CE270 Spring 2010

Stress Transformations

Often interested in maximum normal and

shear stresses at a point and orientation on
the element

J. Liu CE270 Spring 2010

Plane Stress

Stress can be analyzed in a single plane (no

load on surface)
Typically on thin sections, such as a beam
web
y

y
z

x
x

xy
x

x
y

State of plane
stress for element
is unique to
orientation

How do we transform the

stress components when we
change orientation?

xy

Use equilibrium of
FORCES!

First, Sign Convention

Positive (+) if pointing in (+) direction on (+)

face
Positive (+) if pointing in (-) direction on (-)
face
y

OR normal stress
(outward)
shear stress (up on
right-hand side)

Acos

xy
x

A x face

x
xy
yx

Asin
4/23/10 Fix! (had them backwards on
Wednesday)

Fx ' 0

x'

A (

xy

cos )( A sin )

( y sin )( A sin ) ( xysin )( A cos )

( x cos )( A cos )

x'

cos 2

sin 2

cos 2

cos 2

sin 2

2 sin cos

xy

(2 sin cos )

sin 2

Repeat for other stresses

Stress Transformations
x
x'

x' y'

2
x

y'

sin 2
x

xy

cos 2

xy

sin 2

xy

sin 2

cos 2

cos 2

Hibbeler Chp. 9

Example
wood grain

Given:
Wooden shaft
dia. = 100 mm

A
T=294.5 N-m

Find:
stresses parallel
and perpendicular
to the grain at
point A ( to z
axis)

wood grain

A
T=294.5 N-m

Tc
J

max
y

( 294 .5 Nm )(0.05 m)
2

max
x

(0.05 m)

1.5 x10 Pa
BUT! (+) on (+) face, therefore (+) shear stress

wood grain

A
T=294.5 N-m

max
72

x
72

wood grain

A
T=294.5 N-m

72
x

Perpendicular to grain (could cause splitting)

x
y'

y'

cos 2

(1.5 x10 6 Pa ) sin( 2(72))

xy

sin 2

0.88 MPa

Compression perpendicular to grain

wood grain

A
T=294.5 N-m

72
x

Parallel to grain (could shear along grain?)

x
x' y'

x' y'

sin 2

(1.5x10 Pa) cos144

6

xy

cos 2
1.2MPa

x
x'

x'

2
0.88MPa

cos 2

xy

Parallel to grain (pulling on grain)

0.88 MPa

Final
State of
Stress

sin 2

1.2 MPa

0.88 MPa

Principal Stresses

Maximum and minimum normal stresses

acting at a point
Can differentiate with respect to and set=0,
etc., or can use Mohrs Circle
Equations for plane stress transformation can
be put into a graphical format

Mohrs Circle
x'

avg
x

avg

2
x 'y '

2
x

2
2
xy

Sign Convention Mohrs Circle

positive to the right
clockwise above,
counterclockwise below

In the kitchen, the clock is above, and the counter is below.

General Procedure
x
( y,

yx)

avg

( x,
Reference state

xy)

1.

Plot C =

avg

2.

Plot ( x,

xy),

3.

Determine R

4.

Draw circle

( y,

yx)

on element = 2 on Mohrs Circle

x

90

( y,

yx)

x,

xy)

180

( x,

xy)

y,

yx)

Principal Stresses
1

( y,

yx)

1
p

p from
reference
state

( x,

avg

avg

xy)

Maximum Shear Stress

xymax

( y,

yx)

from
reference
state
s

x ' y ' max

2
s

2
p

( x,

xy)

90
45

Example
wood grain

A
T=294.5 N-m

Given:
Wooden shaft
dia. = 100 mm
Find:
stresses parallel
and perpendicular
to the grain at
point A ( to z
axis) using Mohrs
Circle

max =1.5MPa

=R

(0,

yx)

C
R cos 54 0.88MPa

x' y '

R sin 54 1.2MPa

y'

R cos 54

0.88MPa

y,

yx)

xy)

144 -90 =54

2 =144

Reference state

x'

x,

(0,

xy)

x'
x' y '
y'

R cos 54 0.88MPa
R sin 54 1.2MPa
R cos 54
0.88MPa

0.88 MPa

Final
State of
Stress

1.2 MPa

0.88 MPa