Laws of thermodynamics

First law

Second law

This is also called the law of conservation of energy

The entropy of an isolated system increases in all real processes and is

conserved in reversible processes.
OR
The AVAILABLE energy of an isolated system decreases in all real
processes (and is conserved in reversible processes)

Chapter 5. 1st Law for control mass

Chapter 6
1st Law for control volume

Q12 W 12 E 2 E 1

The 2nd law says that work and heat energy are not the same. It is easier
to convert all of work to heat energy, but not vis versa. i.e. work energy is
more valuable than heat energy. Heat can not be converted completely and
continuously into work.

E U PE KE
Q in W in m i h PE KE i
Q out W out m e h PE KE e m 2 u 2 m 1 u 1
Chapter 5.6

Chapter 5.5
enthalpy

H U PV
h u Pv
Derived from first Law
by setting P constant
Q W mu 2 u 1
Q P dV mu 2 u 1
Q PV 2 V 1 mu 2 u 1
q P 2 1 u 2 u 1

So, 2nd law dictates the direction at which a system state will change. It
will move to a state of lesser available energy

Cv Cp
Specific heat is the
amount of heat required
to raise the temp. of a
unit mass by one degree

u
T v
C p h
T p
Solids and liquids: Use
average specific heat C.
Cv

Steady
state

Entropy is constant in a reversible adiabatic process.

S2 S1

W lost T dS gen
hi

Actual boundary work W 12 P dV W lost

he

Gibbs relations
T ds du P dv
T ds dh v dp
Ideal Gas

dh du dP v
dh du v dP P dv

Solids, Liquids

s 0T

C p0

T0

dT
P2
P1
P
R ln P 2
1
v
R ln v 21

s 2 s 1 s 0T 2 s 0T 1 R ln

dh du v dP

For Solids and Liquids

Also for solids and liquids, v is very small, hence

dh du

For Solids and Liquids

Hence for solids/liquids, dh du C dT

By Nasser M. Abbasi

S gen 0

Hence, S 2 S 1 for a reversible adiabatic process

W net

Note: Even though enthlapy was derived by the

assumption of constant P, it is a property of a
system state regardless of the process that lead
to the state.

For solids and liquids, dv 0

since almost incompressible, hence

S gen

Q 0 adiabatic process

W net h e h i

h2 h1

For solids and liquids

2 Q
1 T

S gen 0 reversible process

Adiabatic process

q P 2 u 2 P 1 u 1 C v C v For solids and liquids

1q2

Transient
State

For ideal gas

s 2 s 1 C ln

T2
T1

s2 s1
s2 s1

T
C p0 ln T 2
1
T
C v ln T 2
1

Using table A.7 or A.8

Constant C p , C v
Constant C p , C v

C p0

du C v0 dT
dh C p0 dT
C p0 C v0 R
Thermodynamics notes,
by Nasser Abbasi
image1.vsd

k C
v0
Polytrpic process
PV n constant
P2
P1

V1
V2

P2
P1

T2
T1

n
n
n1

specific work (work is moving boundary work, P dv

w12

1
1n

P 2 v 2 P 1 v 1

w12 P 1 v 1 ln

v2
v1

RT 1 ln

R
1n
v2
v1

T 2 T 1 n 1

RT 1 ln

P1
P2

n1