Voltage Gain Block

This component multiplies the input voltage by the gain and delivers it to the output. This
represents a voltage amplifier function with the gain factor, K, selectable with the Value tab of
the components properties screen. The voltage gain block is used in control systems and
analog computing applications.
In the example shown below, the input is a 0.707v RMS (2v peak to peak) sine wave and the
gain factor K is set at 5. The output then is K times the input.
(.707*5= 3.535v RMS or 10 v peak to peak)
Caution Using the default model, as in this example, sine wave inputs
may be any value.
Suitable settings of model parameters will allow for virtually unlimited flexibility for
practical applications.

Ce este valoarea efectiv (RMS - Root Mean Square) ?

Valoarea efectiv a unui curent alternativ este egal cu cea a unui curent continuu echivalent, care ar produce
aceeai cantitate de cldur ntr-o sarcin rezistiv dat. Cantitatea de cldur generat ntr-un rezistor de ctre
un curent electric alternativ este proporional cu ptratul valorilor instantanee ale curentului electric, mediat pe
o perioad. Cu alte cuvinte, cldura produs este proporional cu media ptratelor valorilor instantanee ale
curentului, iar curentul electric echivalent are o valoare egal cu radicalul din valoarea medie a ptratelor, ceea
ce corespunde valorii efective (polaritatea este irelevant deoarece ptratul este totdeauna pozitiv).
Pentru o curb perfect sinusoidal, ca de exemplu cea din figura, valoarea efectiv este 0,707 din valoarea de
vrf (sau valoarea de vrf este de 2 ori sau 1,414 ori mai mare ca valoarea efectiv). Cu alte cuvinte valoarea
de vrf a unui curent sinusoidal cu valoarea efectiv de 1 A este de 1,414 A. Dac valorile instantanee ale curbei
curentului pe o perioad sunt simplu mediate (prin inversarea semnului alternanei negative), valoarea medie
rezult 0,636 din valoarea de vrf sau 0,9 din valoarea efectiv. Figura 1 ilustreaz dou relaii importante:

Voltage Limiter

This is a voltage clipper. The output voltage excursions are limited, or clipped, at
predetermined upper and lower voltage levels while input-signal amplitude varies widely.
In the example shown below, the upper voltage limit is set to +5V and the lower limit is set to
- 5 volts. These settings provide symmetrical clipping on the positive and negative peak
excursions of the input waveform when these peaks exceed the set limit (clipping) values.
The 10 v RMS (14.14v peak) input is limited at +/-5V.
Note If the input peak voltages are within the set limiting voltages, the input signal is passed
through the limiter circuit undistorted.
Unsymmetrical clipping is selected by setting the limit voltages to different values (i.e. +5V
and -2V). This technique may be used to produce non-standard waveshapes, starting with
sine, triangle sawtooth and other symmetrical waveforms.