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50
section
Conceptual
of
the
earth
cross
crust,
Precambrian
shields,
Once exposed to the Earths surface, all rocks are subjected to processes of erosion,
transportation and deposition. Thus sediment becomes sedimentary rock. Petrologists usually
divide sedimentary rocks into two main groups:
Detrital rocks based on size of the detrital particles (e.g., sandstone, siltstone, mudstone)
Chemical rocks based on the chemical composition (limestone, chert, evaporates); sometimes.
Biogenic rocks are classified separately.
Detrital (clastic) sediments involve erosion, transportation and deposition by moving water.
Requires energy thresholds to transport particles of different sizes, therefore water-transported
detrital rocks are often well sorted by grain size. Table 16 summarizes Detrital Sedimentary
14th WEEK LECTURE:
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In the coarser-grained sedimentary rocks, the compositions of lithic fragments give clues to the origin of
the sediment. In the finer-grained rocks, mineralogical composition is often difficult to determine and
interpret.
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by precipitation of minerals from water, or by
alteration of already precipitated material. Many limestones, dolostones, evaporites, and cherts form
this way. Petrologists name chemical sedimentary rocks based on chemical composition. Chemical
sedimentary rocks usually include only one or a few minerals because the chemical processes that form
them tend to isolate certain elements. The most common precipitated minerals consist of elements of
high solubility (for example, Na or K) or elements of great abundance (for example, Si).
Some limestones cherts and other rocks are formed largely from biogenic (organic) debris.
Petrologists often classify them separately from chemical and detrital sedimentary rocks. For sack of
simplicity we will not, however, consider them separately here.
Much overlap exists between chemical, detrital, and organic sedimentary rocks. Many chemical
sedimentary rocks contain clastic material, and many detrital sedimentary rocks are held together by
chemical cements precipitated from water. Both chemical' and detrital rocks may contain biogenic
components.
WEATHERING
Figure 51 shows the two parallel processes that result in sedimentary rocks.
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studying the formation of clays on outcrops of granite, diabase, and amphibolite in the Minnesota River
Valley. The keen reader will notice that Goldich's series is nearly identical to Bowen's reaction series
(see Fig. 49). Minerals that crystallize from magma at high temperature-minerals poor in Si and O are
generally less resistant to weathering than those that crystallize at low temperature. Fe-Mg silicates,
such as olivine or pyroxene, calcic feldspars, and many minerals with high solubilities in water, break
down relatively easily. Quartz, some feldspars, and some nonsilicate minerals are relatively resistant to
weathering because they contain more Si-O bonds, which do not break easily. It should not be
surprising that minerals stable in high-temperature igneous rocks, or those most often precipitated from
water, are the first to decompose under Earth surface conditions
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