Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.)
Oct. 2009
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Steel Framed Structures
Prefabricated Building
Systems
Shell and Dome Structures
4.
5.
6.
Planning of Buildings
Building Construction
Elements
Health and Safety in
Building Construction
Presentation Outline
1.1 General
1.2 Development of Building Construction
1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
1.4 Building Classification
1.5 Design and Performance requirement
1.6 Steps in Building Construction
Industrial Construction.
Consultant Architect
Architect
Civil Engineer Structural, Sanitary and related designs
Construction Manager Supervising the Planning and Construction
Phase
Urban Planner
Quantity Surveyor
of Wild animals
Protection against cold and heat
Shelter from Rain and wind
Desire for gathering the family belongings in one place
Advanced
Ground Unprepared
Roof Flat
Logs, twinges and branches,
stone and earth are added
above
Finally Clay or binding agent
Ground Unprepared
Plan Circular
Addis Buildings
Building Classification
According to the Building Code of India:
The above divisions shall have sub divisions with different design standards
Building Types
Factor of Safety
Stiffness against deformation
Comfort and Convenience for users
Design is a process of
Design Phase
Site Selection and Site Plan
Architectural Design
Structural Design
Sanitary (Plumbing) Design
Electrical Design
Mechanical (HVAC)
Fire and Life Protection
Building Support Systems Data, Voice, CCTV, MATV, etc
Preparation of Bill of Quantity and Specification
Oct. 2009
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Steel Framed Structures
Prefabricated Building
Systems
Shell and Dome Structures
4.
5.
6.
Planning of Buildings
Building Construction
Elements
Health and Safety in
Building Construction
Presentation Outline
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Drawing Equipments
2.3 Drawing Papers
2.4 Drawing for Residential Classification
2.5 Working Drawings
Drawing Paper
Drawing Paper, Tracing Paper, Blue Print
Drawing Pencils
Very Soft (6B) to Very Hard ( 9 H)
Writing and Lettering - Medium Pencil (HB or F)
Drawings Hard Pencil (2H)
Drawings shall be
in conformance to
International and
National
Standards.
Standard Paper
formats are
derived from a
rectangular
drawing of 1m2.
A, B and C
A Construction
B & C Envelopes,
Posters, Folders
Title Block
150 mm x 100 mm
Information: Design
Office (Name), Project Title
(Name and Place), Drawing
Type, Designer (Name),
Drawn By(Name), Checked
By(Name), Date of
Completion, Scales and
Drawings Numbers
Folding Schemes
Folding Schemes
Folding Schemes
Site Plan
Location of building
Dimension of Perimeter
Sketch Drawings
Preliminary Drawings indicating concerns and details
May include plan of important storey, one or more elevations and cross section of
building
21
Detailed
Drawings
Show specific
details: Stair
Cases, Gutter
Down Pipe,
Foundation
details, etc
Scale 1:1.
1:5, 1:10 or
1:20
Construction Drawings
Prepared mainly for foundation works, construction of steels, concrete,
roofing and wood works and Approval by designer and RE
24
Installation
Drawings
Prepared
mainly for
Sanitary and
Electrical
Installations
Scale of
1:50 is
preferred
25
Sanitary DWG
Working Drawings
Prepared mainly for Architectural Designs
Floor Plans, Elevation, Sectional Drawings
1. Floor Plans
Interior Space - Cutting section 1.2m High
Steps for Preparation
Start laying center line of walls
Mark window and door openings
March wall thickness
Locate furniture position
Indicate material type
Add measurements and Other details
Floor Plans
Standard Dimensioning
2. Elevation Plans
Exterior Space
Orthographic Drawings of the building exterior
Front, Rear, Left and Right
North, South, West and East Elevations
Steps for Preparation
Project Vertical Lines Lines with overall width and length
Project Horizontal Lines Which represent the height of the eave
line, ridgeline, and chimney line, line aboveground level, etc
Locate Roof Lines Ridge and Eave Line
Add Elevation Symbols
Give Elevation Dimensions
Standard Heights
3. Sectional Plans
Revel the internal construction of an object
Architectural Sections Entire Structure (Full Section) or for
specific parts (Detail Section)
Size and Complexity of the building usually determines the
number of drawings
3.1. Full Section
Longitudinal or Transverse (Scale of 1:50)
Cutting Plane
Cutting Line and Arrows Two dashed lines
33
Full Section
Detail Section
Construction Symbols
Construction Symbols
Construction Symbols
Construction Symbols
Construction Symbols
Nov. 2009
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Steel Framed Structures
Prefabricated Building
Systems
Shell and Dome Structures
4.
5.
6.
Planning of Buildings
Building Construction
Elements
Health and Safety in
Building Construction
Presentation Outline
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reinforced Concrete Structures
3.3 Steel Framed Structures
3.4 Wood Structures
3.5 Masonry Structures
3.6 Prefabricated Building Systems
3.6 Shell and Dome Structures
Structural
load
transformat
ion has
become
more and
more
complex
Beams
TRUSS
TRUSS
ARCH
VAULT
DOME
SHELL
Construction Logic
Awareness and optimization of the construction sequence.
Economy
Constraints are good
Lightness
Maximum
Diversity/Minimum
Inventory Element and
Joint Design
New Possibilities
Materials - Composites
Glass
FOUR SYSTEM
Carbon Fiber
INTEGRATION
Cellulose
Panels: e.g. stress skin
Processes
Concrete
Tilt-Up Slab
Rapid Curing
New Possibilities
Materials - Composites
Glass
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose
Panels: e.g. stress skin
Processes
Concrete
Tilt-Up Slab
Rapid Curing
Concrete Issues
Strength in Tension
Strength in Compression
Ductility
CO2 generation
Durability
Quality Control
Concrete Advantageous
Form Requirements
Availability of Materials
Construction Expertise requirement
Developments SCC, Ductile Concrete, Composite Concrete
Metals are
commonly used
in building
structures
Primary
Architectural
Metals
STEEL STRUCTURES
Steel
Stainless steel Material Properties and Applications of various steels
Three types
Aluminum
1.Carbon steels
Copper
2.High-strength low-alloy steels
Zinc
3.Alloy steels
Lead composites
The use of wood extends back in time longer than any other
material.
In fact, wood represents both the original material of building
as well as the earliest source of energy.
Once abundant it is now, for the most part a managed
resource.
But is mostly underused
Structural Morphology
i. Solid Load Bearing Wall
ii. Timber Frame
iii. Balloon and Platform Framing
iv. Stress-Skin Systems Structural Types
30
Nov. 2009
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Steel Framed Structures
Prefabricated Building
Systems
Shell and Dome Structures
4.
5.
6.
Planning of Buildings
Building Construction
Elements
Health and Safety in
Building Construction
Presentation Outline
5.1 Foundation and Basements
5.1.1
Introduction
5.1.2 Functions of Foundations
5.1.3 Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation
5.1.4 Types of Foundation
5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
5.1.6 Causes of Foundation Failures and Remedial Measures
5.1.7 Foundation Construction
Setting Out Foundation Trenches
Excavation and Timbering of Foundation
Excavations in Ground with Sub Soil Water Problems
5.1.1 Introduction
4
5.
6.
B. Deep Foundation
Deep strip, rectangular or square footing, Pile Foundation, Pier or
Drilled Caisson Foundation, and Well or Caisson Foundation
A. Shallow
Foundation
Spread
Footing,
Combined
Footings, Strap
Footings and
Mat Foundation
A. 1 Spread Footing
A. 2 Combined Footing
Combined Footing
for Columns and
Wall
Sometimes it may
be necessary to
provide a
combined footing
for columns and
wall
Strap Footing - If
independent footings of two
columns are connected by a
beam
When the distance
between the columns is wide
and with high bending
moments
Strap beam will not
transfer loads, it will be
assumed to be stiff enough
to result in uniform pressure
under each footing
Border Columns
A. 4 Mat Foundation
B. Deep Foundation
B. 1 Pile Foundation
Friction
Used in granular soil
B. 2 Pier Foundation
Consists of a cylindrical
column of large diameter to
support and transfer large
loads
Difference with pile is method
of construction
Pier foundation uses only
bearing and has shallow depth
When there is a close hard
rock strata and stiff clay
Types
Masonry or Concrete Pier
Drilled Pier
SITE RECONNAISSANCE
Inspection of the site and study on topographical
features is often helpful
Following features shall be studied: Local Topography, excavations, cuttings, quarries, evidence
of land slide, fills, water level and drainage patters
SITE EXPLORATION
Objective to provide a reliable, specific and detailed
information about the soil and ground water conditions for
safe and economic design of foundations
Depth of Exploration
Depth (Significant Depth) shall be up to the level where the
pressure increase will cause settlement or shear failure of
foundations
Depends on the type of structure, its weight, size, shape and
disposition of loaded areas, and the soil profile and its properties
Assumed One and Half to two times the width (smaller of the
lateral dimensions) of the loaded area
Directions
Isolated Spread Footings 1.5 times the width
Directions
Adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width 1.5 times the
length
Pile Foundation 10 to 30 m, or more, or at least 1.5 times the width of the
structure
Base of Retaining Wall greater of 1.5 times the base width or 1.5 times
the exposed height
Floating Basement Depth of Construction
Weathering Considerations 1.5 m in general and 3.5 m in black cotton
soils
Min Depth 1.5 m
Methods of Exploration
1. Open Excavation
2. Borings
3. Sub Surface Soundings
4. Geo Physical Methods
Methods of Exploration
1. Open Excavation
Trail pits are the cheapest
methods in shallow deposits
Advantages Soil Strata
can be observed and samples
(disturbed or undisturbed) can
be conveniently taken
Suitable up to 3m depth
For greater depths and for
excavation below ground
water table, specially in
pervious soils, measures for
lateral support and ground
water lowering is necessary
Methods of Exploration
2. Boring Methods
Methods commonly used
Auger boring
Auger and Shell boring
Wash boring
Percussion boring
Rotary boring
A. Auger boring
Used in cohesive and other soft soils above
water table
Operate mechanically or manually
Hand augers are used up to 6m
Two types Spiral or Post Hole
2. Boring Methods
B. Auger and Shell boring
Cylindrical augers and shells with
cutting edges at lower end
Hand operated up to 25 m and
mechanized rigs up to 50 m
Suitable for soft to stiff clay, shells
for very stiff and hard clay, and
shells or sand pumps for sandy soils
Small boulders, thin soft strata or
rock or cemented gravel can be
broken by chisel bits attached to
drill rods
2. Boring Methods
C. Wash boring
Is fast and simple method for
advancing holes in all types of
soils (except for boulders and
rock)
Steps
Driving a casing with hollow
drilled rod with sharp chisel or
chopping bit
Forcing water under pressure
Resulting in Chopping and
jetting action
Forcing the cutting up ward
and reviewing the color of wash
2. Boring Methods
D. Percussion boring
Soil and rock formations are broken by repeated blows of heavy chisel
or bit suspended by a cable or drill rod
Water is added to the hole during boring
Suitable for advancing a hole in all types of soils, boulders and rock
E. Rotary Boring
Very fast method
A drill bit is rotated with firm contact to the bottom of the hole
A water solution of bentonite, with or without admixtures is continuously
forced down
The mud coming up wards bring the cuttings to the surface
Core Boring or Core Drilling commercial diamond studded bits
Record of Borings
Accurate and explicit
record of borings shall be
kept
Soils/Rock collected shall
be properly preserved
and arranged serially
according to the depth at
which they were found
Boring Chart
Site Plan showing location
of bores
4. Geo Physical
Methods
Geo Physical methods are used
when the depth of exploration is
very large, and also the speed of
investigation is of primary
importance
Were developed in connection
with prospecting of useful minerals
and oils
Methods
Gravitational Methods
Magnetic Methods
Seismic Refraction Method
Electrical Resistivity Methods
Choice of Exploration
Methods
Nature of Ground
Topography
Cost
Soil Samplers
Thick Wall
Thin Wall
Mode of Operation
Open Drive Sampler
Stationary Piston
Sampler
Rotary Sampler
B. Excavation and
Timbering of
Foundation Trenches
Excavation can be
done either manually
or with equipments
Manually
Equipments
D. Excavation in Ground
with Sub Soil Water
High water table or
water logged area
Dewatering
Ditches and Sumps
Well Point System
Shallow Well System
Deep Well System
Vacuum Method
Electro osmosis Method
Nov. 2009
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Steel Framed Structures
Prefabricated Building
Systems
Shell and Dome Structures
4.
5.
6.
Planning of Buildings
Building Construction
Elements
Health and Safety in
Building Construction
Presentation Outline
5.2 Floors
5.2.1
Introduction
5.2.2 Classification of Floors
5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor
5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
5.2.5 Floor Finishes
Brick,
5.2.1 Introduction
4
Other purposes:
Sound and Thermal Insulation
Fire Resistance
Adequate Strength and Stability
Traditional Floors:
Clean, Smooth, Impervious, Level and Durable Surface
Floors can be
classified as:
Upper Floors and
Ground Floor
Suspended Floors
Solid (Rest) Floors
Basement Floors
Flooring is the
single most
exposed element
of a building
interior because
of constant and
often heavy use.
Ground Floor
1.
Support Load Especially in Factories
2.
Prevent Dampness
3.
Prevent Growth of Vegetable matter and Living organism
4.
Durability Min. Maintenance or replacement
5.
Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanliness
and heat Retention
Upper Floor
1.
Support Load
2.
Fire Resistance Tall Buildings
3.
Minimize noise transfer
4.
Durability Min. Maintenance or replacement
5.
Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanliness and
Heat Retention
6.
Prevent Dampness
Upper Floor
Structural
Floor Finish (Upper Part)
Ceiling Finish (Lower Part)
A. Timber Floors
Structural system Joist and Floor Planking
B. Concrete Floors
Commonly used in all building types b/c moderately cheap,
quite durable, and easy to construct
Can be cast in situ or prefabricated
B. 1 Cast In Situ Concrete
Design Freedom Shape
Form work required Wet Condition
Types
Solid - Solid or Flat
Better Strength
Flat Slabs No beams
Ribbed
Slabs
A. Brick Flooring
A. Brick Flooring
Used in cheap constructions, especially where good bricks are
available
Suitable
Warehouses, stores, pedestrian walk ways
Base Course
Compacted layers with mortar joints with bricks
Slope shall be properly provided
Frost Attack About 5 cm thick fine sand is spread
Construction
Bricks shall be socked for 3 7 days (avoid reduction of voids in
hydration)
Frost Bricks without mortar
Common colors are pink, beige, white, brown, black, green, and red.
Properties
Sub Base
Compacted Ground or Concrete Base
Construction
Joints Pointed
Proper Slope
C. Concrete Flooring
Suitable
Residential, Commercial, and
Industrial (Garages,
Laboratories, and Ware houses)
C. Concrete Flooring
Properties
Moderately Cheap, Durable and Easy to construct
Moderately resistant to oils and weak acids
Two Components
Base Concrete and Wearing Surface
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Monolithically casting Good Bond with base and Cracks
Independent Base surface covered with slurry, Mix 1:2:4
Even spreading and surfacing by straight edge steel or wood
Curing 7 days
D. Granolithic Flooring
D. Granolithic Flooring
Suitable
For hard and wear resistant surface (Car passage )
Properties
Made of Rich Concrete, with very hard and tough quality course
aggregates , such as granite and basalt
Mix 1:1:2 to 1:1:3
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Shall be laid before the base coarse has set
Surface is tamped and floated
Smoothened by steel trowel
Grinding and polishing is done after curing
Properties
Made of cement, clay, concrete or terrazzo
Constructed in square, hexagonal or other shapes and many colours
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Compacted ground base
Construction
Similar to laying stone or brick flooring
Cement slurry has to spread to fill the joints
Grinding and Polishing
Properties
Must have hard, Resistant to wear and durable surface
Selection shall be based on texture, color, defects and grain
Shall be avoided in moist areas
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Can be glued to concrete floors
Can be joined by nails
Can be simply overlaid on a filler mast
Protective coating like varnish, lacquer, wax shall be applied for long service
periods
G. Terrazzo Flooring
G. Terrazzo Flooring
Suitable
Residential, Offices and other public buildings
Properties
Is concrete containing white and/or colored cement and marble chips as an aggregate
(1:2 or 1:3)
Marble Chips exposed by grinding, may vary from 3 6 mm
Decorative and high wearing resistance
Can be found in market as pre cast terrazzo in the form of tiles (20 30 cm, t = 2
3m) even for Stair Treads and Risers
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Shall be casted with the required mix proportion
Grinding in three levels and then cement grout to seal holes
Mirror - Polishing
H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring
H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring
Suitable
Walls, Floors, Both internal and external, Stairs
Properties
Made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or of marble arranged in different
patters
Glazed or Unglazed
Impervious to water and a dense body
Types
Porcelain - made by dust press method from ceramic materials with vitreous body, resistant to freezing and
thawing and abrasive wear
Natural Clay (Ceramic) made of natural clays or shales, which produce a long wearing body
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Concrete base made of mortar or comp mortar is spread & leveled to a depth of 5 to 8 cm
Pieces or Tiles of Ceramic are hammered
Stone roller about 30 cm in dia. and 45 60 cm long is passed
Joint filler Cement grout
Properties
Made of plastic material Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
Fabricated in rolls or tiles with different colors
Resilient, smooth, good looking and cleanable
Easily damaged by heat or chemicals
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Adhesive shall be applied to the cement screed surface
Tiles are then pressed gently using lightweight rollers
Floor is washed with warm soap water
J. Marble Flooring
J. Marble Flooring
Suitable
Residential buildings (Stairs, Corridor, Kitchens), Public and
Worship places
Properties
Made of sedimentary rocks
Different sources Granite, Marble
Durable, Water proof but expensive
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Similar to stone flooring
Has to be cured and cleaned before use
K. Asphalt Flooring
K. Asphalt Flooring
Suitable
Garages, stores
Properties
Wear resistance and durable
Resilient, sound proof, non absorbent and moisture to proof
Types
Asphalt Mastic commonly used in Ethiopia. Made of sand and asphalt mixed hot
and laid in continuous sheets
Asphalt Titles made of asphalt and other ingredients such as asbestos fibers, by
pressing the mix in different sizes, with thickness varying usually from 3 to 6 mm
Asphalt Mosaic similar to mastic but made with chips
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Proper primer coat
L. Rubber Flooring
L. Rubber Flooring
Suitable
Offices or public building like hospitals and schools
Properties
Consist of sheet or piles of rubber, with different patterns and colours
Manufactured by mixing
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Shall be laid before the base coarse has set
Surface is tamped and floated
Smoothened by steel trowel
Grinding and polishing is done after curing
M. Cork Flooring
M. Cork Flooring
Suitable
Areas where quiet and comfort are of paramount importance.
Rigid subfloors, such as smooth-finished or screeded concrete supported above
grade and free of moisture, or on structurally sound plywood or hardboard. Cork
tile is not recommended for application below grade or moisture-free conditions
must be ensured.
Properties
Manufactured by baking cork granules with phenolic or other resin binders
under pressure. Four types of finishes are produced: natural, factory prefinished
wax, resin-reinforced wax, and vinyl cork tile
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Natural cork tile must be sanded (to level), sealed, and waxed immediately after
installation.
Sealed by protective coatings
N. Glass Flooring
N. Glass Flooring
Suitable
Basement and upper floor where light has to be transmitted
Properties
Structural glass, in the form of tiles or slabs ( t = 12 to 30
mm)
Suspended on closely placed frames
Sub Base
Steel Frames
Construction
Care should be taken to avoid joint failures
O. Linoleum Flooring
O. Linoleum Flooring
Suitable
Except for Bath rooms, kitchens, etc
Sub Base
Concrete or Wood Base
Construction
Fixed or glued to base in various patterns
P. Carpet Flooring
P. Carpet Flooring
Suitable
Passage ways, Bed Rooms, Hall ways
Properties
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Carpets and carpet tiles can be laid loose, stuck with a suitable
adhesive or in the case of carpets edge fixed using special grip strips.
52
Nov. 2009
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.3 Walls
5.3.1
Introduction
5.3.2 Types of Walls
5.3.3 External Walls
5.3.4 Internal Walls
5.3.5 Cavity Walls
5.3.6 Openings in Walls
5.3.7 Wood and Chika Walls
B. Function
Load
Bearing Walls
Partition Walls
A. Brick Walls
Manufacturing
Made of Clay
Clay fine grained soil, resulting from weathering of rocks
Plasticity for forming shapes and mold is a must
Forms of Clay Surface, Shales (Subject to high pressure) and Fire Clays
(found at deeper depth and usually are refractory)
Chemically Silica and Alumina with varying amount of metallic oxides
and other impurities
Metallic Oxides Colors and Silicates Strength and durability
Stages
A. Brick Walls
Different Types
Five basic subdivisions:
Common
Bricks Cheapest
Facing Bricks Free from cracks and size variations
Engineering Bricks For strength and durability
Fire Bricks Lining for fire places, kilns
Glazed and Coloured Bricks White color on one side
(hospitals, dairies, etc)
A. Brick Walls
Tests of Bricks
A. Field Tests for Soils Balls about 8cm dia. are made and
checked for drying cracks and crumble modes
B. Field Tests for Burnt Clay Bricks Appearance, hammer test
(highly metallic sound) and hardness test (Scratching the surface
by knife)
Class
Avg. (MPa)
Ind. (MPa )
C. Laboratory Tests
A
20
17.5
i. Compressive Strength
B
C
ii. Water Absorption
D
iii. Efflorescence
Build up of white surface deposits on drying
Results from dissolved salts
Saturate Bricks and allow to dry
15
12.5
10
7.5
7.5
5.5
A. Brick Walls
Size 6 x 12 x 25 cm
Terminologies
Stretcher Long face
Header Short face
Lap Horizontal distance
b/n vertical joints
Bed Closer
Queen Closer
King Closer
Beveled Closer
Mitered Closer
A. Brick Walls
Types of Brick Bonds
If a joint of
consecutive layers
are in same
location, the mass
of wall will fail
Thus BOND
Bond is the system
of laying bricks in
such a manner that
there is no vertical
joint in any row or
course immediately
above or below the
one considered
A. Brick Walls
Strength of Brick Works
Strength of brick shall be adequately satisfied
The Mortar shall also be of compatible strength
Joints in Brick Work
Joints are the weakest point of a masonry structure
Joints also have an appearance value
Jointing finishing of joints as the brickwork proceeds
Pointing finishing of joints after the brickwork is completed
Pointing - If the surface is not plastered, the surface joints
shall be refilled by neat mix of mortar
A. Brick Walls
Types of Pointing Finishes
Brickwork is generally
jointed by striking,
raking or rubbing the
mortar while it is green
Pointing replacement
of the green mortar
Pointing Types
Flush or Flat
Pointing Types
Struck
Pointing
Recessed Pointing
Concave (Keyed)
Pointing
V Pointing
Projecting Pointing
A. Brick Walls
Reinforced Brick Work
Plain brickwork is reinforce
to take up tensile stresses
Steel Reinforcement is
introduced between mortar
joints
Types of Reinforced Brick
Work
Mesh Type
Hoop Iron Type
Vertical Reinforcement Types
A. Brick Walls
Causes of Failures of Brickworks
1. Crushing
Provide
2. Shearing
Provide
adequate dimension
strong mortar
3. Rupture
Breaking
vertical joints
A.
B.
C.
A. Brick Walls
Maintenance of Brickworks
Re pointing Old Brick
Re Painting Brickwork
Cleaning Brickwork
D.
Removal of Efflorescence
Improve
damp prevention
Scrubb wall by brush and
water or acid water
A.
B.
C.
B. Stone Walls
Defects of Stones for Walls
Vents Small figures or hollow in the stone making it
liable to decomposition
Shakes minute cracks containing calcite, which form hard
veins after weathering and render bad appearance
Sand Holes and Clays Holes - cracks or holes filled with
sandy or clayey matter. Liable to decomposition due to
weathering action
Cutting and Dressing of Stones
Stones shall be cut in size from original sources
They are also dressed into suitable shapes and polished to
give a smooth surface if desired.
B. Stone Walls
Stone Masonry Walls
Sources of Stone
Advantages
Damp Prevention
Insulation
Acoustics
Openings
Doors,
Windows,
Cupboards, etc
Bridged by
provision on a
lintel or arch
A. Arches
Stones, Steel,
Reinforced
Concrete, Bricks
A. Arches
Are constructed where loads are
heavy, span is large, strong abutments
Appearance of Architectural bricks,
stone and RC is required
Stability of Arches
Crushing of material
Sliding of one voussoir on another
Rotation of some joint about the edge
Uneven settlement of abutments/pier
B. Lintels
Horizontal member
Easy to build even in weak supporting walls
At least 10 cm bearing depth
Type of Lintels
Timber
Stone
Brick
Steel
Reinforced Concrete
Process
Modern times Reinforced Concrete Grade Beam
Dec. 2009
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.4 Stairs
5.4.1
Introduction
5.4.2 Technical Terminologies
5.4.3 Classification of Stairs
5.4.4 Materials for Stairs
5.4.5 Essential Requirements of a Good Stair
5.4.6 Movable Stairs
5.4.7 Ramps
5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators
5.4.9 Lifts
Proper Ventilation
Light (Natural)
Location Near Main Entrance for
Public Buildings and Centrally for
easy access and privacy in
Residential Buildings
Common Terms
Tread
Going
Riser
Rise
Landing
Flight
Baluster
Strings or Stringer
Hand Rail
Head room
Newel Post
Winders
Newel Stair
Well or Open Newel Stair
Geometrical stair Circular,
Spiral, Helical or elliptical
Stair
Wooden Stair
Metal Stair For fire escape
Stone Stairs
Brick Stairs
Essential Requirements
10
Step Proportions
Size
16
20
21
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6.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.5 Doors and Windows
5.5.1
Introduction
5.5.2 Doors
5.5.3 Windows
5.5.4 Glass and Glazing
5.5.5 Fittings for Doors and Windows
as a connecting link
Doors shall be hung not diminishing the required passage way, stair or other
means of exit
Street Facing doors shall be opened to the outside and also 15 person exits
Fire Escape doors shall be opened in the direction of the exit
No exit door immediately on a flight of stairs
No riser - within 30 cm of an exit door
Materials of Doors
Wooden Doors
Either Hollow Core (Interior Doors) or Solid Core (Exterior Doors )
Shall be properly seasoned to avoid termite attack
Glazed Doors
Used to admit light
Steel framed glass doors are used in exterior of residential
buildings
Plywood Doors
Mainly used for internal doors
Plastic Doors
Offer good resistance to impact and abrasion and can be cleaned
easily
Metal Doors
General Types of
Door Movements
Swinging, Sliding,
Rolling Shutter,
Revolving,
Folding and
Collapsible Doors
Swinging Door
Most
common,
either right hand
or left hand
Can be single or
double swinging
Sliding Doors
Rolling Shutter
Folding Doors
Revolving Doors
Collapsible Doors
Size of Doors
Height of door shall not be less than 1.8 m
Width (Residential Buildings)
External Door = 0.9 1.2 and 2 2.1 m
Internal Door = 0.8 0.9 and 2 2.1 m
Bath Room and WC = 0.7 0.8 and 2 2.1 m
Public Buildings
Door Frames
Door frame is
the assembly
of horizontal
and vertical
members
forming an
enclosure to
which door
shutters are
fixed
Timber, Steel,
Aluminum,
Concrete or
Stone
Timber
Kungo
Door
Types
Paneled
Flush
French
(Glazed)
15
16
17
Materials
Window Frames
Technical Terms
Mullion
Post
Transome
Sill
Head
Type of Window
Movements
Fixed
Opening Outside
Opening Inside
Top Hinged
Bottom Hinged
Pivoted
Sliding
Double Hung
Window Cleaning
20
Double Glazing
semi
concealed or concealed
Exposed Ones
Surface, Strap or
butterfly hinges
Bolt
Aldrop
bolt external
doors with pad locks
Barrel Bolt back faces of
doors
Handles
Have
different designs
Locks
Locks
have different
designs
Can be electronically
controlled too
Dec. 2009
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6.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.6 Roofs
5.6.1
Introduction
5.6.2 Types of Roofs
5.6.3 Sloping or Pitched Roofs
5.6.4 Flat Roofs
5.6.5 Domes and Shell Roofs
5.6.6 Choice of Roof Covering
5.6.3 Sloping or
Pitched Roofs
6
Selection
Area covered
Materials
available
Type of lighting
Ventilation
requirements
Pitched roofs
classified into: SINGLE,
DOUBLE (Purlin)
and TRIPLE
MEMBERED/
TRUSSED
ROOFS
Important
Elements
Span
Rise
Pitch/Slope
Important
Elements
Ridge
Eaves
Hip
Valley
Hipped End
Verge
Purlins
Rafters
Eaves board or
facia board
Battens
Truss
A. Single Roofs
B. Double Roofs
Consist of common rafters that are secured at the ridge and wall plates
Types Lean to roof (up to 2.5 m), Couple Roof, Couple Close roof, Collar
beam roof
Additional members called Purlins are introduced to support common
rafters
C. Truss Roofs
Roof Coverings
Thatch Roof Covering
rural areas
Galvanized Corrugated
Iron (GCI) gauges
indicate thickens (SWG
24 0.549 m and
SWG 32 0.274m)
Steel Sheet (EGA)
Corrugated Asbestos
Cement Sheets
Roof Coverings
Fiber Cement Profiled Sheets
Aluminum Sheeting
Decra Roofs
Tile Roofs Abraham Tile
Asphalt
Lead
Copper
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Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.7 Finishing
5.7.1
Introduction
5.7.2 Plastering
5.7.3 Pointing
5.7.4 White / Color Washing
5.7.5 Paints and Painting
5.7.6 Varnish and Varnishing
5.7.7 Distempers and Distempering
5.7.8 Miscellaneous Finishes
5.7.9 Other External Finishes
Defects in Plastering
Include cracking, blistering, efflorescence, and falling out of plaster
Cracking
Blistering
Blistering
Caused by faulty slaking of lime particles in the plaster after its application
Lime should be properly slaked
Lack of adhesion
Excessive moisture in the background
Excessive thermal change of background
Rapid drying of plaster coats
Insufficient drying b/n each coat of plaster
Preparation of Surface
Surface shall be clean, made free from loose materials
If surface to be coated is extra smooth then rub by sand
paper for adhesion
Re whiting scales shall be scrapped off, holes, irregularities,
minor repair shall be made
Color Washing
Objects of Painting
Types of Paints
Aluminum paint
Anti Corrosive paint
Asbestos paint
Bituminous and tar paint
Cellulose paint
Cement paint
Oil paint
Plastic paint
Synthetic rubber paint
Mineral paints
Quartz paints
Blistering
Crawling
Grinning
Fading
Flashing
Saponification
External Finishes
Appearance required
Maintenance necessary
Degree of protection against rain penetration
Severity of exposure
Time of year for application of finish
Background materials
Cost
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Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.8 Damp Prevention
5.8.1
Introduction
5.8.2 Source of Dampness
5.8.3 Effects of Dampness
5.8.4 Prevention of Dampness
5.8.5 Membrane Damp Proofing Agents
5.8.6 Use of Membranes
Main Sources
Poor drainage
Imperfect orientation
Imperfect roof slop
Defective construction
Absorption of water from defective rainwater pipes
Water during construction
Shrinkage of woods
Poor material choice
Breeding of insects
Affect plasters, Wall decoration, flooring, timber fittings
(doors, windows, wardrobes), electrical fittings, floor coverings
Cause efflorescence
Rusting and corrosion
Dampness might result into asthmatic health conditions
Wall
Solid Wall
Quality bricks
Roof with adequate slope
Plumbing fixtures no leaking
Attention to joints
Basement
Floors
Walls
Parapets
Roofs
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Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.9 Joints
5.9.1
Introduction
5.9.2 Expansion Joints
5.9.3 Contraction Joints
5.9.3 Construction Joints
Joint
Construction Joint
Joint filler
Sealing Compound
Water Bar
Contraction Joints
Construction Joints
Are vertical and horizontal joints between successive
placements of concrete
Needed because of
Dec. 2009
1.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Presentation Outline
5.10 Formwork and Scaffolds
5.10.1
Introduction
5.10.2 Requirements of a good formwork
5.10.3 Materials, Construction, Order and Method and
Design for formwork
5.10.4 Safety in Formwork
5.10.5 Scaffolds
Formwork is a
temporary structure
that is required to
support and form
concrete members
False work is the
complete structure
erected to support the
wet concrete
Scaffold are structures
build to give access to
different parts of a
building, mainly to
external walls
Materials
Timber
Plywood
Steel
Construction
Design Principles
Safety
Reading Assignments
8
Sanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Reference - Time-saver standards for architectural design data
Final Exam
After
mid exam,
Drawing and conceptual questions
Semester Project
Final
Last Word
9
END OF COURSE
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
WISH YOU ALL THE BEST