 2005, pp. 44
45

[66] Sciabarra 2004, pp. 35; Burns 2009, pp. 282283

[38] Baker 1987, p. 52; Gladstein 1999, p. 62

[43] Rand 1997, p. 223

[44] Baker 1987, p. 51

[67] Den Uyl 1999, p. 21

[68] Hornstein, Alan D. (1999). The Trials of Howard
Roark. Legal Studies Forum 23 (4): 431.

10

[69] Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000).

Encyclopedia of
Womens History in America (2nd ed.). New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 211. ISBN 0-8160-4100-8.
[70] Baker 1987, p. 57
[71] Merrill 1991, p. 45
[72] Kingwell, Mark (2006). Nearest Thing to Heaven: The
Empire State Building and American Dreams. New Haven:
Yale University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-300-10622-0.
[73] Hoberman, J. (February 17, 1998). Crazy for You. The
Village Voice 43 (7). p. 111.
[74] Bloom, Allan (1987). The Closing of the American Mind.
New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 62. ISBN 0-67165715-1. OCLC 17820784.
[75] Ephron, Nora (1970). "The Fountainhead Revisited.
Wallower at the Orgy. New York: Viking. p. 47.

REFERENCES

9.2 Works cited

Baker, James T. (1987). Ayn Rand. Boston,
Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-80577497-1. OCLC 14933003.
Branden, Barbara (1986). The Passion of Ayn Rand.
Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company.
ISBN 0-385-19171-5. OCLC 12614728.
Britting, Je (2004). Ayn Rand. Overlook Illustrated Lives. New York: Overlook Duckworth.
ISBN 1-58567-406-0. OCLC 56413971.
Burns, Jennifer (2009). Goddess of the Market: Ayn
Rand and the American Right. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532487-7.
OCLC 313665028.

[76] Hoer, Robert (2009). The Show People. Varietys the

movie that changed my life": 120 celebrities pick the lms
that made a dierence (for better or worse). Da Capo
Press. p. 163.

Den Uyl, Douglas J. (1999). The Fountainhead:

An American Novel. Twaynes Masterwork Studies. New York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-80577932-9.

[77] Tom Geoghega (17 August 2012). Ayn Rand: Why is

she so popular?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved August
17, 2012.

Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (1999). The New Ayn Rand

Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood
Press. ISBN 0-313-30321-5. OCLC 40359365.

[78] IMDB: Memorable quotes for Dirty Dancing.

[79] Frasiers Edge. The Frasier Archives. KACL780.net.
Retrieved August 6, 2014.
[80] Sawyer reading The Fountaihead. Imgur. Imgur. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
[81] Sciabarra 2004, p. 6
[82] Hoberman, J (2011). The ministry of truth, justice and
the American way, 194850. An Army of Phantoms:
American Movies and the Making of the Cold War. The
New Press. pp. 9698. ISBN 1-59558-005-0.
[83] Gladstein 2009, p. 95

Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2009). Ayn Rand. Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series.
New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-4513-1.
OCLC 319595162.
Gladstein, Mimi Reisel & Sciabarra, Chris
Matthew, eds. (1999). Feminist Interpretations of
Ayn Rand. Re-reading the Canon. University Park,
Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
ISBN 0-271-01830-5.
Gotthelf, Allan (2000). On Ayn Rand. Wadsworth
Philosophers Series.
Belmont, California:
Wadsworth Publishing.
ISBN 0-534-57625-7.
OCLC 43668181.

[84] Rand 1995, p. 445

[85] Rand 1995, p. 419
[86] Britting 2004, p. 71
[87] McConnell 2010, p. 262
[88] "The Fountainhead: World Premier. Holland Festival.
Retrieved August 19, 2014.
[89] "The Fountainhead in Barcelona. Toneelgroep Amsterdam. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
[90] Candoni, Christopher (July 16, 2014). "The Fountainhead: Ivo Van Hove Architecte dun Grand Spectacle
[The Fountainhead: Ivo Van Hove Architect of a Great
Show] (in French). Toute la Culture. Retrieved August
19, 2014.

Heller, Anne C. (2009). Ayn Rand and the World

She Made. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385-51399-9. OCLC 229027437.
Hicks, Stephen R.C. (Spring 2009). Egoism in Nietzsche and Rand. The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies
10 (2): 249291.
Johnson, Donald Leslie (2005). The Fountainheads:
Wright, Rand, the FBI and Hollywood. Jeerson,
North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 07864-1958-X.
Mayhew, Robert, ed. (2006). Essays on Ayn Rands
The Fountainhead. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington
Books. ISBN 0-7391-1577-4. OCLC 70707828.

11
McConnell, Scott (2010). 100 Voices: An Oral
History of Ayn Rand. New York: New American Library. ISBN 978-0-451-23130-7. OCLC
555642813.
Merrill, Ronald E. (1991). The Ideas of Ayn Rand.
La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing. ISBN 08126-9157-1. OCLC 23254190.
Pruette, Lorine (May 16, 1943). Battle Against
Evil. The New York Times. p. BR7. Reprinted
in McGrath, Charles, ed. (1998). Books of the Century. New York: Times Books. pp. 135136. ISBN
0-8129-2965-9.
Rand, Ayn (1995). Berliner, Michael S, ed. Letters
of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-52593946-6. OCLC 31412028.
Rand, Ayn (1997). Harriman, David, ed. Journals
of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-52594370-6. OCLC 36566117.
Rand, Ayn (2005). Mayhew, Robert, ed. Ayn Rand
Answers, the Best of Her Q&A. New York: New
American Library. ISBN 0-451-21665-2. OCLC
59148253.
Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1995). Ayn Rand: The
Russian Radical. University Park, Pennsylvania:
Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-27101440-7. OCLC 31133644.
Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (Fall 2004). The Illustrated Rand (PDF). The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 6 (1): 120.
Thomas, William, ed. (2005). The Literary Art of
Ayn Rand. Poughkeepsie, New York: The Objectivist Center. ISBN 1-57724-070-7.

10

Further reading

McGann, Kevin (1978). Ayn Rand in the Stockyard of the Spirit. In Peary, Gerald & Shatzkin,
Roger (eds). The Modern American Novel and the
Movies. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing.
ISBN 0-8044-2682-1.
Cox, Stephen (2005). The Literary Achievement
of The Fountainhead". In Thomas, William. The
Literary Art of Ayn Rand. Poughkeepsie, New York:
The Objectivist Center. ISBN 1-57724-070-7.

10.1

Foreign language translations

Czech: Zdroj, published by Berlet, 2000.

French: La Source vive, by Jane Fillion, published
by Jeheber.

German: Der ewige Quell, published by Morgarten

Verlag.
Marathi: by Prof. Mugdha Karnik, University of
Mumbai. Diamond Publications, 2013.
Spanish: El manantial, published by Barcelona, Ed.
Planeta.
Vietnamese: Sui ngun, by Lan Anh V, published
by TP HCM, 2007.

11 External links
Annual The Fountainhead essay contest (Ayn Rand
Institute)
ClisNotes for The Fountainhead
SparkNotes study guide for The Fountainhead

12

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

The Fountainhead Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fountainhead?oldid=698908480 Contributors: Mav, Zoe, Octothorn,

Michael Hardy, Sannse, Pagingmrherman, Bueller 007, Kimiko, JamesReyes, Ehn, Alex S, Jay, KRS, Buridan, Jmabel, Calmypal,
Lowellian, Meelar, LGagnon, Dehumanizer, David Gerard, Javidjamae, DocWatson42, Rossrs, Philwelch, Netoholic, Brian Kendig,
Waldo, Leonard G., Naufana, Gracefool, Bluejay Young, Hexydes, Chowbok, Geni, Antandrus, Jfucinos, Ilgiz, Sam Hocevar, Beelzebubs, AnjaliSinha, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Smyth, Quiensabe, Bender235, Kaisershatner, Polynova, CanisRufus, Zenohockey,
Bobo192, Viriditas, Cmdrjameson, Runnerupnj, Themindset, Apostrophe, A2Kar, Alansohn, Cjthellama, D prime, Echuck215, Jaw959,
Crablogger, SeanH~enwiki, Oleg Alexandrov, Bastin, Ramnath R Iyer, Smoothhenry, Ataru, Dandv, Dodiad, Brentdax, GregorB, Stefanomione, Alloy, Noirish, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, CalleC~enwiki, Jgp, Sdornan, Salix alba, Ligulem, The wub, Reinis, AlisonW, Ground Zero, RexNL, Str1977, Rpeate, Vanished user psdwnef3niurunuh234ruhfwdb7, YurikBot, FrenchIsAwesome, Xihr,
SluggoOne, DaMenace123, Eddie.willers, LaszloWalrus, NickBush24, Mhartl, Nutiketaiel, Tinlash, JDoorjam, RL0919, Tertulia, Northstop, Doncram, Wknight94, Zzuuzz, Nikkimaria, Eduard Gherkin, Rkerver, Leeannedy, Johnpseudo, Katieh5584, JDspeeder1, Gator1,
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Kasyapa, Mikker, Jyellowlees, Wyth, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cobain, Writtenright, N Ashdown, Skidude9950, Petechen, Mr.Zman, Stevenmitchell, Cybercobra, Rmtzgerald50, Eeyore22, Mouse Nightshirt, Tktktk, Mathewignash, Epidimos, Robertjessetelford,
Tenorcnj, Markham, Jh12, Randroide, Pondbrilliance, Tom Joudrey, CmdrObot, Fictionscribe, AmadeoV, Penbat, Bobnorwal, Treybien, Alexander Butziger, Henrymrx, Jjcon1, Hebrides, Lugnuts, Pascal.Tesson, Biblbroks, Angelrendon, Opabinia regalis, Qwyrxian,
Anshuk, NPatrick6, PanAndScan, Mr pand, The+Invisible+Man, GordonRoss, Northumbrian, AntiVandalBot, Modernist, Agent Cooper,
Fcgier, Skomorokh, Scott0485, BenB4, MegX, Siddharth Mehrotra, Bcc cindy, Lawikitejana, RobinReborn, Adam keller, Ojh2, WhipperSnapper, Froid, Immacutron, Jbvetter, Thernlund, Hamill12, J0HANDAV, Softwarenerd, Phatalbert, DerHexer, Nithya.subramanian,
Laura1822, Shelby Davis, Unixham, R'n'B, John Duncan, Ezbraun, Branttudor, 1mujin22, Dowgy177, Edward Carson, Naniwako, SJP,
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John Bessa, DSisyphBot, Srich32977, Johnremington, Omnipaedista, Brandonk2009, Eisfbnore, Spence40, Erik9, FreeKnowledgeCreator,
FrescoBot, Sunmaid143, Adam9389, Emmillym, Stevepalmateer, Woodenfox, Citation bot 1, VOBO, Philth 86, Micromesistius, Alonso
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