Q1.

(i). Explain coherence time. What is relationship between Doppler spread and coherence
time?
(ii)

What is meant by cell dragging and why it occurs?

(iii)

Briefly explain the difference between a multiplexing system and a multiple access
system. Give one example of each.

(iv)

A radio signal with a bandwidth of 200 KHz is transmitted over a channel having a
coherence bandwidth of 20 MHz. Indicate whether the channel is frequency
selective or non selective. Justify.

(v)

Explain various types of small scale fading based upon time delay spread and
Doppler spread

Q2.

(vi)

What does DS-CDMA stand for; give a brief description of its principle?

(vii)
(viii)
(ix)

Discuss various hybrid spread spectrum techniques.

Define level crossing rate and average fade duration
(10)

What are Fresnel zones? Show that the radius of the Fresnel zone where total received
r1
ETOT EDirect
3
field strength becomes equal to direct field strength i.e
is
. Where r1 is
the radius of first Fresnel zone.
What are Fresnel zones? What is the significance of 0.6FFZ clearance? Derive an
expression for the radius of nth Fresnel zone.

The antenna of a base station is having a directivity of 15 dB and is located at a height of

143 meter above the ground. The total power radiated is 4444.8 Watts at frequency of
176.74 MHz. Assuming the receiver antenna to be at a height of 9.15 meter above the
ground, which is assumed to be perfectly conducting and flat. Calculate the electric field at
distances of 9.25Km and 27.75 Km.

(b) Derive the formula for path loss of a mobile microwave link over a perfectly conducting
flat earth.

(a) Consider an uplink of a cellular telephone system with 96 channels. Cells are laid out in a
regular hexagonal grid with the base stations placed in the corners of each cell. All base
stations use ideal sectorized antenna with 600 lobe width i.e. every cell is divided into two
halves (Figure 1a). Assuming that a minimum SIR of 6 dB is required and that path loss is
inversely proportional to fourth power of distance.
(i)

Determine area capacity of this system as a function of cell radius R.

(ii)

The sites with six collocated base stations can be placed in the cell centers instead
of in the corners (Figure 1b). Compare the required number of base stations per
unit area for two different configurations, given that area capacity (of part i)
should be maintained. If there is difference in base station density, how large it is?

Figure 1a Base station at corner

Figure 1b Base station at the center

(b) In Patiala the total population is found to be 1 million. Three competing trunked
mobile networks (BSNL, Spice, Airtel) provide cellular service in this area.
BSNL has 394 cells with 19 channels each.
Spice has 98 cells with 57 channels each
Airtel has 49 cells with 100 channels each.
Find the number of users that can be supported with 3 % blocking probability if each user
averages 4 calls per hour at average call duration of three minutes. Assuming that all the

three trunked system are operated at maximum capacity. Compute the percentage market
penetration of each cellular provider.

Consider a cellular system deployed along an infinitely long linear highway with all traffic
coming from users in vehicles driving on the highway, as shown in the figure 2. Assume
BS towers serve a circular cell with radius R meters, and so BSes are located every 2R
meters along the highway. Assume that every Nth BS reuses a channel group, where N is
the frequency reuse ratio. Assuming received power is proportional to 1/d n for distance d,
derive an expression for the carrier to co-channel interference (C/I) ratio for a mobile on
the edge of a base stations coverage area, as a function of N and n.
(8)

Suppose that, by law, a service operator is not allowed to radiate more than 30 watts of power.
Using the two-ray model, what antenna height is required for a service radius of 1 km? 10 km?
Assume that the receiver sensitivity is -100 dBm.

Propagation measurements indicate that the median path loss at 420 MHz in a midsize city can
be modeled with n = 2.9 with a fixed loss () of 20 dB. Assuming a cell phone receiver
sensitivity of -90 dBm, what transmitter power is required to service a circular area of radius 15
km? Now assume that in the same city, the deviation about the median path loss was estimated to
be = 8 dB. Assuming a lognormal shadowing model, how much additional power must be
transmitted to cover the same service area with 90% availability at the edge of coverage when
shadowing is taken into account?

Assume that extensive measurements have been done in an area and a multipath channel model
is constructed whose power-delay profile consists of 4 paths arriving 0.1s apart. First path
arrives and assumed to have unit power (0dB), and, subsequent paths have 3dB reduction in
power as compared to the previous one. What is the largest transmitted signal bandwidth that
would go through this channel without experiencing frequency selective fading?

a) Calculate the means excess delay, and the rms delay spread for the multipath profile
given in the figure below (x-axis is excess delay in nanoseconds and y-axis is received
power).

Estimate the 50% coherence bandwidth of the channel in part a. What type of fading would
a signal with bandwidth of 300 kHz experience when going through this channel?

(i) As shown in Figure 1, a cell phone in a vehicle is receiving a 1.9 GHz CW signal from a cell
BS, and there are two paths in the channel, one line-of-sight, and one reflected path. The
vehicle is traveling at 20 meters per second. What frequencies are present in the received
signal?

(4)

Draw the complete state diagrams for linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs)
using the following polynomials.
Does either LFSR generate an m-sequence?

Find 10 smallest values of cluster sizes for hexagonal cells.