ADVERBS

An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a
verb. Basically, most adverbs tell you how, where, or when something is done. In other words,
they describe the manner, place, or time of an action. But adverbs can also modify adjectives
(Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs

Type Adverb Example

Manner Slowly Tom drives slowly.

here
away
outside
Place and direction The party is going to take place here.
left
straight
west
Definite
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Time Indefinite I called him yesterday.
Recently
Later
Frequency always We usually go shopping on Saturday.
usually I have often done that.
frequently She is always late.
often Sometimes they come and stay with us.
sometimes I play tennis occasionally.
occasionally We see them rarely.
rarely John eats meat very seldom.
seldom
hardly
ever

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 never
Intensifying
Very She is very beautiful.
a. Degree
Quite
Even
b. Emphasizing
Only

Therefore
Conjunctive adverb
Nevertheless The motor you sent is defective; therefore, we are
returning it to you.

Time yesterday I called him yesterday.

ADVERB PHRASES

An adverb may be a single word, such as quickly, here or yesterday. However, adverbs
can also be phrases, some made with prepositions, others made with infinitives. So, an adverbial
phrase is a group of related words which play the role of an adverb. Like all phrases, an
adverbial phrase does not include a subject and a verb.

All kinds of adverb phrases can be made with prepositions. Here are some examples:

Type Adverb phrase Example

Manner with a hammer The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer.

Place next door The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

We must finish our project before the

Time before the holidays
holidays.

Frequenc
every month Jodie buys two CDs every month.
y

Purpose for his mother Jack bought the flowers for his mother.

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 Another kind of adjective phrase can be made with the infinitive form of a verb. Most of
these phrases express purpose, as in these examples:

Type Adverb phrase Example

Purpose to buy a car I'm saving my money to buy a car.

Purpose to support the team The students all showed up to support the team.

to show to her Sally brought a painting home from school to show to her
Purpose
mother mother.

ADVERB CLAUSES

Adverb Clause is a clause that has function as an adverb. Adverb clause is preceded by
conjunction which is included into subordinating conjunctions. Types of adverb clauses:

Adverb clause of time When I was reading an English book, my

friend came.

I’ll tell you as soon as I know.

You may play after you have finished

doing your homework.

They’ve moved house four times since

they got married.

I’ll wait for you here till you get back

Adverb clause of place You may go wherever you like.

Wherever you are, I’ll be able to find

you.

I’ll go where I can find true happiness.

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Adverb clause of reason Rani doesn’t go to school because she is
sick.

Since it’s raining so heavily, I can’t go

out.

As I wasn’t there, I didn’t know what had

happened.

Adverb clause of manner Do as I ask you to do.

The braggart talks as if he knew

everything.

He behaves as though he owned the

place.

Adverb clause of contrast/concession He is still poor although he has worked

so hard.

Even though I don’t have much money, I

will try to help him.

No matter what you do, don’t press this

button.

Adverb clause of condition You’ll succeed if you do your best.

If I were a bird, I would fly.

You won’t be rich unless you work hard.

You can borrow my book provided you return

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 it soon
Adverb clause of result She is so short that she can’t become a
stewardess.

She studies so hard that she is successful

in her study.

Mr. Hasan spoke for such a long time

that people began to fall asleep.

Adverb clause of purpose Susan takes a computer lesson in order

that she can get a job easily.

People eat nutritious food so that they

will keep healthy.

She puts the milk in the refrigerator so

that it doesn’t spoil.

Adverb clause of comparison Johan can speak English as fluently as

his teacher.

He works harder than he can.

An elephant is stronger than a rabbit.

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 ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that describes a noun. An adjective can tell what kind or how many.
An adjective gives a little different meaning to a noun. An adjective can follow the word it
describes. It usually follows a form of the verb be. Unlike adverbs , which often seem capable of
popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before
the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and
when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. When indefinite pronouns —
such as something, someone, anybody — are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after
the pronoun:

For examples:

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 • The boy is sleepy.

• The boy was six on his last birthday.

• They are smart.

• They were eager.

• Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.

Something wicked this way comes.

Unlike adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence,
adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify.
Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order
according to category. When indefinite pronouns — such as something, someone, anybody —
are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES

1. DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE:

These types of adjectives add detail or description to the noun.

• When Tennessee and Connecticut first met in women's basketball in 1995, it was a nice
made-for-TV game between an established power and one on the rise.
• The tall man thought he could reach the top shelf of the bookcase.
• After the difficult surgery, the famous doctors to a nap.

2. LIMITING ADJECTIVE:

These types of adjectives specify or limit the noun.

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 • The two teams have met every season since 1932.
• Did Garret see this article that appeared in the paper?
• Will you be sitting at the captain's table this evening?

3. PREDICATE ADJECTIVE:

This is a special type of adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (directly refers
to) the subject of the sentence.

• People are interested in this game.

• Watching the championship was fun.
• Don argues that cheering for a team can be nerve-wracking, too.

4. DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are used to indicate levels, degrees of intensity or comparison

Positive Comparative Superlative

rich richer richest
lovely lovelier loveliest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms

good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
much more most
many

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some
far further furthest

ADJECTIVE PHRASES

An adjectival phrase or adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. Just as
a regular one-word adjective, adjective phrases are used to modify nouns or pronouns. That is to
say, they give an additional detail about the meaning of a noun. It is important to remember that
the predicate can also be right before the noun or as the complement after a linking verb.
Adjective phrases can be formed by: 1.) two adjectives or 2.) an intensifier an adjective.

Example

The nice, pretty, intelligent girl

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Determine Observatio Materia Qualifie
Physical Description Origin Noun
r n l r
Colo
Size Shape Age
r
a beautiful old Italian touring car
antiqu
an expensive silver mirror
e
long-
four gorgeous stemme red silk roses
d
her short black hair
our big old English sheepdog
those square wooden hat boxes
that dilapidated little hunting cabin
several enormou young America basketba players

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 s n ll
some delicious Thai food

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An Adjective clause is a dependent clause (dependent word + subject and verb) that
describes a noun. You can imagine that an adjective clause is taking two sentences about the
same noun and making them into one sentence
WHO is used for subject pronoun refers to people
e.g. The man is friendly
He lives next to me.
The man who lives next to me is friendly.
WHOM is used for object pronoun refers to people
e.g. The man was friendly.
I met him
The man whom I met was friendly.
WHICH is used for subject and object pronoun refers to things
e.g. The river is polluted
It flows through town
The river which flows through town is polluted
The books are expensive.
I bought them
The books which I bought are expensive.
THAT is used for all subject and object for people or things.
e.g. The man is friendly
He lives next to me.

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 The man that lives next to me is friendly.
The man was friendly.
I met him
The man whom I met was friendly.
The river is polluted
It flows through town
The river which flows through town is polluted
WHOSE is used for showing possession.
e.g. The man called the police
His car was stolen
The man whose car was stolen called the police
WHERE is used to show the place.

e.g. The church is old.

My grandparents were married there.

The church where my grandparents were married is old.

WHEN is used to show the time

e.g. 1910 is the year.

The revolution began then.

1910 is the year when the revolution began.

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