Structural Design

COURSE OUTLINE
Module 1
I. Principles of Static
Equilibrium
A. Definition of Terms
B. Force System
C. Free-Body Diagram
Example 1
Example 2
II. Stresses of Structural

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
III. Analysis of Structure
A. Truss
Example 7
B. Beams and Girders
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
Center for the Designed Environment

Professions, Inc. (CDEP)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Center for the Designed Environment Profession

# 2 Matulungin Street, House of Architects Building
Teachers Village, Quezon City
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
Principles of Static Equilibrium

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Static Equilibrium
a body acted upon by a balanced force system is in equilibrium
resultant is equal to zero
action and reaction forces between two particles are always
equal and oppositely directed
Force is the action of one body upon another
due to direct contact
due to magnetic or gravitational attraction
generated by moving bodies - inertia force
Important characteristic of a force
magnitude
position or the point of application
direction
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Resultant
is a single force, a couple, or a force and a couple which acting
alone will produce the same effect as the force system
Illustration
Force
Couple
Force/Couple
Principle of Transmissibility
states that the external effect of a force on a body acted upon is
independent of the point of application of the force but the same
for all points along its line of action.
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

B. FORCE SYSTEM
is an arrangement of any two or more forces that act on a body
or on a group of related bodies.
Concurrent
Coplanar
Parallel
Non-concurrent, Nonparallel
Force System
Concurrent
Spatial
Parallel
Non-concurrent, Nonparallel
Equation
F = 0
M = 0
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

B. FORCE SYSTEM
Illustration
COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM
Concurrent
Non-concurrent,
Non-Parallel
Parallel
y
A
T
T2
T1
T2
T1
P2
P1

T3
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

B. FORCE SYSTEM
Illustration
SPATIAL FORCE SYSTEM
Concurrent
Non-concurrent,
Non-Parallel
Parallel
A
P2
T2
P1
T1
T2
P3
P2
P1

z
6
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2
B. FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

a sketch of a body showing the forces exerted by other bodies on
the one being considered.

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
Illustration
B
RBh
RBv
W
RBv
RBh
RBh
RBv
RAh
RAv
Force System
FBD of Bar AB

FBD of Point B
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 1
The table lamp consists of two uniform arms, each weighing 6N and
a bulb fixture weighing 8N. If = 700, calculate the couple MA that
must be supplied by the friction in joint A to maintain equilibrium.
Illustration
100
Solution
200
6N
Taking moments about point A
200
M = 0
0 = MA + 6 (x1) - 6 ( x2 ) - 8 ( x3 )
6N
8N
But,
MA
Rh
x3
x2
x0 = 400cos70
x1 = 200cos70
x2 = 200 - x0
x3 = 500 - x0
= 136.8
= 68.4
= 63.2
= 363.2
Therefore,
MA = -6(68.4) + 6 (63.2) + 8 ( 363.2 )
x1
x0
Rv
MA = 2874.4 Nmm

COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 2
A car weighing 14 KN with boom on the rear axle was designed to
carry the 35 KN load. If the boom is 2 meters long and the center
of gravity of the car is 2.5 meter from the rear axle, determine the
smallest angle at which the boom may be safely positioned.
Illustration
Solution
35KN
MA = 0 +
0 = 14 (2.5) - 35 ( x )
But, x = 2cos
14KN
Therefore,
2.5m
RA
RB = 0
14 (2.5) = 35( 2cos) /35

cos = 0.50
= cos-1 (0.50)
= 600

COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
Stresses of Structural Members

A. AXIAL DEFORMATION
Load is acting parallel to member axis.

Stress is uniform for homogenous sections.
Due to tension - tends to elongate the body

Due to compression - tends to shorten the body
Illustration
= P
Where:
is the stress (MPa)
P is the force (KN)

A is the are (m2)
D2
=
for circle
4
D is the diameter (m)
L is the length (m)
is the deformation (m)
P
10
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

A. AXIAL DEFORMATION
From Hookes Law
stress, = P/A
COURSE OUTLINE
From Stress-Strain Curve

Using R&P
= E
Simplify
= E
Substitute
P = E
L
A
Simplify
strain, = /L
= P L
A E
Where:
E is the modulus of elasticity (MPa)
is the unit deformation per unit length

11
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

EXAMPLE 3
The rigid bar supported by a pin at
A and a steel cable at B, is to be
designed to carry the concentrated
load of 50 KN at C. Calculate the
safe diameter of the cable if the
allowable stress is 120 MPa. Using
the computed area, calculate the
elongation of the cable.
Illustration
P
A
2m
C
Solution
M = 0 +
0 = 50 (5 ) - P (4 )
P = 62.50 KN
Solving the area required
P Where P = 62.50
A
120 MPa
P
62.50x1000
A= =
120
D2
A = 520.83 mm2 =
4
D = 25.78 mm
Solving the maximum elongation
P L
625002000
=
A E
520.83200000
= 1.20 mm
=
4m
1m
50KN

12
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

B. BENDING
Stress due to a bending moment about the

perpendicular axis of the member.
Flexural Stress
Illustration
Section a-a
NA
cF c
2
3
F c
Taking moments about the neutral axis

2
M = F 23 c + F3 c
4
M = F 3 c c
4
Mc = F 3 c2
But F is the resultant of the flexural stress

1
F = 2 f b c
2
3
also, c = 12 h
Substituting
Mc = 2 f b 12 h
f = Mc
I
1

4
3
( 12 h)2 = f 121 bh3
13
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

C. SHEAR
Stress due to a load acting perpendicular to member axis.
A. Shear stress perpendicular to member axis

Illustration
Section a-a
b
a
V
h
= V
Where:
is the shear stress, MPa

V is the shear force, N
A is the cross sectional area, mm2

14
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

C. SHEAR
B. Shear stress parallel to member axis

Illustration
Section a-a
W
W
h

15
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

C. SHEAR

Illustration
From the figure
V1
M = 0 +
0 = V2 x + M2 - M1
Let, -(M2 - M1) = Mo =
M2
M1
NA
I
V2 x = Mo =
c
I
x=
cV2
F = 0 +
V2
x
V2 = V1 = V
c
I
x = I
cV
16
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
C. SHEAR
bx
P1
Illustration
P2
V1
F = 0+
Let, (P1 - P2) = Po
M2
M1
NA
P2
P1
V2
0 = P1 - P2 - bx
bx = Po = cb
x = cb but, x = I
b
cV
cb
I
=
b
cV
= cb cV
Ib

= VQ
Ib
17
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

EXAMPLE 4
Solution
Calculate the dimension of the

timber beam shown. Use
fb = 16.40 MPa
fv = 3.80 MPa
fv// = 1.80 MPa
Neglect the beam weight.
Solve the maximum moment (at the support)
M = 5 (2) (1) + 2 (2)

M = 14 KNm
Solve the maximum shear (at the support)
V = 5 (2) + 2
V = 12 KN
Illustration
P = 2 KN
Flexural stress, fb 16.40 MPa
w = 5 KN/m
c
2b
2m
16.40 Mc
I
(14x106) b
16.40
(1/12) (b) (2b)3

b 108.6 mm
18
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

EXAMPLE 4 (contd)
Solution
Shear stress to grain, fv 3.80 MPa
Calculate the dimension of the

timber beam shown. Use
fb = 16.40 MPa
fv = 3.80 MPa
fv// = 1.80 MPa
Neglect the beam weight.
3.80 V
bh
12x103
3.80
(b) (2b)
b 39.70 mm 108.6
Shear stress // to grain, fv// 1.80 MPa
Illustration
1.80 VQ
Ib
1
Q = (bb) 12 b = 2 b3
I = 121 b (2b)3 = 128 b4
P = 2 KN
w = 5 KN/m
1
2
2b
2m
3) 1 b3
(12x10
2
1.80
8
4
12 b (b)
b 70.70 mm 108.6
Therefore b 108.6 mm
19
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

D. TORSION
Solution
dT = dPr
Illustration
L

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
Stress due to moment about the member axis.
dP = dA
= max r
R
dA = rd dr
max
r (rddr) r
R
max 3
dr d
=
r dr
R
dT =
T
max
2
r4 R
R4

=
4 0
2
0
dT
G=
dr
r
R
E
2(1 + )
max
(J)
R
max = TR
J
R
max
=
=
=
L
L
G
R
TR
=
= TL
L
JG
GJ
T =
dP
= J

20
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 5
The shaft with effective length of 4
meters is to be designed to carry a
60 KNm torque. If the allowable
torsional stress is 120 MPa, calculate
the required diameter of the shaft.
Using the calculated diameter, what
is the angle of twist if E = 200 GPa
and = 0.25.
Illustration
4.0 m
Solution
Solve the radius due torsion
max = TR 120 MPa

J
T = 60x106 Nmm
J = 12 R4
Substitute
(60x106) R
120
1
4
R
2
R 68.30 mm
Solve the angle of twist
200000
2(1 + 0.25)
= 80000 MPa
G=
= TL
GJ
(60x106) (4000)
=
(80000) 12 (68.30)4
= 0.08 radian

21
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
E. BEARING
Stress due to direct contact between two bodies.
Illustration
T/2
T/2
Section a-a
b
d
T
t = T =
A
t (b - d)
b = T = T
A
t (d)
where
t is the tensile stress, MPa
b is the bearing stress, MPa
A is the area, mm2
t is the thickness of plate, mm
b is the width of the plate, mm
d is the diameter, mm

22
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 6
In the figure, three steel plates with allowable tension stress of 140 MPa
and allowable bearing stress of 120 MPa were joined together using
16mm rivet with allowable shearing stress of 80 MPa. If the plates are
of the same width, b = 50 mm, thickness of plate 1, t1 = 4 mm, thickness
of plate 2, t2 = 6 mm, calculate the permissible axial load T.
Solution
Illustration
T/2
Considering plate 1 t1 = 4 mm, axial force = T/2
t1
T/2
Due to tensile stress, t 140 MPa
t2
t1
b
T/2
140 T/2 =
t (b - d)
A
T/2
140
T 38080 N
4 (50 - 16)
Considering plate 2 t2 = 6 mm, axial force = T
T
140 T =
t (b - d)
A
T
140
T 28560 N
6 (50 - 16)

23
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 6 (contd)
Illustration
Solution
Due to bearing stress, b 120 MPa
T/2
t1
T/2
t2
Considering plate 1 t1 = 4 mm, axial force = T/2
t1
b
T/2
120 T/2 =
t (d)
A
T/2
120
T 15360 N
4 (16)
Considering plate 2 t2 = 6 mm, axial force = T
T
120 T =
t (d)
A
T
120
T 11520 N
6 (16)

24
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 6 (contd)
Illustration
T/2
Due to shear stress, v 120 MPa

Considering plate 1 axial force = T/2, 1-shear plane
t1
T/2
Solution
t2
t1
b
Considering plate 2 axial force = T, 2-shear plane
T/2
80 T/2 = 2
A
4 (d)
T/2
80
T 32170 N
2
4 (16)
T
80 T =
(2) 4 (d)2
A
T
80
T 32170 N
(2) 4 (16)2
Therefore, T 11520 N

25
Analysis of Structure
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
A. TRUSS
Truss is an articulated structure composed of links or bars assumed

to be connected by frictionless pins at the joints and arranged so that
an area enclosed within the boundaries of the structure is subdivided
by the bars into geometric figures which are usually triangles.
Types of Truss
For Roofs
For Bridges
Pratt Truss
Through Pratt Truss
Howe Truss
Through Howe Truss
Fink Truss
Deck Warren Truss
Modified Fink Truss
Through Warren Subdivided
Bowstring Truss
K-Truss
Cresent Truss
Lattice/Parker/Baltimore

26
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2
A. TRUSS

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

27
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2
A. TRUSS

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

28
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
A. TRUSS
Methods of Analyzing Truss Structures
A. Method of Joints
Joints are in equilibrium
Axial forces of members enclosing a triangle forms a force polygon
Analysis must start at a joint with known external forces and must
have two members connecting that joint
B. Method of Sections
Cut a section across truss length passing members with unknown
forces that is not more than 3 to provide non-concurrent force system.
Analyze the FBD of the section with less number of forces or the
convenient one.
Assume any direction of the member force and choose an arbitrary
point to solve for one unknown using the equilibrium equation M = 0.
The positive calculated value indicates that the assumed direction is
correct. On the other hand, the negative value indicates that the
assumed direction is wrong but the magnitude is correct.

29
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7
In the figure shown, calculate
a) the member forces using method of joints
b) the member forces using method of sections.
Figure
10Kn
10Kn
3
2
5
8 2
2
4
4 5
3
2.0m
5
10Kn
1.5m
2.0m
FV = 0 +
2 (10)
0 = R5 + R1V - 10 - 10 - 5
R5 = 14.47 KN
2.0m
1.5m
R5
R1V
Solution
Solve the support reactions
FH = 0 +
1 (10)
0 = R1H - 5
R1H = 4.47 KN
M5 = 0 +
2 (10)
(3.5)
0 = R1V (7) - 10 (5.5) - 10 (1.5) - 5
R1V = 14.47 KN
30
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7 (contd)
10Kn
10Kn
a) Using Method
of Joints
F12
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
F28
2.0m
F18 F18
F78
10Kn
7
5
2
1
1.5m
2.0m
1.5m
2.0m
R5 = 14.47 KN
R1V = 14.47 KN
Consider joint 1
FV = 0 +
0 = R1V - 45 F12
F12 = 18.09 KN (C)
FH = 0 +
3
0 = 4.47 + F18 - 5 F12
F18 = 6.38 KN (T)
Consider joint 8
FV = 0 +
0 = F28
F28 = 0
FH = 0 +
0 = F78 - F18
F78 = 6.38 KN (T)

31
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7 (contd)
a) Using Method
of Joints
F12
10Kn
10Kn
2
F23
F12
5
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
F34
F27
F28
F23
F28
F37
8
2
2.0m
F18 F18
F78
10Kn
7
5
2
1
1.5m
2.0m
1.5m
2.0m
R5 = 14.47 KN
R1V = 14.47 KN
Consider joint 2
FV = 0 +
2
F27
0 = 45 F12 - 10 - F28 - 8
F27 = 6.32 KN (T)
FH = 0 +
2
F27
0 = 35 F12 - F23 + 8
F23 = 15.32 KN (C)
Consider joint 3
FV = 0 +
0 = F37
F37 = 0
FH = 0 +
0 = F23 - F34
F34 = 15.32 KN (C)

32
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7 (contd)
a) Using Method
of Joints
F12
10Kn
10Kn
F23
F12
5
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
F18 F18
F34
F27
F28
F23
F27
F28
8
F37
F37
F46
F47
F78
F78
10Kn
F67
2.0m
F67
F56
2
1
1.5m
2.0m
2.0m
R1V = 14.47 KN
Consider joint 7
FV = 0 +
2
2
2
F47 - F37 - 5 (10)
F27 + 8
0 = 8
F47 = 6.33 KN (T)
FH = 0 +
2
1
2
F47 - 8
0 = F67 + 8
F27 - F78 - 5
(10)
F67 = 10.85 KN (T)
1.5m
R5 = 14.47 KN
Consider joint 6
FV = 0 +
0 = F46
F46 = 0
FH = 0 +
0 = F56 - F67
F56 = 10.85 KN (T)
33
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7 (contd)
10Kn
10Kn
a) Using Method
of Joints
F23
F12
5
F12
F18 F18
F34
F34
F47
F37
F37
F27
F28
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
F27
F28
F23
F46
F47
F78
F78
10Kn
F67
F45
F46
5
3
2.0m
F45
5
F67
F56 F56
2
1
1.5m
2.0m
1.5m
2.0m
R5 = 14.47 KN
R1V = 14.47 KN
Consider joint 4
FH = 0 +
0 = F34 -
To check, isolate joint 5

2
8
F47 -
3
5
F45
FV = 0 +
R5 = 45 F45
F45 = 18.07 KN (C)

14.47 = 14.47
34
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7 (contd)
F12
5
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
10Kn
10Kn
a) Using Method
of Sections
2
4
2.0m
F18
10Kn
1.5m
2
1
2.0m
2.0m
1.5m
R5 = 14.47 KN
R1V = 14.47 KN
Solve F18
Solve F12
M8 = 0 +
0 = R1V (1.5) - 35 F12 (2)
F12 = 18.09 KN (C)
M2 = 0 +
0 = R1V (1.5) - R1H(2) - F18 (2)
F18 = 6.38 KN (T)

35
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7 (contd)
10Kn
10Kn
a) Using Method
of Sections
F23
F27
5
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
2
4
2.0m
5
8
F78
10Kn
1.5m
2
1
2.0m
1.5m
2.0m
R5 = 14.47 KN
R1V = 14.47 KN
Solve F78
M2 = 0 +
0 = R1V (1.5) - R1H(2) - F78 (2)
F78 = 6.39 KN (T)
Solve F27
M1 = 0 +
2
0 = 10 (1.5) - F23 (2) + 8 F27 (3.5)
F27 = 6.32 KN (T)
Solve F23
M7 = 0 +
0 = R1V (3.5) - 10 (2) - F23 (2)
F23 = 15.32 KN (C)
36
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 7 (contd)
R1H = 4.47 KN 1
10Kn
10Kn
a) Using Method
of Sections
2
4
F34
F47
2.0m
10Kn
1.5m
F67
2.0m
2.0m
M7 = 0 +
0 = F34 (2) + 10 (2) - R5 (3.5)
F34 = 15.32 KN (C)
1.5m
R5 = 14.47 KN
R1V = 14.47 KN
Solve F34
Solve F47
M6 = 0 +
0 = F34 (2) - R5 (1.5) F47 = 6.32 KN (T)
2
8
F47 (2)
Solve F67
M4 = 0 +
0 = F67 (2) - R5 (1.5)
F67 = 10.85 KN (T)
37
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
B. BEAMS AND GIRDERS
Beams and girders are usually a horizontal or nearly horizontal
element carrying a stress primarily due to shear and flexure. It usually
carry a load directly from the floor.
Determinate Structure is a structure in which the reaction components

and internal stresses can be completely determined using the
equations of static equilibrium.
Static Equations
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
M = 0
Indeterminate Structure is a stable structure in which the reaction
components and internal stress cannot be solved completely using
the equations of static equilibrium.
Degree of Indeterminacy refers to the number of unknowns over and
above the equations of static equilibrium.
38
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 8
Solution
Draw the shear and moment

diagram of the beam loaded as
shown below.
Solve the reactions and plot the V-D diagram

For RA, MB = 0 +
0 = RA (5) - 10 (5)(2.5)
RA = 25 KN
Figure
P = 15 KN
For RB, FV = 0 +
w = 10 KN/m
5m
2m
4m
For RC, MD = 0 +
0 = RC (4) - 15 (2) - 10 (6)(3) - 25 (6)

RC = 90 KN
P = 15 KN
RB = 25
w = 10 KN/m
w = 10 KN/m
B
0 = RA + RB - 10 (5)
RB = 25 KN
C
2m
5m
RB
For RD, FV = 0 +
RD
0 = RC + RD - 10 (6) - 25 - 15
RD = 10 KN
4m

39
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 8 (contd)
Solution
Plot the shear diagram
Figure
P = 15 KN
w = 10 KN/m
2m
5m
4m
RA = 25
A
2.5
RC = 90
E
2.5
2.0
RD = 10
1.0 1.0
2.0
+25
+10
-10
+31.25
-25
-45
+5
0
-70
+
-
10 (5)
10 (2)
RC
10 (2)
15
10 (2)
VA = +25 KN
VB = -25 KN
VCL = -45 KN
VCR = +45 KN
VFL = +25 KN
VFR = +10 KN
VD = -10 KN
Plot the moment diagram
+45
+25
VA = RA
VB = VA
VCL = VB
VCR = VCL
VFL = VCR
VFR = VFL
VD = VFB
Pinned support
MA = 0
ME = MA +
(25)(2.5) ME = +31.25
MB = ME +
(-25) (2.5) MB = 0
MC = MB +
(-25 - 45)(2) MC = -70
(25 + 45)(2) MF = 0
MF = MC +
(10)(1)
MG = MF +
MG = +5
(-10) (1)
MD = MG +
MD = 0

40
Analysis Structure
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
C. DEFLECTION
Derived deflection formula due to flexure
w
P
=
5wL4
384EI
PL3
48EI
PL3
192EI
PL3
3EI
wL4
=
384EI
L
wL4
=
8EI
L

41
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

C DEFLECTION
Allowable deflections
L/240 for members supporting or attached to non-structural
elements not likely to be damaged by large deflection
L/360 for members not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections
(immediate deflection due to live load only)
L/180 for members carrying flat roofs not supporting or
attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by
large deflections
L/480 for members roof or floor construction supporting or

attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by
large deflections
42
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
D. FRAMES
Rigid or Semi Rigid Frame
Frame with Shear Truss
Frame with Shear Wall
Frame with Shear Truss/Outrigger
Frame with Shear Wall/Outrigger
Exterior Diagonalized Tube
Illustration
Rigid/Semi
Rigid Frame
Frame with
Shear Truss
Frame with
Shear Wall
Frame with Shear

Truss/Outrigger

Frame with Shear

Wall/Outrigger
Exterior
Diagonalized
Tube
43
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
D. FRAMES USING PORTAL METHOD

Assumptions:
Inflection points are at midspan of all members
Shear of interior columns is twice the shear of exterior columns
Summation of horizontal shear on columns at certain level is
equal to the sum of all horizontal forces above that level
Illustration
FRDCK
FR
2FR
2FR
FR
F4
2F4
2F4
F4
F3
2F3
2F3
F3
F2
2F2
2F2
F2
F4TH
F3RD
F2ND

44
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9
Calculate the shear and moment of the frame shown.
Illustration
60 KN
VRD
30 KN
2VRD
F
VRD
2VRD
G
MI = 0 +
3m
0 = VRD (1.5) - VIJ (4)

VIJ = 3.75 KN
4m
A
8m
8m
Solution
Isolate Joint I
Solve VRD
60 KN
F = 0 +
0 = 60 - 6 (VRD)
VRD = 10 KN
F = 0 +
0 = 60 - VRD - AIJ
AIJ = 50 KN
8m
4m
AIJ
1.5m
VIJ
VRD
F = 0 +
0 = VIJ - AIE
AIE = 3.75 KN
AIE

45
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
VRD
30 KN
2VRD
F
2VRD
G
VRD
MJ = 0 +
3m
0 = 2VRD(1.5) - VIJ (4) - VJK(4)
VJK = 3.75 KN
4m
A
8m
8m
Solution
F = 0 +
0 = AIJ - 2 (VRD) - AJK
AJK = 30 KN
8m
Isolate Joint J
Solve VRD
F = 0 +
0 = 60 - 6 (VRD)
VRD = 10 KN
AIJ
VIJ
4m
4m
J
1.5m
AJK
VJK
AJF
2VRD

F = 0 +
0 = VJK - VIJ - AJF
AJF = 0
46
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
VRD
30 KN
2VRD
F
2VRD
G
VRD
MK = 0 +
3m
0 = 2VRD(1.5) - VJK(4) - VKL(4)
VKL = 3.75 KN
4m
A
8m
Solution
Solve VRD
8m
F = 0 +
0 = AJK - 2 (VRD) - AKL
AKL = 10 KN
8m
Isolate Joint K
AJK
F = 0 +
0 = 60 - 6 (VRD) VJK
VRD = 10 KN
4m
4m
K
1.5m
AKL
VKL
AKG
2VRD

F = 0 +
0 = VKL - VJK - AKG
AKG = 0
47
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
VRD
30 KN
2VRD
F
VRD
2VRD
G
ML = 0 +
3m
0 = VRD (1.5) - VKL(4)

VKL = 3.75 KN
4m
A
8m
8m
Solution
F = 0 +
0 = AKL - VRD
AKL = 10 KN
8m
Isolate Joint L
Solve VRD
F = 0 +
0 = 60 - 6 (VRD)
VRD = 10 KN
AKL
VKL
4m
L
1.5m
ALH
VRD

F = 0 +
0 = ALH - VKL
ALH = 3.75 KN
48
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
ME = 0 +
3m
40 KN
V2ND
A
2V2ND
B
8m
2V2ND
C
8m
VEF = 12.08 KN
4m
D
F = 0 +
8m
Isolate Joint E
Solution
0 = VRD(1.5) +V2ND(2) - VEF(4)
V2ND
0 = VRD + 40 - AEF - V2ND

AEF = 33.33 KN
VRD AIE
Solve V2ND
4m
F = 0 +
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND)
V2ND = 16.67 KN
1.5m
40
2.0m
AEF
V2ND
VEF
F = 0 +
0 = AIE + VEF - AEA
AEA = 15.83 KN
AEA
49
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
40 KN
V2ND
A
2V2ND
B
8m
MF = 0 +
4m
0 = 2VRD(1.5) + 2V2ND (2)

- VEF(4) - VFG(4)
VFG = 12.08 KN
2V2ND
V2ND
8m
3m
8m
Isolate Joint F
Solution
2VRD AJF
4m
Solve V2ND
F = 0 +
0 = AEF + 2VRD - AFG - 2V2ND
AFG = 20 KN
4m
1.5m
F = 0 +
AEF
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND) 2.0m V
EF
V2ND = 16.67 KN
AFG
VFG
2V2ND
AFB

F = 0 +
0 = AJF + VFG - AFB - VEF
AFB = 0 KN
50
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
40 KN
V2ND
A
2V2ND
B
8m
MG = 0 +
4m
0 = 2VRD(1.5) + 2V2ND (2)

- VFG(4) - VGH(4)
VGH = 12.08 KN
2V2ND
V2ND
8m
3m
8m
Isolate Joint G
Solution
2VRD AKG
4m
Solve V2ND
F = 0 +
0 = AFG + 2VRD - AGH - 2V2ND
AGH = 6.67 KN
4m
1.5m
F = 0 +
AFG
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND) 2.0m V
FG
V2ND = 16.67 KN
AGH
VGH
2V2ND
AGC

F = 0 +
0 = AKG + VGH - AGC - VFG
AGC = 0 KN
51
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
MH = 0 +
3m
40 KN
V2ND
A
2V2ND
B
8m
4m
8m
0 = VRD(1.5) +V2ND(2) - VGH(4)
V2ND
2V2ND
12.08 = 12.08 KN
F = 0 +
0 = AGH + VRD - V2ND
16.67 = 16.67
8m
Isolate Joint H
Solution
VRD
Solve V2ND
4m
F = 0 +
AGH
0 = 60 + 40 - 6 (V2ND)
VGH
V2ND = 16.67 KN
ALH
1.5m
H
2.0m
V2ND
F = 0 +
0 = AHD - ALH - VGH
AHD = 15.83 KN
AHD
52
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
60 KN
MIE = MEI = VRD (1.5) = 15 KNm
3m
40 KN
V2ND
2V2ND
2V2ND
C
V2ND
4m
MJF = MFJ = 2VRD(1.5) = 30 KNm

MKG = MJK =2VRD(1.5) = 30 KNm
MLH = MHL = VRD (1.5) = 15 KNm
MEF = MFE = VEF (4) = 48.3 KNm

8m
8m
8m
MFG = MGF =VFG(4) = 48.3 KNm
MGH = MHG =VGH(4) = 48.3 KNm
Solution
Solve the moments
MEA = MAE =V2ND (2) = 33.3 KNm
MIJ = MJI = VIJ (4) = 15 KNm
MFB = MBF = 2V2ND(2) = 66.7 KNm
MJK = MKJ = VJK (4) = 15 KNm
MGC = MCG =2V2ND(2)= 66.7 KNm

MHD = MDH = V2ND (2) = 33.3 KNm
MKL = MLK = VKL (4) = 15 KNm

53
COURSE OUTLINE
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9
EXAMPLE 9 (contd)
Illustration
I
3m
E
4m
A
8m
8m

8m
54
COURSE OUTLINE
END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Equilibrium
B. Force System
Example 1
Example 2

Members
A. Axial
Example 3
B. Bending
C. Shear
Example 4
D. Torsion
Example 5
E. Bearing
Example 6
A. Truss
Example 7
Example 8
C. Deflection
D. Frames
Example 9

55

Structural Design

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COURSE OUTLINE

II. Stresses of Structural

Center for the Designed Environment

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

II. Stresses of Structural

Principles of Static Equilibrium

II. Stresses of Structural

Principles of Static Equilibrium

II. Stresses of Structural

Principles of Static Equilibrium

II. Stresses of Structural

Principles of Static Equilibrium

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

II. Stresses of Structural

Principles of Static Equilibrium

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

Principles of Static Equilibrium

B. FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

II. Stresses of Structural

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

Principles of Static Equilibrium

II. Stresses of Structural

Taking moments about point A

MA = -6(68.4) + 6 (63.2) + 8 ( 363.2 )

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

Principles of Static Equilibrium

II. Stresses of Structural

14 (2.5) = 35( 2cos) /35

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

II. Stresses of Structural

Stresses of Structural Members

Load is acting parallel to member axis.

Due to tension - tends to elongate the body

is the stress (MPa)

P is the force (KN)

II. Stresses of Structural

Stresses of Structural Members

From Stress-Strain Curve

is the unit deformation per unit length

II. Stresses of Structural

Stresses of Structural Members

Solving the maximum elongation

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

II. Stresses of Structural

Stresses of Structural Members

Stress due to a bending moment about the

Taking moments about the neutral axis

But F is the resultant of the flexural stress

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( 12 h)2 = f 121 bh3

II. Stresses of Structural

Stresses of Structural Members

Stress due to a load acting perpendicular to member axis.

A. Shear stress perpendicular to member axis

is the shear stress, MPa

A is the cross sectional area, mm2

II. Stresses of Structural

Stresses of Structural Members

Stress due to a load acting perpendicular to member axis.

B. Shear stress parallel to member axis

Center for the Designed Environment Profession

II. Stresses of Structural

Stresses of Structural Members