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Thermal performance of
windows, doors and
shutters Calculation
of thermal
transmittance
Part 1: Simplified method
| BS EN ISO
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| 10077-1:2000
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BS EN ISO 10077-1:2000
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of EN ISO 10077-1:2000.
It is identical with EN ISO 10077-1:2000.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/540, Energy performance of materials, components and buildings, to
Subcommittee B/540/1, European Standards for thermal insulation, which has the
responsibility to:
aid enquirers to understand the text;
present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries
on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests
informed;
monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request
to its secretary.
Cross-references
Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include
an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their
corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement these
international or European publications may be found in the BSI Standards
Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence
Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page,
pages 2 to 31 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when this document
was updated.
Date
Comments
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 10077-1
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM
July 2000
English version
Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters Calculation of thermal transmittance - Part 1: Simplified method
(ISO 10077-1:2000)
Performance thermique des fentres, portes et fermetures Calcul du coefficient de transmission thermique - Partie 1:
Mthode simplifie (ISO 10077-1:2000)
2000 CEN
B-1050 Brussels
Page 2
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Contents
Page
Foreword
Introduction
Scope
Normative references
Geometrical characteristics
Input data
15
Report
15
17
17
Annex C (informative) Thermal resistance of air spaces between glazing and thermal
transmittance of coupled or double glazing
18
20
25
26
Annex G (informative) Additional thermal resistance for windows with closed shutters
28
29
31
Page 3
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Foreword
The text of EN ISO 10077-1:2000 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 89
"Thermal performance of buildings and building components", the secretariat of which is held
by SIS , in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 163 "Thermal insulation".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2001, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2001.
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of
this standard.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United
Kingdom.
This standard is one of a series of standards on calculation methods for the design and
evaluation of the thermal performance of buildings and building components.
It contains two parts. Part 1 deals with the simplified calculation of the thermal transmittance
of windows and doors with or without shutters. Part 2 covers the numerical calculation (twodimensional) of the thermal transmittance of frame profiles.
Introduction
The method described in this standard is used to evaluate the thermal transmittance of
windows and doors, or as part of the determination of the energy use of a building.
An alternative to this calculation method is testing according to EN ISO 12567 Thermal
performance of windows and doors Determination of thermal transmittance by hot box
methods.
In some countries the calculation of the thermal transmittance of windows forms part of their
national regulations. Information about national deviations from this standard due to
regulations are given in annex ZA.
Page 4
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Scope
This standard specifies methods for the calculation of the thermal transmittance of windows
and doors consisting of glazed or opaque panels fitted in a frame, with and without shutters.
It allows for:
- different types of glazing (glass or plastics; single or multiple glazing; with or without
low emissivity coatings; with spaces filled with air or other gases);
- various types of frames (wood; plastic; metallic with and without thermal barrier;
metallic with pinpoint metallic connections or any combination of materials);
- where appropriate, the additional thermal resistance introduced by different types of
shutters, depending on their air permeability.
Curtain walls and other structural glazings, which are not fitted in a frame, are excluded from
this standard. Roof windows are also excluded because of their complex geometrical frame
sections.
Default values for glazings, frames and shutters are given in the informative annexes. Thermal
bridge effects at the rebate or joint between the window or door frame and the rest of the
building envelope are excluded from the calculation.
The calculation does not include:
Page 5
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Normative references
This standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications
are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of
these publications apply to this standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or
revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publications referred to applies.
EN 673
EN 674
EN 675
prEN 1098
prEN 1279-1
prEN 1279-3
prEN 12412-2
EN 12524
EN ISO 6946
EN ISO 7345
prEN ISO 10077-2
EN ISO 10211-2
ISO 8302
Page 6
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
3.1
Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the definitions given in EN 673 and EN ISO 7345 apply.
In clause 4 of this standard, descriptions are given of a number of geometrical characteristics
of glazing and frame.
3.2
Symbols
Symbol
A
R
T
U
b
d
l
q
3.3
Quantity
area
thermal resistance
temperature
thermal transmittance
width
distance / thickness
length
density of heat flow rate
linear thermal transmittance
thermal conductivity
Unit
m2
m2K/W
K
W/(m2K)
m
m
m
W/m2
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
Subscripts
Ad,i
internal
frame
external
Ad,e
D
W
WS
d
e
f
g
i
sa
door
window
window with closed shutter
developed
external
frame
glazing
internal
sash
j
p
s
se
sh
si
summation index
panel (opaque)
space (air or gas space)
external surface
shutter
internal surface
Page 7
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Geometrical characteristics
4.1
The glazed area Ag or the opaque panel area Ap of a window or door is the smaller of the
visible areas seen from both sides, see figure 2. Any overlapping of gaskets is ignored.
4.2
The total perimeter of the glazing lg (or the opaque panel lp) is the sum of the visible perimeter
of the glass panes (or opaque panels) in the window or door. If the perimeters are different on
either side of the pane or panel then the larger of the two shall be used, see figure 2.
lg
lg
glass
Ag
4.3
Frame areas
Af,i
Page 8
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
4.4
Window area
The window area Aw is the sum of the frame area Af and the glazing area Ag (or the
panel area Ap).
Af,i = Af
A1
Ag
A3
A2
internal
A4
sash
(movable)
frame
(fixed)
A8
A7
A5
A6
Af,e
Aw
external
Page 9
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
5.1
Windows
frame
(fixed)
sash
(movable)
glazing (single
or multiple)
The thermal transmittance of a single window Uw shall be calculated using equation (1):
UW
Ag U g Af U f lg g
Ag Af
(1)
where
Ug
is the thermal transmittance of the glazing;
is the thermal transmittance of the frame;
Uf
is the linear thermal transmittance due to the combined thermal effects of glazing,
g
spacer and frame;
and the other symbols are defined in clause 4.
In the case of single glazing the last term of the numerator in equation (1) shall be taken as
zero (no spacer effect) because any correction is negligible.
When opaque panels are used instead of some of the glazing, Uw is calculated as follows:
UW
Ag U g Ap U p Af U f lg g lp p
Ag Ap Af
(2)
where
is the thermal transmittance of the opaque panel(s);
Up
p is the linear thermal transmittance for the opaque panel(s).
If the opaque panel is thermally bridged at the edge by a less insulating spacer, the effect of
the bridging shall be taken into account in the same way as for glazing; otherwise p = 0.
NOTE Typical values of the linear thermal transmittance are given in annex E.
prEN ISO 10077-2 gives a method for calculating linear thermal transmittance.
prEN 12412-2 gives a method for measuring the linear thermal transmittance.
Page 10
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
internal
1/Uw1
Rse
1/Uw
frame
(fixed)
sash
(movable)
glazing (single
or multiple)
Rs
Rsi
3 mm
1/Uw2
3 mm
external
1
1 / U W1 Rsi Rs Rse 1 / U W 2
where
UW1, UW2
Rsi
Rse
Rs
(3)
are the thermal transmittances of the external and internal window; respectively,
calculated according to equation (1);
is the internal surface resistance of the external window when used alone;
is the external surface resistance of the internal window when used alone;
is the thermal resistance of the space between the glazing in the two windows.
Typical values of Rsi and Rse are given in normative annex A and of Rs in the informative annex
C.
NOTE If the gap exceeds 3 mm and measures have not been taken to
prevent excessive air exchange with external air, the method does not apply.
Page 11
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
internal
1
Ug
1 / U g1 Rsi Rs Rse 1 / U g2
where
Ug1, Ug2
glazing (single
or multiple)
3 mm
external
(4)
are the thermal transmittances of the external and internal glazing; respectively,
calculated according to equations (5) and (6);
is the internal surface resistance of the external glazing when used alone;
is the external surface resistance of the internal glazing when used alone;
is the thermal resistance of the space between the internal and external glazing.
Rsi
Rse
Rs
Typical values of Rsi and Rse are given in normative annex A and of Rs in the informative annex
C.
NOTE If the gap exceeds 3 mm and measures have not been taken to
prevent excessive air exchange with external air, the method does not apply.
5.2
Glazing
Ug
Rse
1
dj
j
(5)
Rsi
where
Rse is the external surface resistance;
j is the thermal conductivity of glass or material layer j;
is the thickness of the glass pane or material layer j;
dj
Rsi is the internal surface resistance.
Page 12
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Ug
Rse
R
dj
s, j
(6)
Rsi
where
Rse is the external surface resistance;
j is the thermal conductivity of glass or material layer j;
is the thickness of the glass pane or material layers j;
dj
Rsi is the internal surface resistance;
Rs,j is the thermal resistance of air space j.
5.3
(7)
1/U W R
where
Uw is the thermal transmittance of the window;
R is the additional thermal resistance due to the air layer enclosed between the shutter
and the window and the closed shutter itself (see figure 7).
R
Rsh
internal
external
shutter
EMBED
Figure 7 - Window with external shutter
Page 13
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
The additional thermal resistance for five categories of shutter air permeability is given in the
following expressions:
shutters with very high air permeability:
R = 0,08 m2K/W
(8)
(9)
shutters with an average air permeability (for example solid wing shutters, wooden
venetian shutters with solid overlapping slats, roller shutters made of wood, plastic or
metal, with connecting slats):
(10)
(11)
tight shutters:
R = 0,95 Rsh + 0,17 m2K/W
(12)
5.4
Doors
frame
(fixed)
sash
(movable)
glazing (single,
or multiple)
UD
Ag U g Af U f lg g
Ag Af
(13)
Page 14
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
where
Af , Ag and lg are defined in clause 4;
is the thermal transmittance of the glazing;
Ug
is the thermal transmittance of the frame;
Uf
is the linear thermal transmittance due to the combined thermal effects oglazing
g
spacer and frame;
In the case of single glazing the last term of the numerator in equation (13) shall be taken as
zero (no spacer effect) because any correction is negligible.
frame
(fixed)
sash
(movable)
opaque
panel
If the door consists of frame, glazing and opaque panels, then the following equation shall be
used:
UD
(14)
where
Ap and lp are defined in clause 4;
is the thermal transmittance of the opaque panel(s);
Up
is the linear thermal transmittance for opaque panels.
p
If the opaque panel is thermally bridged at the edge by a less insulating spacer, the effect of
the bridging shall be taken into account in the same way as for glazing.
NOTE 1 Annex D gives typical values of Uf for different types of frame.
prEN ISO 10077-2 gives a method for calculating the linear thermal transmittance.
NOTE 2 Typical values of are given in annex E.
The thermal transmittance of door leaves without a frame and without inhomogeneities
(having different layers only perpendicular to the heat flow direction) can be measured in the
guarded hot plate apparatus, in accordance with ISO 8302.
If the doorset does not have a design similar to a window system then the thermal
transmittance of the door leaves can be calculated in accordance with EN ISO 6946 provided
that the ratio of the thermal conductivities of any two different materials in the door does not
exceed 1:5 (screws, nails, and so on are excluded); this method includes the calculation of the
maximum relative error which should be less than 10 %.
If the maximum relative error is higher than 10 % or the ratio of the thermal conductivities of
the different materials is greater than 1:5 a numerical calculation in accordance with
prEN ISO 10077-2 and/or EN ISO 10211-2 should be carried out.
Page 15
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Input data
The thermal transmittance of the frame, Uf, is to be determined with the glazing replaced with
a material of thermal conductivity not exceeding 0,04 W/(mK), by hot box measurement or
numerical calculation in accordance with prEN ISO10077-2. The thermal transmittance of the
glazing, Ug, is to be determined according to EN 673, EN 674 or EN 675. Both Uf and Ug thus
exclude the thermal interaction between the frame and the glazing (or opaque panel), which is
taken into account by the linear thermal transmittance, , either tabulated in this standard or
obtained by numerical calculations in accordance with prEN ISO 10077-2 or by measurement
in accordance with prEN 12412-2.
Other values to be used in the basic formulae can be obtained from annex A and
EN 12524 or by means of prEN 1098, EN ISO 6946 and ISO 8302.
If measured or calculated data are not available, the values in informative annexes B to H may
be used.
If the results are to be used for comparison of the performance of different windows, the
sources of the numerical values of each parameter shall be identical for each door or window
included in the comparison.
Report
7.1
Drawing of sections
A technical drawing (preferably scale 1:1) giving the sections of all the different frame parts
permitting verification of:
the thickness, height, position, type and number of thermal breaks (for metallic
frames);
the number and thickness of air chambers (for plastic frames only);
the presence and position of metal stiffening (for plastic frames only);
the thickness of wooden frames and the thickness of plastic and PURframe
(polyurethane) material;
the thickness of gas spaces, the identification of the gas and the percentage
assured to be present;
the type of glass and its thickness or its thermal properties and emissivity of its
surfaces;
the internal projected frame area Af,i and the external projected frame area Af,e;
the internal developed frame area Ad,i and the external developed frame area Ad,e
(only for metallic frames);
the position of the glass spacers or of the edge stiffening for opaque panels;
description of any shutters.
In the case of metallic frames with pin-point connections the distance between the pinpoints
shall be clearly indicated.
Page 16
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
7.2
A drawing of the whole window or door (seen from inside) with the following information:
7.3
7.4
Presentation of results
The thermal transmittance of the window or door, calculated according to the standard shall
be given with two significant figures.
Page 17
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex A (normative)
Internal and external surface thermal resistances
For typical normal emissivities ( 0,8) for the inside and outside surfaces of the glazing, the
following values for the surface resistances Rse and Rsi shall be used.
Table A.1 - Surface thermal resistances
Window position
Internal
Rsi
2
External
Rse
2
m K/W
m K/W
0,13
0,04
Rsi for special cases, for example a low emissivity coating on the outer surface of the interior
pane, can be calculated according to EN 673.
Annex B (informative)
Thermal conductivity of glass
In the absence of specific information for the glass concerned the value 1,0 W/(mK)
should be used.
Page 18
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex C (informative)
Thermal resistance of air spaces between glazing and thermal transmittance of
coupled or double glazing
Table C.1 gives some values of the thermal resistance Rs of air spaces for double glazing,
calculated according to EN 673. The data apply:
for vertical windows or an inclination of the glazing to the horizontal such that
90 60;
for spaces filled with air;
with both sides uncoated or with one side coated with a low emissivity layer;
for a mean temperature of the glazing of 283 K and a temperature difference of 15 K
between the two outer glazing surfaces.
Table C.1 - Thermal resistance Rs of unventilated air spaces, in m2K/W, for coupled and
double windows
Thickness of
Both sides
air space
uncoated
mm
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,8
0,211
0,190
0,163
0,132
0,127
0,298
0,259
0,211
0,162
0,154
12
0,376
0,316
0,247
0,182
0,173
15
0,446
0,363
0,276
0,197
0,186
50
0,406
0,335
0,260
0,189
0,179
100
0,376
0,315
0,247
0,182
0,173
300
0,333
0,284
0,228
0,171
0,163
For wide air layers like in double windows or doors the calculation according to EN 673 does
not lead to correct results. In such cases more sophisticated calculation methods or
measurements should be used.
Table C.2 gives the thermal transmittance Ug of double and triple glazing filled with different
gases, calculated in accordance with EN 673. The values of the thermal transmittance in the
table apply to the emissivities and gas concentrations given. For individual glazing units the
emissivity and/or gas concentration may change with time. Procedures for evaluating the
effect of ageing on the thermal properties of glazed units are given in prEN 1279-1 and
prEN 1279-3.
Page 19
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Table C.2 - Thermal transmittance Ug of double and triple glazing filled with different
gases
Glazing
Type
Uncoated
Dimensions
mm
4-6-4
3,3
3,0
2,8
3,0
glass
4-9-4
3,0
2,8
2,6
3,1
Glass
(normal
Normal
emissivity
0,89
glass)
Argon
Krypton
SF6
4-12-4
2,9
2,7
2,6
3,1
4-15-4
2,7
2,6
2,6
3,1
4-20-4
2,7
2,6
2,6
3,1
One pane
4-6-4
2,9
2,6
2,2
2,6
coated
4-9-4
2,6
2,3
2,0
2,7
glass
0,4
One pane
Double
coated
glazing
glass
0,2
4-12-4
2,4
2,1
2,0
2,7
4-15-4
2,2
2,0
2,0
2,7
4-20-4
2,2
2,0
2,0
2,7
4-6-4
2,7
2,3
1,9
2,3
4-9-4
2,3
2,0
1,6
2,4
4-12-4
1,9
1,7
1,5
2,4
4-15-4
1,8
1,6
1,6
2,5
4-20-4
1,8
1,7
1,6
2,5
One pane
4-6-4
2,6
2,2
1,7
2,1
coated
4-9-4
2,1
1,7
1,3
2,2
4-12-4
1,8
1,5
1,3
2,3
4-15-4
1,6
1,4
1,3
2,3
4-20-4
1,6
1,4
1,3
2,3
glass
0,1
One pane
4-6-4
2,5
2,1
1,5
2,0
coated
4-9-4
2,0
1,6
1,3
2,1
4-12-4
1,7
1,3
1,1
2,2
4-15-4
1,5
1,2
1,1
2,2
glass
0,05
Uncoated
(normal)
0,89
glass
2 panes
coated
0,4
2 panes
Triple
Air
coated
0,2
glazing
2 panes
coated
0,1
2 panes
coated
0,05
4-20-4
1,5
1,2
1,2
2,2
4-6-4-6-4
2,3
2,1
1,8
2,0
4-9-4-9-4
2,0
1,9
1,7
2,0
4-12-4-12-4
1,9
1,8
1,6
2,0
4-6-4-6-4
2,0
1,7
1,4
1,6
4-9-4-9-4
1,7
1,5
1,2
1,6
4-12-4-12-4
1,5
1,3
1,1
1,6
4-6-4-6-4
1,8
1,5
1,1
1,3
4-9-4-9-4
1,4
1,2
0,9
1,3
4-12-4-12-4
1,2
1,0
0,8
1,4
4-6-4-6-4
1,7
1,3
1,0
1,2
4-9-4-9-4
1,3
1,0
0,8
1,2
4-12-4-12-4
1,1
0,9
0,6
1,2
4-6-4-6-4
1,6
1,3
0,9
1,1
4-9-4-9-4
1,2
0,9
0,7
1,1
4-12-4-12-4
1,0
0,8
0,5
1,1
NOTE The values of thermal transmittance in the table were calculated using EN 673. They
apply to the emissivities and gas concentration given. For individual glazing units the emissivity
and/or gas concentrations may change with time. Procedures for evaluating the effect of ageing
on the thermal properties of glazed units are given in prEN 1279-1 and prEN 1279-3.
Page 20
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex D (informative)
Thermal transmittance of frames
Values of Uf evaluated by numerical calculation methods (finite element, finite difference) in
accordance with prEN ISO10077-2 can be used as input data for calculations, as can values
of Uf obtained by direct measurements using hot box methods in accordance with
prEN 12412-2.
If no other information is available, the values derived from the following tables and graphs
can be used in the calculations for the corresponding frame types.
All values given in this annex refer to the vertical position only. Typical values for common
types of frames are given in table D.1, figure D.2 and figure D.4, which can be used in the
absence of specific measured or calculated information for the frame concerned.
All the values shown in table D.1, figure D.2 and figure D.4 are based on a large number of
measured values as well as mathematically evaluated values determined using numerical
calculation methods. They include the effect of the developed areas.
Future development should not be impeded by tabulated Uf values. Values for frames which
are not described in the tables should be determined by measurements or calculations.
1)
Especially in the case of aluminium profiles with thermal breaks there is the problem that the
thermal transmittance of the frame is influenced by different construction characteristics, such
as:
the ratio of the width of the thermal break to the frame projection width.
A thermal break can be considered as such only if it completely separates the metal sections
on the cold side from the metal sections on the warm side.
The values in this annex are based on Rsi = 0,13 m K/W and Rse = 0,04 m K/W.
2
1)
The values of Uf in table D.1, figure D.2 and figure D.4 cannot be used for sliding windows but the
principle of equation (1) can be used.
Page 21
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Plastic frames
If no other data are available, the values in table D.1 can be used for frames without metal
reinforcements.
Table D.1 - Thermal transmittances for plastic frames with metal reinforcements
Frame material
Polyurethane
Uf
W/(m2K)
2,8
Frame type
with metal core
thickness of PUR 5 mm
PVC-hollow
1)
profiles
external
internal
2,2
external
internal
2,0
three hollow chambers
1)
With a distance between wall surfaces of hollow chambers of at least 5 mm (refer to figure D.1).
Dimensions in millimetres
5
Page 22
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Wood frames
Values for wood frames can be taken from figure D.2. For Uf, the values correspond to a
moisture content of 12 %. For definition of the thickness of the frame see figure D.3.
Uf in (W/m2K)
3,0
2,0
100
150
wood
metal-wood
d2
metal-wood
d2
internal:
right side of
frame section
d2
sash
df
frame
d1
d1
d2
d3
d2
d3
d1d 2
2
external:
left side of
frame section
d1
metal-wood
wood
wood
d4
d2
d3
sash
df
d d
j sa
jf
frame
d1
d1
d1
Figure D.3 - Definition of the thickness df of the frame for various window systems
Page 23
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Metal frames
The thermal transmittance of metal frames can be determined by measurement using hot box
methods in accordance with prEN 12412-2 or by numerical calculation in accordance with
prEN ISO 10077-2. Values obtained by such methods should be used when available, in
preference to the method given in this annex.
If such data are not available, values of Uf can be obtained by the following procedure for:
- metal frames without a thermal break;
- metal frames with thermal breaks corresponding to the sections illustrated in figure D.5
and figure D.6, subject to restrictions on the thermal conductivity and widths of the
thermal breaks.
2
For metal frames without a thermal break, use Ufo = 5,9 W/(m K).
For metal frames with thermal breaks, take Ufo from the solid line in figure D.4.
2
Ufo in W/(m K)
4,0
3,0
2,0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
NOTE The shaded area indicates the range of values obtained from many
measurements on frames carried out in several European countries, derived from the
surface temperature difference across the frame.
Figure D.4 - Uf0 -values for metal frames with thermal break
(D.1)
1
Rsi Af, i / Ad, i Rf
(D.2)
Page 24
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
where
Ad,i, Ad,e, Af,i, Af,e, are the areas as defined in clause 4, expressed in square metres;
2
Rsi
is the appropriate internal surface resistance of the frame, in m K/W;
2
Rse
is the appropriate external surface resistance of the frame, in m K/W;
2
Rf
is the thermal resistance of the frame section, in m K/W, resulting from the thermal
transmittance of the frame taking into account the appropriate surface resistance.
2
Uf0
is the thermal transmittance, in W/(m K), calculated as if the developed area were
equal to the projected area.
b1
b2
b3
b
b4
0,2bf
bf
Figure D.5 - Section Type 1: Thermal break with a thermal conductivity below 0,3 W/(mK)
b1
b2
b
0,3bf
bf
Figure D.6 - Section Type 2: Thermal break with a thermal conductivity below 0,2 W/(mK)
If the thermal conductivity of the termal break material is below 0,1 W/(m.K), the definition in
figure D.6 is not valid.
Page 25
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex E (informative)
Linear thermal transmittance of frame/glazing junction
The thermal transmittance of the glazing, Ug, is applicable to the central area of the glazing
and does not include the effect of the glass spacers at the edge of the glazing. On the other
hand, the thermal transmittance of the frame, Uf, is applicable in the absence of the glazing.
The linear thermal transmittance describes the additional heat conduction due to the
interaction between frame, glazing and spacer. The linear transmittance is mainly effected
by the conductivity of the spacer material. For aluminium and steel (not stainless steel) glass
spacers table E.1 indicates the values of for a specific range of types of frames and glazing.
2)
uncoated glass,
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
0,04
0,06
0,06
0,08
0,02
plastic frame
Metal frame with
thermal break
Metal frame without
thermal break
Values for spacers not covered by the table can be determined by numerical calculation in
accordance with prEN ISO 10077-2.
2)
These values are evaluated for double glazings with low emissivity, Ug 1,3 W/(m K) and triple
2
glazing with low emissivity Ug 0,7 W/(m K).
Page 26
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex F (informative)
Thermal transmittance of windows
Table F.1 and table F.2 give typical values calculated by the method in this standard using
linear thermal transmittances from annex E. Values for windows with other frame area
fractions can be evaluated by means of the equations of the main part of that standard.
Table F.1 - Thermal transmittances for windows with fraction of the frame area 30 % of the whole
window area
Type of
glazing
Uf
Ug
W/(mK)
W/(m K)
frame area 30 %
Single
Double
Triple
1,0
1,4
1,8
2,2
2,6
3,0
3,4
3,8
7,0
5,7
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,6
4,8
4,9
5,0
5,1
6,1
3,3
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,2
3,4
3,5
3,6
4,4
3,1
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,5
4,3
2,9
2,4
2,5
2,7
2,8
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
4,1
2,7
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,2
4,0
2,5
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,6
2,7
2,8
3,0
3,1
3,9
2,3
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,8
2,1
1,9
2,0
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,6
2,7
2,8
3,6
1,9
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,7
3,5
1,7
1,6
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
3,3
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,4
3,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
3,1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,9
2,3
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,7
2,1
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,8
3,6
1,9
1,7
1,8
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
3,4
1,7
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,5
3,3
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,3
2,4
3,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
3,1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,9
0,9
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,6
1,7
1,8
2,0
2,8
0,7
0,9
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
2,6
0,5
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,6
1,7
2,5
NOTE The calculation has been made using -values according to annex E. Values for windows
with frame area fractions not equal to 30 % have to be evaluated by means of the equations of the
main part of the standard.
Page 27
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Table F.2 - Thermal transmittances for windows with fraction of the frame area 20 % of the whole
window area
Type of
Ug
Uf
glazing
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
frame area 20 %
Single
Double
Triple
1,0
1,4
1,8
2,2
2,6
3,0
3,4
3,8
70
5,7
4,8
4,8
4,9
5,0
5,1
5,2
5,2
5,3
5,9
3,3
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,4
3,5
4,0
3,1
2,8
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,9
2,9
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,8
3,0
3,0
3,1
3,2
3,7
2,7
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,0
3,6
2,5
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,4
2,3
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,7
3,3
2,1
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
3,1
1,9
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,3
2,4
3,0
1,7
1,7
1,8
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,8
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,6
1,3
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,5
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
2,3
2,3
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,6
2,7
3,2
2,1
2,0
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
3,1
1,9
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,0
2,2
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,9
1,7
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,2
2,8
1,5
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
1,9
2,0
2,1
2,6
1,3
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,5
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
2,3
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,6
2,2
0,7
0,9
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
2,0
0,5
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,3
1,8
NOTE The calculation has been made using -values according to annex E. Values for windows
with frame area fractions not equal to 20 % have to be evaluated by means of the equations of the
main part of the standard.
Page 28
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex G (informative)
Additional thermal resistance for windows with closed shutters
When the thermal resistance of the shutter itself, Rsh, is known (by calculation or by
measurement) the additional thermal resistance, R, should be obtained using the appropriate
expression in 5.3. Table G.1 gives some typical values of shutter thermal resistance and the
corresponding values of R, which can be used in the absence of values of Rsh obtained from
measurement or calculation.
Table G.1 - Additional thermal resistance, R, for windows with closed shutters
Shutter type
Typical
thermal
resistance of
shutter
Rsh
2
m K/W
High air
permeability
Average air
permeability
Roller shutters of
0,01
0,09
0,12
aluminium
Roller shutters of
wood and plastic
0,10
0,12
0,16
without foam filling
Roller shutters of
plastic with foam
0,15
0,13
0,19
filling
Shutters of wood,
25 mm to 30 mm
0,20
0,14
0,22
thickness
1)
The definition of the air permeability of shutters is given in annex H.
Low air
permeability
0,15
0,22
0,26
0,30
Page 29
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex H (informative)
Permeability of shutters
For the different types of shutter, the permeability criterion can be expressed in terms of an
effective total gap bsh between the shutter and its surround according to figure H.1.
b sh b1 b 2 b 3
(H.1)
where b1, b2 and b3 are the average edge gaps at the bottom, top and side on the shutter (see
figure H.1).
b3 is included for one side only, since gaps at the side influence the permeability less than the
gaps at the top and bottom.
b2
b2
external
b3
shutter
b1
b1
internal
external
b3
internal
Page 30
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Table H.1 - Relationship between permeability and effective total edge gap between shutter and
its surround
Class
Permeability of shutter
bsh
mm
bsh > 35
15 bsh < 35
Tight
bsh < 15
bsh 8
NOTE 1 For permeability classes 2 and above, there should be no openings within the
shutter itself.
NOTE 2 For shutters of permeability class 5 the following criteria apply:
a) Roller shutters
The edge gaps at the sides and the bottom are considered equal to 0 if strip gaskets are
supplied in the guide rails and the final lath, respectively. The gap at the top is considered
equal to 0 if the entrance to the roller shutter box is fitted with lips - or brush-type joints on
both sides of the curtain or if the end of the curtain is pressed by a device (spring) against
a sealing material at the inner surface of the outer side of the roller shutter box.
b) Other shutters
Effective presence of strip gaskets on three sides and the gap at the fourth side less than
3 mm.
An alternative method to establish that a shutter is class 5 is to verify by measurement that the
3
2
air flow through the shutter is less or equal than 10 m /(hm ) under a pressure drop of
10 Pa.
Page 31
EN ISO 10077-1:2000
Annex ZA (informative)
A-deviations
A-deviation:
National deviation due to regulations, the alteration of which is
for the time being outside the competence of the CEN/CENELEC member.
This European Standard does not fall under any Directive of the EC.
In the relevant CEN/CENELEC countries these A-deviations are valid instead of
the provisions of the European Standard until they have been removed.
Clause
6
Deviation
Germany: Verordnung ber einen energiesparenden
Wrmeschutz bei Gebuden (Wrmeschutzverordnung WrmeschutzV) Vom 16. August 1994.
The German regulation specifies that the design thermal
transmittance for glazing as well as windows and window
doors shall be in accordance with tables 2 to 6 of
DIN V 4108-4:1998-10.
BS EN ISO
10077-1:2000
BSI
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London
W4 4AL
This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard,
of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
written permission of BSI must be obtained.
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