Chapter 1

Introduction
In this chapter, the writer presents seven topics related this study. This includes of
basic Consideration, problem statement, , objective of the study, significance of the study,
scope of the study, the definition of key terms is given so there is no interpretation given
by readers toward the study, and the organization of the study.
Lakoff and johnson (2003) who said that "metaphor is in everyday life" the reason
that language is metaphorical is because the way we think is metaphorical. as humans, we
constantly encounter new things and experiences in the world around us and it is in our
nature to try to interpret and understand them. a natural starting point in comprehending
what we do not understand is to make easy in what we already know. so we always try to
interpret the new phenomena in terms of the familiar. This is what we mean by saying
that human thought is metaphorical. Since language is a tool of thought, when we use
knowledge to explain new phenomena it is natural for as to borrow terms from the exiting
language and apply them to the new things situation. As a result, language is
metaphorical.
Metaphor is not only found in everyday speech or in literature, but also in songs.
The song is part of the art and art is a part of life. the song has become an integral part in
every human life (Awe, 2003:12). The song's lyrics are an expression of someone about
something that has been seen, heard, or experienced. To say his experience the poet or
songwriter doing puns and language to create appeal and distinctiveness of the lyrics or
poems.
Based on the above, the writer is focuses his research on metaphor in the song's
lyrics Westlife as research objects. The writer is to realize that the lyrics of the songs
containing metaphors and describe the reality of life for example, love, broken hearts,

miss and so on. Moreover, the lyrics of song has been known by many people, especially
by young people, the lyrics of the song is "You Must Have Had A Broken Heart, When
I'm With You, Love Can Build A Bridge, Total Eclipse Of The Heart and Easy ".
Problem Statement
1. How the form of conceptual metaphor are present in the lyric of westlifes songs?
2. What the meaning of metaphor are used in the lyrics of westlifes songs?
Objective of Study
1. Identify the types of metaphor to contained in the lyrics of Westlifes songs.
2. Analyzing the meaning metaphor to contained in the lyrics of Westlifes songs.

The Significances of Study

The result of this research is expected to be useful as follow as:

This research will help the readers to understand the metaphor expressions used in
Westlifes songs.

This research can be used as an additional reference for the next researcher,
especially those who are interested in the study of metaphor.

Scope of study
This study concern to examine the concept and meaning of metaphor. In this
sense, the research will focus to find out the concept of metaphor based on conceptual
metaphorical theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (2003) Then, in order to appear the

meaning of metaphor, this study will concern to the literal meaning and context of
Westlifes songs. Mean while, the lyric of songs will be use in this study is from album of
Westlife released during 2006-2010. In this sense, the researcher decide to select 48 lyric
songs that may contain metaphor.

Chapter 2
Theoretical Frame
The Concept of Metaphor
This research carried out by applying some theories that are relevant to the
metaphor which support the framework of the study. The concept of metaphor that
explained building on theory of some metaphorical expert about (1) definition of
metaphor as basic comprehension of what metaphor itself, (2) conceptual metaphor
which clear up the basic theory using in this study.
Definition of metaphor
Studies about metaphor had become a topic of discussion since the era of
Aristoteles rule. Henry Guntur Tarin (1985) defines that metaphor comes from the Greek
word meaning 'move' is derived from the word 'meta' above 'or' exceeded 'and pherein'
carry '. So the metaphor to make a comparison between two things to create an
impression of mental life, although not stated explicitly by using words like, as, for

instance, and like as a parable. Gorys Keraf (1997) argues that "metaphor is a kind of
stylistic comparison is short, dense and neatly arranged. Inside two ideas, one is a reality,
something that is well thought out and the object; and the other is a comparison to
describe the first one. Metaphor is a figure of speech as the comparison just does not use
the word like, such as, and so on. For example, you are my sun using of the word sun
as describe the word you because the sun has enormous energy without consumables as
a source of illumination, capable of giving warmth, and others. The possibility of the
phrase uttered by a person to his girlfriend to make her girlfriend was amazed as
compared to something extraordinary.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) argue that the metaphors we hold for abstract concepts
provide us a richer way to understand them, allowing us to reason about them and make
inferences using them. For instance, the common metaphor Time Is A Resource in effect
allows us to make good use of it or even waste it. Without it time would not seem like
something we could waste, and maybe we wouldnt feel guilty for that lazy morning in
bed.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p.3) stated that metaphor is pervasive in everyday
life, not just in language but in though and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in
terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical nature. Metaphor
can understand in a cognitive by human based on their experiences in life and daily act
which substantively nature to metaphor.
More specifically, Lakoff and Mark (1980) focused the metaphorical meaning in
two prime things. First, is metaphor as cognitive process and constitute of experiences
product. It is call experimental cognitive and based on this cognitive we can analysis the
implied themes of discourse that has metaphorical meaning. They stated metaphor also as
a linguistic expression, which has language characteristics and perspective to the things.

Therefore, everyone can found it in daily life. As addition, metaphorical concept based on
experiences can explore in three things that is (1) idea (meaning) to remark the object of
things, (2) linguistics expression as words for container and (3) communication way or
speaker style to convey the purpose of language in figurative.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 3) explained that the human conceptual system
which plays a central role in defining everyday realities, is metaphorical. It is reflected in
linguistic expressions. The way English speakers perceive love can be structured by
metaphors. Moreover, Lakoff and Johnson say, The concept of LOVE has a core that is
minimally structured by the subcategorization LOVE IS AN EMOTION and by links to
other emotions, e.g., liking. This is typical of emotional concepts, which are not clearly
delineated in our experience in any direct fashion and therefore must be comprehended
primarily indirectly, via metaphor (1980: 85).
Conceptual Metaphor
Metaphors or metaphorical concepts as defined by Lakoff and Johnson allow us to
comprehend the concept of love using terms of a more clearly delineated concept.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 84) also identify the generalization of metaphors as follows:

Metaphor should deal with two different kinds of activities. For example,
with LOVE IS A JOURNEY, love involves emotions, but a journey
involves travelling.

Metaphor partially structures our everyday concepts. Love is partially

structured in terms of a journey. Only selected elements of the
concept are used to correspond to.

Metaphor involves understanding one domain of experience. Here, love

is expressed in terms of a very different domain of experience. It is based

on human experience which determines properties and similarities

between the source and target domains. Lakoff and Johnson assert that a
concept is structured by more than one metaphor (1980: 86). Lakoff and
Turner (1989: 89) add that various metaphors are related by commonplace
knowledge that links their source and target domains.
Study of Song Lyric
The lyrics have two meanings: (1) literary works (poetry) which contains the
outpouring personal feelings, (2) it is the arrangement of a chant. (Moeliono (Ed),2007:
678). In using the lyrics of a poet or a songwriter it must really good at word processing.
The song has a variety of rhythmic sounds that have meaning (2007: 624). The song is a
work of art of the relationship from sound art and language arts, as a work of sound art
involving melody and timbre of the singer. So, the song is a work of art a combination
from sound art and the art of poetic language, brief language and there are rhythm with
the sound coherent and choice of words figure of speech (imaginative) and involving
melody and sound artist. So that every lyric save its own meaning created by the poet.
Lyric form has similarity with poem. In this sense, Jan van Luxemburg (1989) stated
that definition of poetry text is not only merely covered kind of literature, but also can be
expression of aphorism, advertisement message, songs, and prays. In the same manner as
the poet used language which requisite the meaning, a song writer demand in order to
chose lexical element which exact and concise for express feeling.
Group Band Westlife and His Songs
Brief Story of Group Band Westlife
Westlife are an Irish boy band established on 3 July 1998. They are to disband in
2012 after their farewell tour. The group's line-up was Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan, Mark
Feehily, Shane Filan, and Brian McFadden (left the band in 2004). The group is the only
act in British and Irish history to have their first seven singles peak at number one.

Westlife have sold over 44 million records worldwide which includes studio albums,
singles, video release, and compilation albums. Despite the group's worldwide success,
they only have one hit single in the United States, "Swear It Again", which peaked in
2000 on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 20. The band were originally signed by Simon
Cowell and are managed by Louis Walsh. The group have accumulated 14 number-one
singles in the United Kingdom, the third-highest in UK history, tying with Cliff Richard.
The group had also broken a few records, including "Music artist with most consecutive
number 1's in the UK", which consists of their first seven singles and only behind The
Beatles and Elvis Presley. The Official Charts Company credited Westlife as the second
biggest-selling artist and biggest-selling band of the decade.The band have 14 UK
number ones and 25 top ten singles, consisting of 20.2 million records and videos in the
UK across their 14-year career - 6.8 million singles, 11.9 million albums and 1.5 million
videos.
List of Marley Songs

Westlife have recorded over 101 originals which were composed by either the band or
external songwriters.

Chapter 3
Research method

Research Design
Research is the formal systematic application of the scientific method to the study
of comprehending the problem; educational research is the formal systematic application
of the scientific method to the study of educational problem, Gay (1992). A research
design is a plan for collecting and analyzing data in order to answer questions. Ary
Donald (1985) explained that research method refers to the general strategy followed in
gathering and analyzing the data, Donald.
In this research the writer uses qualitative approach. The important of

characteristics of the qualitative approach are, Nyoman (2009):

Giving special attention at meaning and message, with suitable object that is as study
cultural.
Give a priority to the processing than with a result of research so that the meaning always
change.
Design and the research plan is tentative research because the characteristic of research is
opened.
The research is scientific, it happens in social cultural and context.
There no distance between subject researchers with the research object, subject researcher
as the primary instrument, so there is a direct interaction between other.
This research is designed to identify some metaphor by understanding the general
meaning when they are used in the lyrics of songs.
The procedures of the research are:
The technique of descriptive analysis offered to analyze data by the reading the data.
Identifying the metaphor used in the lyrics of song.
Categorize the data into some kinds of metaphor.
The researcher studies the general meaning of metaphor Based on the explanation
above, this study uses qualitative approach to describe the kinds, messages and the
general meaning of metaphor used in Westlife songs lyric. In line with the description
above, the design of this research is categorized into semantic content analysis. Content
Analysis in literary work relies on three important assumptions of literary works. The
first is objectivity. It is gone through theoretical building in the form of reliable construct
analysis. The second is systematic; to be systematic has to exploit clear methods and
steps. Meanwhile, the third is generalization. It is based on the context of literary works
totally to get the inferences, Suwardi (2004).
Data Source
Data are information, evidence gathered trough experimentation or studies which

can analyzed. The data are classified into two part, they are;

Primary data source

Primary data are origin document, relics, remains, or articles, or direct data
which correlate with the object,

lakoff and johnson- Metaphors We Live By.

Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Introducing Metaphor.

George Lakoff -The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor

Ary, Donald. Introduction to Research in Education

Sukardi.Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan

Lyrics Westlifes selected songs

Secondary data source

Secondary data is data got from the other resources or results report from
other person and supporting the primary data. The writer got secondary data from
some lecture and internet focused about the lyrics of Westlife songs.

Subjects of the Study

The subjects of this study are the selected lyrics of Westlife song. The writer
chooses to analysis the ideas

Research Instrument and Technique of Data Collection

According to the qualitative research, human is the best instrument for grasping

the meaning people gives the events in their lives. The reason is that human is the only
instrument with sufficient adaptability to encompass and adjust to the variety of realities
that will be encountered when doing qualitative research in natural meaning. Here the
researcher using the documentation method.
In qualitative research, the researcher is the primary instrument to gather the data.
In this study the researcher is the main instrument in collecting the required data by
applying the theories, interpreting the data based on the general meaning with
semantically and contextually of the song lyrics, interpreting the data based on the way of
Westlife expresses metaphor and the last making conclusion based on data analysis.
Data Analysis
Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the field
note, interview transcripts, and other materials that the researcher accumulate to increase
his own understanding. According to Gay, data analysis usually involves application of
one or more statistical technique. Data are analyzed in the way that permits the researcher
to test the research hypothesis or answer the research question, Gay (1995).

The procedure of data analysis can be drawn as follows:

Applying the theories related to the problems and anything needed based on the
purpose of the study.

Interpreting the data based on the way of Westlife expresses metaphor.

Interpreting the data based on the general meaning, and the message.

Making the conclusion.

References
Ary, Donald. (1985). Introduction to Research in Education.New York
Edraswara, Suwandi. (2004). Metode Penelitian Sastra, Epistimologi, Model, and
Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Widyatama
Keraf, Gorys. 1997. Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Puspa Suara.
Kutha, Nyoman. (2009). Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta:
Pustaka Pelajar
Lesley, J. (n.d.). westlife history
http://westlifegirls.blogspot.co.id/p/westlife-history.html
Lakoff, G & Johnson, M. (1981). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press

Lakoff, G & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. Second edition Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.

Moeliono (Ed),2007
Sukardi. (2007). Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara
Wikipedia. (n.d). List of songs recorded by Westlife
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Westlife