Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION
Managing is one of the most important human activities. From the time human beings began
forming social organizations to accomplish aims and objectives they could not accomplish as
individuals, managing has been essential to ensure the coordination of individual efforts. As
society continuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become
large, the task of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity. Henceforth,
managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage complex organizations.
Managers in different parts of the world could have achieved managerial success without
having basic theoretical knowledge in management, it has to be unequivocally emphasized that
those managers who have mixed management theory in their day-to-day practice, have had
better
achieve

chances
both

contemporary

of managing their organizations more efficiently

individual and
organizations

ought

organizational objectives.

and

effectively

to

Therefore, managers

of

to appreciate the important role they play in their

respective organizations if they are to achieve set goals. Secondly, there is need to promote
excellence among all persons in organizations, especially among managers themselves.
Many management theorists have observed and criticized the continuing differentiation and
specialization of academic teaching and research in management.
Industrial revolution has a big impact on the management thoughts, practices and the
managenment style of doing work.

1.1 INDUSRIAL REVOLUTION

Industrial revolution refers to the set of continuous events that took place in the era mid17th to mid-18th century. These events comprises of not only set of economic and
social changes but also the technological ones. The industrial revolution resulted in
a transition of hand work to machines which led to increase in efficiency. This
revolution spread across the eastern parts of society and the economic adoptions
accelerated.
The effects of industrial revolution extend all over the world. Industrial revolution
gave rise to global reorganization of production, utilization, demographic activities
and international relations. Three sectors: energy, textile and iron are known for their
originality of innovation during the embryonic phase of industrial revolution. As a

result of industrial revolution, lengthy and costly production processes were replaced by
swift and cheaper substitutes that served the basis for efficiency.

Pre-Industrial Revolution Era:

During the pre industrial revolution era change in socio-economic thinking was the major
issue. The pre industrial revolution era. As defined had three parts. During the first the
medieval period the community service was more important than self aggrandizement.
Emphasis was on cooperation and the achievement of emotional security. The situation
changed gradually during the second part, the renaissance, until, during the third, the
reformation, the individual reigned supreme. Emphasis shifted to conflict and the
achievement of physical security, no matter what the cost in term of human suffering.
Post-Industrial Revolution Era:
Technology as the key issue
During the early industrial revolution technology became the major issue. Machine-like
efficiency was the objective. Social systems were designed as extensions of technical ones.
Emphasis remained on conflict.
The Middle era:
During the middle industrial revolution era size organizational design emerged as a key
issue. Businesses were becoming too large and complex to be run efficiently in the
traditional, bureaucratic manner. Although the need for change in organizational design
became increasingly apparent, management generally attempted to rationalize their situation
instead of adapting.

1.2 Change in Management Process During industrial revolution

Changes in the management processes of western business communities came from two
directions as the industrial revolution progressed. The first was bottom-up. Workers began to
demand a large say in the distribution of the wealth produced and the greater share of the
control over their work environment.
The second direction was top-down. Management gradually realized that if the most
efficient solutions were to be achieved, employees had to be involved. This realizations

however, carried with it a need for changes that directly repudiated prevailing socioeconomic doctrine. That doctrine continued to be based on the protestations of Luther and
Calvin. It was supported by the eighteenth century works of smith and Malthus and by the
nineteenth century research of the biological scientist, Charles Darwin. In an 1859 book
entitle the origin o f the species, Darwin presented his theory of natural selection.
Two things occurred during the latter part of the industrial revolution to encourage change in
traditional management processes. First, new industrial powers began to gain control of a
growing share of both foreign and domestic markets. The Japanese especially, having
learned from the wests mistakes, developed a more efficient, participative decision making
process based on cooperative ethic at the individual business level and competitive ethic at
the industrial sector level.
Second, western socio-economic thinking began to shift. physical security had been
achieved by a majority of employees. They were now beginning to seek emotional security
as well. People began to talk about development rather than simply growth. While growth
had traditionally involved conflict over limited resources those necessary to development
were largely limitless. The most efficient means of achieving the objective of development
therefore was cooperation.
Society had again discovered the necessary rationalization and vehicle for change in its
decision making paradigm. The participative process that evolved as a result, however
differed from that found during the medieval era. A synthesis had in fact, occurred.
Individual (renaissance, reformation, early industrial revolution) with expertise the different
areas now pooled their talents in a cooperative (Medieval period).

Chapter-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ayesha Gulzar (April 2015): find out in their paper how management thought has been influenced
the era of modernism when industrial revolution spread across the Europe and the United States as
during modernity materialistic ethics were developed. His paper is critically focussing on the
influence of industrial revolution on the management thought process in the era of modernism.

Dirk Sedtke (2009): Critical management theory is observed and

management approaches while focusing on

Modernism

and

illustrates two different

Rationality

as

well

as

Interpretivism and Subjectivity.Critical Management Theory is placed within the context of and a
discussion about issues such as

Organisational Culture, The Role of the Manager and

Emancipation.

Fabijonas Saulius Butkus (2010): find in their paper that, Management theory, based on the
analysis of performance of industrial organizations can be successfully used for increasing the
effectiveness of performance of various human communities.

Peter van Baalen Luchien Karsten (2012): find out in their paper that in the evolution of
management education and management science interdisciplinarity took different forms: synoptic
and instrumental. Both forms resulted from different knowledge strategies of competing and
cooperating disciplines.

David Lamond (2006): observed that Out of our conception of the past, we make a future. It
behoves us then, as managers and management scholars, to be satisfied that our conceptions of the
past are developed in ways that, as far as possible, avoid the problems that would make them less
than useful in creating that future. His paper identifies some of the issues of which those seeking to
create the future must be cognisant.

CHAPTER -3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design:
This is a descriptive research paper based on secondary data. Data hav ebeen collected through books
and various websites and publication of recent research papers availables in different websites and
magazine , news papers, research articles, research journals.

Objectives:
1. To study the management theories and practices.
2. To identify the impact of Industrial revolution on management thoughts.
3. To find out the reason why there was a need of management during the industrial
revolution?
4. To identify the changes in process of management.