7 EG - CE - EARTHQUAKEs - PPSX

CE
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering
Engineering Geology
Lecture 7
Earthquake
Dr. Abdelrahman
Abueladas
Dr.AbdelrahmanAbueladasCivilEngineeringClassEngineeringGeologyLecture7
Earthquake
Earthquake
Turkey,1999
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas
Civil Engineering Class
What is an Earthquake?
An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent, of the

Earth's surface that follows a release of energy in the Earth's
crust.
Caused by volcanic activity, meteorite impacts, undersea
landslides, explosions of nuclear bombs or most commonly, by
movement of the Earth across a fault
Fault: fracture in the Earth across which the two sides move
relative to each other
Stresses build up until enough to cause rocks to fracture and
shift, sending off waves of
seismic energy, felt as earthquake
3
Faults are complex zones of breakage with irregular

surfaces, many miles wide and long
Stress builds up until rupture occurs at weak point
and propagates
along fault surface
Point where rupture
First occurs is
hypocenter or focus
Point directly above
hypocenter on surface
is epicenter
4
Earthquake -- the shaking or vibration of the ground

occurs when rock suddenly breaks along a fault
Seismic waves radiate from the focus --point of the

initial movement or slip on the fault. The epicenter
is the geographic point on the earth's surface above
5
the focus.
Types of Seismic waves

1-Body waves:
Primary waves (P):

1)The fastest traveling waves.
2)Compressional wave travel.
3)Particle motion is parallel to the
propagation direction of the
wavefront.
Secondary Waves (S):
1)Shear waves.
2) Slower than P waves.
3)Particle motion is perpendicular to the
propagation direction of the
wavefront.
4) S waves do not travel in fluids.
2-Surface waves:
Propagate near the earth surface.
6
Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation
1-Body waves:
I) Primary waves (P):
1)The fastest traveling waves.
2) Compressional wave travel.
3) Particle motion is parallel to the propagation direction of the
7
wave front.
Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation
II) Secondary Waves (S):

1)Shear waves.
2) Slower than P waves.
3) Particle motion is perpendicular to the propagation direction
of the wave front.
8
4) S waves do not travel in fluids.
2-Surface waves:
Propagate near the earth surface
a) Rayleigh Wave (R-Wave) Animation
9
b) Love Wave (L-Wave) Animation
Particle motion is horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of

propagation (transverse).
Amplitude decreases with depth.
Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.
10
Focus
Su
rf
ac
av
Mantle
Core
es
S P
Seismograph
11
Seismic waves travel through Earth and over its

surface.
Focus
Su
rf
ac
av
Mantle
Core
es
S P
Seismograph
12
Development of Seismology
Seismology: study of earthquakes

Earliest earthquake device: China, 132 B.C.
Instruments to detect earthquake waves: seismometers
Instruments to record earthquake waves: seismographs
Capture movement of Earth in three components: northsouth, east-west and vertical
One part stays as stationary as

possible while Earth vibrates:
heavy mass fixed by inertia in
frame that moves with the Earth,
and differences between
position of the frame and the
mass are recorded digitally
13
Development of Seismology
Waves:
Amplitude: displacement
Wavelength: distance between successive
waves
Period: time between waves (= 1/frequency)
Frequency: number of waves in one second
(herz, Hz)
14
Spring
Mass
Seismograph
15
Spring
Mass
The mass is loosely

coupled to Earth.
16
Earth
moves up
Recording
pen
17
Earth
moves up
Recording
pen
Upward movement of the Earth causes

downward relative movement of the mass, and
vice versa.
18
Earth
moves down
19
Earth
moves down
The pen traces the

differences in motion.
20
Earth
moves left
Earth
moves right
Earth
moves side
to side
Mass
Hinge
21
Seismogram
10
Minutes
20
30
40
50
Surface waves
P
22
The waves travel at different speeds and arrive at

the seismograph at different times.
10
Minutes
20
30
40
50
Surface waves
P
23
Seismograph
Seismograph
Epicenter
Focus
Seismograph
24
Seismic waves arrive at distant

seismographic stations at different
times.
Seismograph
Seismograph
Epicenter
Focus
Seismograph
25
Time elapsed after start of earthquake (min)
25
Seismogram
A
Seismogram
B
Seismogram
C
S wave
20
8-minute
interval at
5600 km
15
11-minute
interval at
8600 km
P wave
10
3-minute
interval at
1500 km
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
Distance traveled from earthquake epicenter (km)
26
Because P waves travel faster than S waves, the

interval between their travel-time curves
increases with distance.
25
Seismogram
A
Seismogram
B
Seismogram
C
S wave
20
8-minute
interval at
5600 km
15
11-minute
interval at
8600 km
P wave
10
3-minute
interval at
1500 km
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
27
Because P waves travel

faster than S waves, the
interval between their
travel-time curves
increases with distance.
25
By matching the observed

interval to the curves, we
can determine the distance
from the station to the
epicenter.
Seismogram
A
Seismogram
B
Seismogram
C
S wave
20
8-minute
interval at
5600 km
15
11-minute
interval at
8600 km
P wave
10
3-minute
interval at
1500 km
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
28
If we then draws a circle around each

seismographic station,
1500 km
5600 km
8600 km
29
If we then draws a circle around each

seismographic station,
Epicenter
B
1500 km
5600 km
8600 km
the point at which the circles intersect is the earthquakes

30
epicenter.
S
Amplitude
=23 mm
S-wave interval = 24 seconds
Interval between
S and P waves (s)
Distance (km)
P-wave
Richter
magnitude
Amplitude
(mm)
31
S
Amplitude
=23 mm
Interval between
S and P waves (s)
Distance (km)
P-wave
A seismologist
measures the
amplitude of
the largest
seismic
wave
Richter
magnitude
Amplitude
(mm)
32
S
Amplitude
=23 mm
and the time

interval between
the P- and S-waves
to determine the
distance from the
epicenter.
Interval between
S and P waves (s)
Distance (km)
P-wave
Richter
magnitude
A seismologist
measures the
amplitude of the
largest seismic
wave
Amplitude
(mm)
33
S
Amplitude
=23 mm
and the time

interval between
the P- and S-waves
to determine the
distance from the
epicenter.
Interval between
S and P waves (s)
Distance (km)
P-wave
Richter
magnitude
A seismologist
measures the
amplitude of the
largest seismic
wave
Amplitude
(mm)
By connecting the
points, the seismologist
determines the
Richter magnitude.
34
Magnitude --"is actually a measurement of the

ground displacement (or particle displacement)
obtained from a seismogram. The ground
displacement is the same as the amplitude of the
seismic wave and hence the larger the wave
motion, the greater the magnitude.
Richter magnitude--"The magnitude of any shock
is taken as the logarithm of the maximum trace
amplitude, expressed in microns, with which the
standard short-period torsion seismometer would
register that shock at an epicentral distance of
100 km"
35
Intensity scale-- a scale for

estimate earthquake shaking
based on the destructive
effects and damage.
Mercalli scale. Invented by
Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902,
this scale uses the
observations of the people
who experienced the
earthquake to estimate its
intensity.
Giuseppe Mercalli (From

Walker, 1982)
36
EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY vs. MAGNITUDE
Earthquake intensity measures the effect on people and buildings

Used to assess historical and archaeological records
37
Seismographic
stations
Fault
38
39
First motion (pull

toward epicenter)
First motion (pull

toward epicenter)
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas
Civil Engineering Class
40
First motion
(push away
from epicenter)
First motion (pull

toward epicenter)
First motion
(push away
from epicenter)
First motion (pull

toward epicenter)
41
42
Tsunami generation
llow
a
h
S
er
t
a
w
Thrust fault
Tsunami formation
Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation,
"harbor wave."
43
Tsunami generation
llow
a
h
S
er
t
a
w
Thrust fault
An earthquake produces
a surge of water that moves
outward as a tsunami.
A tsunami is only a few

centimeters high in the deep
ocean but can increase to
many meters high close to
shore.
44
Tsunami produced by
earthquake displacement of
ocean floor.
Important points:
In deep ocean, tsunami has small amplitude and
travels with speed of jet airliner.
When approaching land, speed slows and amplitude
increases dramatically.
45
Tsunamiwavepropagationcharacteristicsnotethataswaterdepth
becomesshallower,wavesslowdown,becomeshorterwavelength,
andhavelargeramplitude
NOAA
46
Computer simulation of tsunami radiation.

North
America
Epicenter
4 hr 42 min
Hawaii
Main tsunami wave reaches Hawaiian Islands about 4.5 hours after the
earthquake.
47
obal Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP)
The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) was launched in 1992 by the International
Lithosphere Program (ILP) with the support of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and
endorsed as a demonstration program in the framework of the United Nations International Decade for
Natural Disaster Reduction (UN/IDNDR). The GSHAP project terminated in 1999.
http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/
48
Liquefaction
Liquefaction is defined as "the transformation of a granular
material from a solid state into a liquefied state as a
consequence of increased pore-water pressure"
Figure 1- Sketch of a packet of water-saturated sand grains illustrating the process of

liquefaction. Shear deformations (indicated by large arrows) induced by earthquake
shaking distort the granular structure causing loosely packed groups to collapse as
indicated by the curved arrow (Youd, 1992).
49
Liquefaction
Liquefaction is one of the most important and complex
topics in geotechnical earthquake engineering.
Liquefaction occurs when saturated soils lose their
strength and appear to flow as fluids when shaken by
earthquake waves (Seed and Idriss, 1982; Kramer,
1996).
The strength of the soil shrinks to the point where it is
unable to hold structures or remain stable.
The damage caused by liquefaction include slope
failures, bridge and building foundation failures, and
flotation of buried structures.
50
There are several factors that may affect the liquefaction

susceptibility of soil deposits such as:
1- Depth and thickness of the strata.
2- Relative density, grain size.
3- Age of sediments.
4- Presence of overlying non-liquefiable layers.
5- The previous seismic history (Seed, 1979; Seed and Idriss, 1982; Obermeier and Pond,
1999).
There are three conditions must exist for liquefaction to

occur:
(1) Soil susceptible to liquefaction.
(2) Shallow groundwater table.
(3) Strong ground shaking.
51
The types of sediments most susceptible to

liquefaction are saturated silt and sand deposits.
If the silt and sand sediments are overlain by a
nonliquefiable stratum such as clay, the liquefaction
susceptibility will be very high.
Most commonly, liquefaction initiates at depths
between 2 and 5 m below the ground surface, but it
can also initiate at depths up to 20 m or even more (Seed
and Idriss, 1982).
Liquefaction usually occurs at the same location
when the soil and ground water conditions have
remained unchanged.
The liquefaction distance is proportional with the
earthquake magnitude.
52
Methods of the Analyses

Several field tests are usually used for the evaluation of
liquefaction resistance of sandy soils, including:
1- The standard penetration test (SPT).
2- The cone penetration test (CPT).
3- The Becker penetration test (BPT).
4- Shear-wave velocity measurement (Vs).
53
The point-based susceptibility

using combined scheme based on
applying a PGA of 0.3g integrated
in the study area.
(Abueladas, 2014)
54
Relation between Risk and Hazard

Earthquake scientists and engineers make an important conceptual
distinction between hazard and risk.
Hazard is the property of an earthquake that causes loss of life or

damage
Risk is the probability of loss of life, injury, or damage
Risk == Hazard
Hazard xx Vulnerability
Vulnerability xx Exposure
Exposure
Risk
Hazard is the frequency of a level of shaking (liquefaction,

landslide, fault rupture)
Vulnerability measures the likelihood that something like a
building will be damaged
Exposure is the number of people, buildings, structures that are
exposed to the hazard. This is called an inventory.
Geologists and seismologists define the earthquake hazard
Engineers (builders, masons, etc.) reduce the risk by decreasing the
vulnerability of structures to ground motion
55

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CE

An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent, of the

Faults are complex zones of breakage with irregular

Earthquake -- the shaking or vibration of the ground

Seismic waves radiate from the focus --point of the

Types of Seismic waves

Primary waves (P):

Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation

Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation

II) Secondary Waves (S):

a) Rayleigh Wave (R-Wave) Animation

b) Love Wave (L-Wave) Animation

Particle motion is horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of

Seismic waves travel through Earth and over its

Seismology: study of earthquakes

One part stays as stationary as

The mass is loosely

Upward movement of the Earth causes

The pen traces the

The waves travel at different speeds and arrive at

Seismic waves arrive at distant

Time elapsed after start of earthquake (min)

Distance traveled from earthquake epicenter (km)

Time elapsed after start of earthquake (min)

Because P waves travel faster than S waves, the

Distance traveled from earthquake epicenter (km)

Time elapsed after start of earthquake (min)

Because P waves travel

By matching the observed

Distance traveled from earthquake epicenter (km)

If we then draws a circle around each

If we then draws a circle around each

the point at which the circles intersect is the earthquakes

S-wave interval = 24 seconds

S-wave interval = 24 seconds

S-wave interval = 24 seconds

and the time

S-wave interval = 24 seconds

and the time

Magnitude --"is actually a measurement of the

Intensity scale-- a scale for

Giuseppe Mercalli (From

EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY vs. MAGNITUDE

Earthquake intensity measures the effect on people and buildings

First motion (pull

First motion (pull

First motion (pull

First motion (pull

A tsunami is only a few

Computer simulation of tsunami radiation.

obal Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP)

Figure 1- Sketch of a packet of water-saturated sand grains illustrating the process of

There are several factors that may affect the liquefaction

There are three conditions must exist for liquefaction to

The types of sediments most susceptible to

Methods of the Analyses

The point-based susceptibility

Relation between Risk and Hazard

Hazard is the property of an earthquake that causes loss of life or

Risk is the probability of loss of life, injury, or damage

Hazard is the frequency of a level of shaking (liquefaction,

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