Skull

AP

PA

10x12 LW

10x12 LW

Grid

Yes

Yes

SID

40

40

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

IR

Focal Spot

Patient
CR Angle

Prone or erect
MSP centered to midline of IR
MSP & OML perpendicular to IR

Prone or seated
MSP centered to midline of IR

CR
Marker
Respiration

AP

Enters Nasion
Perpendicular to IR

Exits Nasion
Perpendicular to IR

Mark in light, out of anatomy

Turn marker to reflect PA

Mark in the light, out of anatomy

Suspend

Suspend

PA

Skull

AP Axial (Towne)

PA Axial (Haas)

10x12 LW

10x12 LW

Grid

Yes

Yes

SID

40 (Tube at 34)

40 (Tube at 35)

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

IR

Focal Spot
Patient

CR Angle

OML Perpendicular: 30 Caudal

IOML Perpendicular: 37 Caudal

CR

Marker
Respiration

Towne

Supine or erect
MSP centered to midline of IR
OML perpendicular to IR

30 Caudal
Enters 2.5 superior to Glabella
Exits Foramen Magnum

Prone or erect
MSP centered to midline of IR
OML perpendicular to IR

25 Cephalic

25 Cephalic
Exits 1.5 above Nasion

Mark in light, out of anatomy

Turn marker to reflect PA

Mark in the light, out of anatomy

Suspend

Suspend

Haas

Skull

Lateral

SMV

10x12 CW

10x12 LW

Grid

Yes

Yes

SID

40

40

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

IR

Focal Spot

Patient

CR Angle

Skull against table or Bucky

MSP parallel with plane of table
IP line perpendicular to IR

IOML perpendicular to front

edge of IR or parallel to long axis

of IR

Seated in front of Bucky

MSP perpendicular to IR
IOML parallel to IR

CR

Marker
Respiration

Lateral

Enter 2 superior to EAM

Perpendicular to IR

Enters MSP between angles of

mandible 0.75 anterior to EAM
Perpendicular to IOML- no
matter how positioned

Anterior at the Top

Mark in light, out of anatomy

Suspend

Suspend

SMV

AP Axial
(Reverse Caldwell)

PA Axial
(Caldwell)

10x12 LW

10x12 LW

Grid

Yes

Yes

SID

40 (Tube at 37)

40 (Tube at 37)

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

Skull
IR

Focal Spot

Patient

Prone or erect
MSP centered to midline of IR
MSP & OML perpendicular to IR

CR Angle
CR
Marker

15 Cephalic

15 Cephalic
Enters Nasion

Prone or seated erect

Center MSP to midline of IR
Nose & forehead in contact with
IR
OML perpendicular to IR
Center IR to Nasion

15 Caudal

15 Caudal
Exits Nasion

Mark in light, out of anatomy

Turn marker to reflect PA

Mark in the light, out of anatomy

Suspend

Suspend

Respiration

Reverse Caldwell

Caldwell

Cross-Table Lateral
(Trauma)

Skull
IR

10x12 LW

Grid

Yes

SID

40

Focal Spot

Patient

Small (Unless >80 kVp)

Supine on table
Side of interest closest to IR
Elevate head to center of IR
IP line perpendicular to IR

CR Angle
CR
Marker

Enter 2 superior to EAM

Perpendicular to IR
Dorsal decub- horizontal CR

Anterior at top
Mark side against IR

Respiration

Suspend

Cross-Table Lateral