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SOLID STATE DRIVES

QUESTION BANK
UNIT I - CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
PART A
1) Define Electric Braking?
Electric braking: Whenever the electric motor disconnected from the supply the speed of
driving motor gradually decreases and becomes zero. This natural process of braking for
reasons, mentioned below may not be often satisfactory. In many applications it may be
necessary to provide a braking torque by artificial means: by mechanical brakes are electro
dynamically.
2) What are the basic requirements of a Electric drive?
Requirement of a drive motor: When selecting a drive motor, it must satisfy the
following requirements in addition to possessing suitable torque-speed characteristic and
adequate power.
1. Motor is chosen in accordance with the mechanical load to be applied
2. Using load diagrams.
3. Suitable to drive the load without exceeding the temperature limit.
4. Satisfactory operation under steady-state and transient conditions.
5. Capable of withstanding short-time overloads and shall have enough starting
torque to accelerate the motor to the desired speed in a given time.
6. Motor chosen should not be too small or too big.
3) What are the classes of duty used in drive?
The rating of a motor selected from the view point of heating depends on the load
conditions (or) duty to which it is subjected. The operating conditions are classified into 8
classes of duty depending on the duration and the nature of load.
1. Continuous duty.
2. Short time duty
3. Intermittent periodic duty
4. Intermittent periodic duty with starting
5. Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking
6. Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
7. Continuous duty with starting and braking
8. Continuous duty with periodic speed changes.
4) What is the need for an electric drives (or) why electric drives are preferred over
conventional system?
In Industrial drives, Electric motors are preferred due to their inherent
advantages such as overload capacity, better efficiency, better dynamic and transient
behavior, availability in various size and designs compatible to load requirements.
5) What are the types of electric braking?
Types of braking:
1) Regenerative braking.
1) Rheostatic braking.
2) Plugging.
6) Define drive and Electric drive?
DRIVE:
It is a combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and mechanical load

If an electric motor is used a prime-mover to drive the load then it is called as Electric
drive. (or) An Electric drive can be defined as a drive using an electric motor as a primemover and converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
7) Give examples for different types of loads?
1.
2.
3.

continuous constant loads : fan type load


continuous variable loads : metal cutting lathes, conveyors
Pulsating loads
: Reciprocating pumps, all loads
having crank shaft.

4.

Impact loads
: peak loads occur at regular intervals of
time e.g. Rolling mills, forging hammers etc. motors are fitted with flywheels in
operating this type of load.
5.
Short time intermittent loads: cranes, hoists.
6.
Short time loads
: battery charging, house hold
equipments.
8) What are the applications of Electric Drives?
Applications of Electric drives:
1) Paper mills
2) Electric tractions 3) Cement mills
Sugar mills

4) Steel mills 5)

9) Define Heating time constant?


Heating time constant:
It is defined as the time taken by the machine to reach a temperature rise of 63.2% of
maximum temperature rise. The value of T1 gives an idea of effectiveness of cooling. Well
ventilated machines have smaller time constants. The time constant of open machine are of
the order of 25 minutes.
10) What are the various types of loads torques available?
1.The load torque may be constant at all speeds, Eg. Shaping, cutting, shearing,
grinding, etc.
Torque, T = constant.
TL 2

2. In fan type load the torque is proportional to square of the speed i.e.
unidirectional .
T K 2
Eg. Fans, compressors.
3. In steel rolling mills, paper mills etc, the load requires constant power at all speeds
P
1
T

P = T.(or) T =
(or)
4. In certain cases, like winch, ship, etc. the direction of rotation needs to be reversed,
and a constant
torque is needed under standstill conditions.
T
T k
(or)
11) What are all the motors used in Electric Drives?
1) Squirrel cage Induction motor.
2) slip ring induction motor (or) wound rotor IM.
3) Synchronous motor.
4) DC shunt motor

5) DC compound motor.
6) DC series motor.
7) DC Separately Excited motor
8) AC commutator motor.
9) Stepper motor.
12) Define Base speed?
It is defined as the speed at which the motor runs under rated armature voltage, rated
field current and rated armature current.
13) What are the methods of armature voltage control available?
Variable armature voltage control for speed control, starting, braking and reversing of dc
motors can be obtained by the following methods:
When the supply is AC,
(i)Ward Leonard scheme
(ii)Transformer with taps and Un-controlled rectifier bridge
(iii) Static ward-Leonard scheme (or) controlled rectifier
14) What is load equalization?
During the operation of drives, fluctuation of load torque is often occurring within short
intervals of time, affecting the stability of the drive .These problems of fluctuating loads
are overcome by mounting a fly wheel on the motor shaft in non-reversible drives. This
process is known as load equalization
15) Draw the speed torque characteristics of DC series motor.

16).What is dynamic braking?


When an electric motor rotates, a kinetic energy is stored in its rotating mass. During
dynamic braking the kinetic energy of the motor is converted into electric energy. This
energy is dissipated in resistive elements.
17) What is plugging?
The plugging operation can be obtained by changing the polarity of the motor. For AC
machines, the phase sequence of the starter windings and for DC machines the polarities
of the field or armature terminals are interchanged or reversed .
18). Define synchronous speed.
Three phase balanced popwer supply is fed to the three stator winding of the three phase
induction motor. It creates a synchronously rotating magnetic field. The speed of this
rotating field is called synchronous speed. It is given by
Ns = (120 f) / p
Where, Ns = Synchronous speed in rpm p = no of stator poles , f = supply
frequency in Hz.

19) Calculate sync speed of the given machine with f= 50 and no of poles 4.
Use formula N=120 f /P
20) Calculate the no of poles for the given machine with f= 60 and speed = 3000 rpm.
Use formula N=120 f /P

PART B- 16 marks each


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Explain in detail about the selection of motors and their power ratings?
Give the characteristics of different types of loads and explain?
What are the types of Electric Braking?
Explain in detail on Constant Torque and Constant power operation?
Explain in detail on Four-quadrant operation of drives?
Explain in detail about heating and cooling curves in a Motor?
A motor equipped with a fly wheel is to supply a load torque of 1000Nm for 10 sec followed by a light load period of 200N-m long enough
for the flywheel to regain its steady state speed. It is desired to limit
the motor torque to 700N-m. What should be the moment of inertia of
flywheel? Motor has an inertia of 10Kg-m2.Its no load speed is 500 rpm
and the slip at a torque of 500N-m is 15%.Assume speed- torque
characteristic of motor to be a straight line in the region of interest.
8. Explain the classes of duty and selection of motor with necessary
characteristics.
9. A motor has heating time constant of 90 minutes. When the motor
runs continuously on full load, its final temperature rise is 800C
a)What would be the temperature rise after 1 hour, if the motor runs
continuously on full load
b)If the temperature rise on 1 hour rating is 80 0C.find the maximum
steady state temperature at this rating.
c)How long will the motor take for its temperature to rise from 50 0C to
800C .if it is working at its 1 hour rating.
10. A motor operates on a periodic duty cycle in which it is clutched to
its load for 10 min and declutched to run on no-load for 20 min.
Minimum temperature rise is
400C. Heating and cooling time
constants are equal and have a value of 60 min. When load is
declutched continuously the temperature rise is 150C
a) Maximum temperature during the duty cycle and
b) Temperature when the load is clutched continuously

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