5 EG - CE - Engineering Properties of Rocks PRT - Pps

CE
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering
Engineering Geology
Lecture 5
Engineering Properties of rocks & Rocks deformation
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

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Engineering Properties of Rocks

Rock properties are an essential part of the exploration , design ,
construction and during service life of the project.
Rock classification which provide rock names and geologic
characteristics for most engineering applications.
Intact Rocks:
Is a rock containing no discontinuities, such as joints and
beddings, it is called rock material
Rock mass :
It is a mass of rock interrupted by discontinuities , with each
constituent discrete block having intact rock .
Intact Rock
May be described by standard geologic terms such as (1) rock
name , (2) mineralogy ,(3) Texture (4) degree and kind of
cementation, and (5) weathering.
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Dr.AbdelrahmanAbueladasCivilEngineeringClassEngineeringGeologyLecture5
CE
The typical intrusive igneous rock will have larger crystals than
extrusive igneous rocks, while sharing similar crystalline interlocking
textures and same composition of silicate mineral .
The metamorphic rock name provides information about
mineralogy and degree of foliation if present .
A sedimentary rock name may imply a certain physical features

while leaving others undefined .
Sandstones and shale are defined by their predominant discrete
grains.
A limestone is defined by its composition rather then grain size. It
may be composed of cemented individual grains of calcite derived
from wave action ,or may be a dense crystalline limestone from
precipitation
of a limy mud on a sea or lake bottom.
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Differing amount of clay minerals, silt or sand sized grains of

quartz and fossils may be present in a given specimen, but this will
not alter the rock name, but all affecting the engineering
properties .Descriptive adjectives such as ;finely crystalline ,
(orgillaceous) or sandy (arenaceous) are applied.
Geologic data are informative, but it dos not provide the engineer
with the quantitative data that are needed. Rock is usually
anisotropic due to precipitation environment or due to tectonic a
activities afterwards.
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Rock strength
The strength and elasticity of intact rock are used in the design
of dams and pressure tunnels , prediction of amount of
deformations and their rate in openings made in highly stressed
highly elastic rocks ,and the operation and performance of tunnelboring machines.
Properties and indexes that defines intact rock properties

are listed below:
Rock type
Strength
Color
Hardness
Sonic Velocity
Grain size
Durability
Young Modulus
Texture & Fabric
Porosity
Poisson s ratio
Weathering
Density
Permeability
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Strength: is defined as the applied stress that cause rock failure or rupture,
the applied stress may be compressive, shear or tensile.
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Uniaxial Compressive Strength (Un confined)
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The factors that affect the compressive strength of intact rock
are(1) Confining pressure and (2) Rate of stress application.
Suggested rate of stress application is 0.5 to 1.0 Mpa/sec.
The specimen used is at lest 54mm diameter with a height to
diameter ratio=2.5-3.0.
The following table present Uniaxial compressive strength of nine
common rock types from the three major classes of rock .
The smaller crystal size in basalt compared with granite is a

primary reason for the higher mean strength and max strength of
basalt .
The presence of gas voids in some basalt cause significant
reduction strength .
In granite, crystal size is primary strength factor.
Note: Mpa (Mega Pascal)= million Pascal (1,000,000 pa)
1 Pa = 1.450377104 psi ( Pounds per square inch)
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Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Different Types of Rocks

Class of
Rocks
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary
Strength
Granite
Basalt
Gneiss
*
Schist
Quartzite
*
Marble
*
Limestone
Sandstone
Shale
Av.
Strength
182
214
174
58
289
121
121
90
103
Max.
Strength
324
359
251
166
359
228
373
235
231
Min.
Strength
49
105
85
215
62
35
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Strength
Range
275
254
167
158
144
166
338
225
197
No. of
Samples
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17
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*Not
Foliated
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The degree of foliation affect the average strength and range for
metamorphic rock as for gneiss and schist data.
Other factors such as variation of mineralogy , crystal interlocking , and
orientation of foliations with applied strength, affect significantly the
strength of metamorphic rock .(gneiss, schist, etc).
The absence of foliation and strong bonding between quartz particles
cause very high intact rock strength of quartz.
Sedimentary rock: Limestone may range in strength from strong for highly
siliceous rocks ,to low for very clayey (argillaceous) or shaly limestone.
The strength of sandstone is affected by degree and type of cementation
and the proportion of clay and silt present in the sandstone .
Strength of shale a function of clay mineral type of cementing agent
,orientation of bedding planes relative to the applied stress .
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Intact rock can be classified according to the compressive strength as

follows.
Strength categories
Unconfined compressive
Strength Mpa
V. high (strong)
250 <
High to V. high (strong)
100-250
to) Medium or Moderate(

high
50-100
Weak to Moderate
25-50
V. low (weak)
1-25
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Tensile Strength
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Tensile strength of intact rock is the least common determined rock

strength property. Tensile or extension strength is needed in the
following cases:
-Slope stability.
-Roof spans of underground excavation.
-Tunnels and mines.
Tensile strength of rock is controlled by the same factors that governs
compressive and shear strength, i.e. composition, texture, grain size, kind
and amounting of cementing material, and moisture content. Tensile
strength is much lower than other two strengths.
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Core specimens with length-to-diameter ratios (L/D) of between

2 to 2.5 are placed in a compression loading machine with the
load platens situated diametrically across the specimen. The
maximum load (P) to fracture the specimen is recorded and used
to calculate the split tensile strength.
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Mechanical Properties of Rocks

Rock properties: mass density, porosity, and
permeability
Stress
Mohr's circle
Strain
Elasticity of rocks
Rock properties: strength
Engineering classification of intact rocks
Rock mass properties
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Rock properties:
Specific gravity: the ratio between the mass and that of equal
volume of water (i.e. the ratio of mass density and water
density).
Unit weight gamma=(specific gravity)x(unit weight of water)
unit weight of water= 62.4 pcf (lbs/ft3)
for most rocks, gamma = 120 to 200 pcf.
Porosity n measures the relative amount of void space
(containing liquids and or gases).
porosity=(void space)/(total volume)
Permeability measures the rate at which fluids will flow
through a saturated materials. We will discuss the
measurements of permeability later in the lecture of
Groundwater.
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Stress
Stress is force per unit area acting on a plane at
any point within a material. There are three types
of stresses:
compressive stress: equal forces that act towards a
point from opposite directions
tensile stress: equal forces that pull away from
each other.
shear stress: equal forces that act in opposite
directions but offset from each other to act as a
couple.
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Principal stresses
On any plane within a solid, there are stresses
acting normal to the plane (either compressional
or tensional, called normal stresses) and shear
stresses acting parallel to the plane. At any point
within a solid, it is possible to find three mutually
perpendicular principal stresses which are
maximum, intermediate, and minimum. On the
planes perpendicular to the principal stresses
(called principal planes), there are not shear
stresses.
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Mohr's circle
Suppose we wish to measure stresses (both normal and
shear) acting on any given plane besides the principal
stresses. In general, this is a three dimensional problem
and can be done using mathematical tensors and vectors.
In a special case where we can assume that the
intermediate and minimum stresses are equal (for example
below the ground surface), we can work in two
dimensions. Mohr's circle provides a simple, graphical
method to find the normal and shear stresses on inclined
planes from principal planes using the maximum and
minimum principal stresses.
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Strain
The application of stress to a material causes it to
deform. The amount of deformation is called
strain.
axial strain: deformation along the direction of
loading L/L.
lateral strain: the lateral extension perpendicular to
the direction of loading, B/B.
Poisson's ratio = (lateral strain)/(axial strain).
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Elasticity of rocks
Some of the deformation of a rock under stress will
be recovered when the load is removed. The
recoverable deformation is called elastic and the
nonrecoverable part is called plastic deformation.
Plastic behavior involves continuous deformation
after some critical value of stress has been reached.
Commonly, the elastic deformation of rock is
directly proportional to the applied load. The ratio of
the stress and the strain is called modulus of
elasticity.
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Rock properties: strength
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Rock strength indicates the level of stress needed to cause failure.

compressive strength is the compressive stress required to break a rock sample.
The unit is pounds per square inch (psi) or newtons per square meter (pascals).
unconfined (uniaxial) compression test:
the rock sample is unconfined at its side while the load is applied vertically until
failure occurs. In this case, the compressive strength is called unconfined
compressive strength (uniaxial compressive strength).
confined compression test:
For design of underground structure (such as tunnels, mining, waste repository),
we need to take into account of the confining pressure at depth. This is done at
laboratory by so-called triaxial compression test. The failure curve constructed
using Mohr's circle after a series of tests gives the shear strength (cohesion) and
internal friction (angle of shearing resistance) of the rock (or soil) sample. This
will be further discussed on Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion in the next lecture on
Soil Mechanics.
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Engineering classification of intact rocks
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Intact rock is internally continuous, intact, and free from weakness

planes such as jointing, bedding, and shearing.
The standard engineering classification of intact rocks is based on the
uniaxial compressive strength (A through E) and the modulus of
elasticity, developed by Deere and Miller (1966).
The uniaxial compressive strength is divided into five categories: A
through E for very high to very low level of strength, ranging from
above 32,000 to below 4,000 psi.
Rock classification also involves the modulus of elasticity. More
specifically, the modulus ratio is used, which is the ratio of the
modulus of elasticity to the unconfined compressive strength. Three
modulus ratio categories are H (high) for >500, M (medium) for 200500, and L (low) for <200.
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Classification of intact rocks

Igneous rocks:
Strong when consisting interlocking network of crystals (which explains the small range for
granite).
For crystalline rocks, the smaller grain size gives higher strength (the average and maximum
strength of basalt is higher than granite).
Extrusive rocks have variable strength, because of possible vesicular, pyroclastic textures.
Sedimentary rocks:
Limestone, dolomite: crystalline texture, thus generally strong, but variable (fossils).
Sandstone: wide range depending on the degree of cementation.
Shale: variable because of bedding.
Metamorphic rocks:
Strength increases in some cases because of compaction and recrystallization.
Schists have wide variation because of foliation.
Quartzite: strong because of interlocking silica crystals and absence of foliation.
Marble: similar to limestone or dolomite and smaller strength range.
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Rock mass properties
The strength and deformation properties of intact rocks cannot be directly

applied to the overall rock mass in the field situation. The strength and
behavior of a rock mass are largely controlled by the nature of its
discontinuities or weakness planes. Discontinuities act to lower the strength
of the rock mass. The rock mass tends to fail along existing weakness planes
rather than develop new fracture within intact solid rocks.
Examples of rock mass discontinuities include:

sedimentary: bedding planes, sedimentary structure (mud cracks, ripple marks, cross
beds, etc.)
structural: faults, joints, fissures
metamorphic: foliation
igneous: cooling joints, flow contacts, intrusive contacts, dikes, sills
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Rock Deformation
The deformation is the change of shape and size of
a material under loading.
The elastic deformation is the part or the kind of
deformation that can be recoverable, i.e., after the
load is removed, the material changes back to its
original shape and size,
The part or kind of deformation that cannot be
recovered is the plastic or ductile deformation.
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STRAIN
Change in shape or size of an object in
response to an applied stress.= Deformation
Three Types of Strain
Elastic
Ductile (Plastic)
Brittle (Rupture)
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Three Types of Strain
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1-Elastic Deformation
A temporary change in shape or size that is recovered

when the applied stress is removed.
2-Ductile (Plastic) Deformation
A permanent change in shape or size that is not
recovered when the stress is removed. i.e. it flows or
bends
3- Rupture is a kind of Brittle Deformation
The loss of cohesion of a body under the influence of
deforming stress.
i.e. it breaks
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Shear Modulus (some books use the letter G)
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The shear modulus describes how difficult it is to deform a cube of the

material under an applied shearing force.
For example, imagine you have a cube of material firmly cemented to
a table top. Now, push on one of the top edges of the material parallel to
the table top.
If the material has a small shear modulus, you will be able to deform
the cube in the direction you are pushing it so that the cube will take on
the shape of a parallelogram.
If the material has a large shear modulus, it will take a large force
applied in this direction to deform the cube.
Gases and fluids can not support shear forces. That is, they have shear
modulus of zero.
From the relation given above, notice that this implies that fluids and
gases do not allow the propagation of the shear motion carried by the
seismic S-waves.
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From the equations given above, notice that this implies that CE
fluids and gases do not allow the propagation of
S waves.
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Bulk Modulus K
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Imagine you have a small cube of the material making up the medium
and that you subject this cube to pressure by squeezing it on all sides.
If the material is not very stiff, you can image that it would be possible
to squeeze the material in this cube into a smaller cube.
The bulk modulus describes the ratio of the pressure applied to the
cube to the amount of volume change that the cube undergoes.
If k is very large, then the material is very stiff, meaning that it doesn't
compress very much even under large pressures.
If K is small, then a small pressure can compress the material
by large amounts.
For example, gases have very
small Bulk Modulus .
Solids and liquids have
large Bulk Modulus
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Seismic velocity vs materials mechanic properties

Any change in rock or soil property that causes , , or K to change
will cause seismic wave speed to change.
For example, going from an unsaturated soil to a saturated soil will cause
both the density and the bulk modulus to change.
The bulk modulus changes because airfilled pores become filled with
water.
Water is much more difficult to compress than air. In fact, bulk modulus
changes dominate this example.
Thus, the P wave velocity changes a lot across water table while S wave
velocities change very little.
Although this is a single example of how seismic velocities can change in the
subsurface, you can imagine many other factors causing changes in velocity
(such as changes in lithology, changes in cementation, changes in fluid content,
changes in compaction, etc.).
Thus, variations in seismic velocities offer the potential of being able to map
many different subsurface features
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tangent modulus
Initial modulus
ASTM
Secant modulus
0.003
Ultimate strain
Stress-Strain Relationship
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Secant Modulus: Secant modulus is the slope of a line

drawn from the origin of the stress-strain diagram and
intersecting the curve at the point of interest.. Secant
modulus is commonly denoted by Es.
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Tangent Modulus: Tangent modulus is defined as

the slope of a line tangent to the stress-strain curve
at a point of interest. Tangent modulus can have
different values depending on the point at which it
is determined.
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Example:
The following data were obtained from unconfined compressive test on intact rock
sample.
Do=80mm, ho=200mm , when the axial compression H=1.2mm, the diameter
D=80.12mm
-Draw the stress strain diagram and find
-Uniaxial compressive strength
-Es at 50%@
Axial Load
Compressio
Strain =
Stress =P/A
-Poissons ratio
(P) KN
n H
H/ ho
MPa
45
76
0.4
.002
15.1
123
0.8
.004
24.5
163
1.2
.006
32.4
197
1.6
.008
39.2
227
2.0
.01
45
200
2.4
.012
39.7
176
2.7
.0135
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Calculation of Poissons ratio when H=1.2mm, D=0.12mm

1 = H/ho=1.2/200=0.006
h = D/D =0.12/80= .0015
= h /1 =.0015/.006=0.25
Max uniaxial compressive
stress=45MPa
Es =6500MPa
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Dynamic Elastic Moduli

Youngs modulus E, shear modulus G, and Poissons ratio
may be obtained by dynamic methods, by rapid application of
stress. This can be achieved by subjecting the sample to
ultrasonic compression and shear wave pulses, through
transducers attached to both ends of the sample. The pulse is
emitted from one end and received from the other end. The
velocity of the wave is calculated from the travel time (t) and
length of sample (L)
V=L/t
The shear wave velocity Vs is about 2/3 Vp the compression or
P-wave velocity
2
2
Young Modulus E d kV
2
s
(3V p 4Vs )
(V p2 Vs2 )
Shear Modulus Gd kVs2

Poisson' s Ratio d
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V p2 2Vs2
2(V p2 Vs2 )
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= mass density
Vp= P or compression wave velocity
Vs= S or shear wave velocity
k= constant, depending on units used
Example 3.2
A granite rock sample was tested using nondestructive methods
using compressive p-wave and shear s-wave.
The following results were obtained :
Diameter of sample = 60 mm, length = 150 mm
Bulk density = 2.643 g/cm3
P-wave travel time through sample = 2.90 x 10-5 sec
S wave travel time through sample = 5.45 x 10-5 sec
Bulk density) = 2.640 g/cm3
Determine : (a) Ed, Gd, d
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Bulk Elastic Properties

The bulk elastic properties of a material determine how much
it will compress under a given amount of external pressure.
The ratio of the change in pressure to the fractional volume
compression is called the bulk modulus of the material.
The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is called the compressibility of the substance. The amount of compression of solids and liquids
is seen to be very small.
The bulk modulus of a solid influences the speed of sound and other mechanical waves in the material
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Triaxial Compression Test

In a triaxial compression test, the direction of the load is
called the maximum principal direction and the direction of
the confining pressure applied is the minimum principal
direction.
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Mohrs Circle for Stress States

Introduced by Otto Mohr in 1882, Mohr's Circle illustrates principal stresses
and stress transformations via a graphical format,
Mohr's Circle is a simple graphical method of showing stresses and strains
within objects subject to loading and evaluation of developed stresses and
strains at different axes to the generating loads. i.e. The graphical
representation of the variation of the stress and strain components resulting
from rotating coordinate axes.
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The angle between the current axes (X and Y) and the principal axes is defined as p,
and is equal to one half the angle between the line Lxy and the -axis as shown in the
schematic below,
The angle p defines the principal directions where the only stresses are normal
stresses. These stresses are called principal stresses and are found from the original
stresses (expressed in the x,y,z directions) via,
Lxy
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The method for drawing Mohr's Circle is as follows:
1.
2.
We draw a coordinate system with the x-axis representing the normal stresses, and the yaxis representing the shear stresses.
Using the values from a given structural element (Diagram 1), we graph two initial
points. Point X with coordinates(
), and Point Y with coordinates (
) as
shown in Diagram 2.
3.
We now connect points A and B. The line connecting points A and B
intersects the x-axis. This is the center of Mohr's Circle.
Diagram 1
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Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

Civil Engineering Class
Diagram 2
CE
The following equations can be used to calculate the stresses in Mohr circle
The radius of the circle is given by

=R
The location of the center of Mohr's Circle is C =

from the origin.
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Draw the Mohrs circle of the stress element shown below. Determining
the principle stresses and maximum shear stresses.
What we know:
50 MPa
x= -80 MPa
y= 50 MPa
25 MPa
25 MPa
80 MPa
xy = 25 Mpa
80 MPa
y
x
A(-80,25)
A
25 MPa
25 MPa
Coordinates of points:
B(50,-25)
Find c ? Answer : -15
Find R ? Answer : 69.6
50 MPa
1= 54.6 Mpa
2= -84.6 Mpa
max = 69.5 Mpa
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Mohr's Circle can be used to transform stresses from one coordinate set to another.
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Suppose that the normal and shear stresses, x, y , and Txy, are obtained at a point o in the
body, expressed with respect to the coordinates XY. We wish to find the stresses expressed
in the new coordinate set X'Y', rotated an angle from XY, as
To do this we proceed as follows:

Draw Mohr's circle for the given stress state (x, y, and xy; shown below).
Draw the line Lxy across the circle from ( x, xy) to ( y, -xy).
Rotate the line Lxy by 2* (twice as much as the angle between XY and
X'Y').
The stresses in the new coordinates (x', y', and x'y') are then read off the
circle.
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Also, we can use the following equation to calculate the stress at any inclined plane. But
you showed now the right angle and the sign of the angle before you substitute in these
equations
Example
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CE

Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

Engineering Properties of Rocks

A sedimentary rock name may imply a certain physical features

Differing amount of clay minerals, silt or sand sized grains of

Properties and indexes that defines intact rock properties

Uniaxial Compressive Strength (Un confined)

The smaller crystal size in basalt compared with granite is a

Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Different Types of Rocks

Intact rock can be classified according to the compressive strength as

High to V. high (strong)

to) Medium or Moderate(

Tensile strength of intact rock is the least common determined rock

Core specimens with length-to-diameter ratios (L/D) of between

Mechanical Properties of Rocks

Rock properties: strength

Rock strength indicates the level of stress needed to cause failure.

Engineering classification of intact rocks

Intact rock is internally continuous, intact, and free from weakness

Classification of intact rocks

Rock mass properties

The strength and deformation properties of intact rocks cannot be directly

Examples of rock mass discontinuities include:

Three Types of Strain

A temporary change in shape or size that is recovered

Shear Modulus (some books use the letter G)

The shear modulus describes how difficult it is to deform a cube of the

Seismic velocity vs materials mechanic properties

Secant Modulus: Secant modulus is the slope of a line

Tangent Modulus: Tangent modulus is defined as

Calculation of Poissons ratio when H=1.2mm, D=0.12mm

Dynamic Elastic Moduli

Shear Modulus Gd kVs2

Bulk Elastic Properties

Triaxial Compression Test

Mohrs Circle for Stress States

The method for drawing Mohr's Circle is as follows:

We now connect points A and B. The line connecting points A and B

intersects the x-axis. This is the center of Mohr's Circle.

Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

The radius of the circle is given by

The location of the center of Mohr's Circle is C =

To do this we proceed as follows:

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