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Integer Exponents
1.1.1
(-4)2 =
(b)
3x4 =
(c)
(3x)4 =
(d)
Note:
(a)
-xn = -(x x x . x)
(-xn) = (-x)(-x)..(-x)
(b)
Product Rule:
Example 2:
(b)
a)
xm xn = xm+n
x5 x3 =
b)
r2s
Power Rules:
(xm)n = xmn
(xy)n = xn yn
x
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xn
yn
, (y 0).
r5s2 =
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Example 3:
a)
(x3)2 =
(c)
3a 3 b 2
3
c
(b)
3
33 a 3 b 2
3
3 3
Note:
If the exponent is 1, then x1 = x.
Zero exponent:
x0 = 1, (x 0)
Negative exponent:
x-n =
1
xn
and
1
x n , where x 0.
n
x
Example 4:
Simplify and write all answers without using any NEGATIVE exponents.
a) 7a0 =
b) 3a-2 =
c) (a3a-7)3 =
(c)
Quotient Rule:
xm xn = xm-n
xm
x m n , x 0.
n
x
Example 5:
Simplify and write all answers only in POSITIVE exponents.
a)
x 6
x2
x 3 y 2
b) 2 3
x y
(d)
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x
y
(x0, y0)
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Example 6:
8a
a)
4x
b)
b)
6ab
2 2
3ab
1.2
1.2.1
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Definition:
If a 0 and n is a natural number, then
as follows:
1
a n , then
Or
Simplifying Expressions of the Form
a = real number
a=0
n = natural number
Examples
=0
a0
n = natural number
= nonnegative
16
1
2
0 2 0 because 0 =
1
2
16 2 4 b'cox 4 =
real number
a0
= real number
(32)
because
( 2)5 32
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a0
real number
(9)
real
number
1.2.2
m
is in lowest terms and
n
1
a n is a real
number, then
Example 7:
i)
ii)
m/n
a-m/n =
an
1
a
m/n
= ( am )1/n =
, ( a 0 ).
Example 8 :
Perform the operations and simplify. Express your answer with positive exponents only.
a)
x1/2x2/3x3/4 =
b)
x 1 / 2 y 1 / 4
x1 / 4
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1.2.3
1
n
a a
a:
1
Symbols:
nth Root of a Nonnegative Number
If n is a natural number greater than 1 and a 0 , then
nonnegative number whose nth power is a.
a
n
a is the
a as follows:
a
n
a.
a
n
a.
Or,
Simplifying Expressions of the Form
a = real number
Examples
a=0
n = natural number
0 =0
0 = 0 because 05 = 0
a0
n = natural number
a = nonnegative
27 3 b'cox 33 = 27
real number
a0
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a = real number
32 2 because
( 2)5 32
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a0
real number
81
real number
Rules:
(i)
a a
n
Example 9:
1
m n
a
n
(ii)
a) x5/8 =
x5
an
or
b)
(iii)
y2 2
am
y2
a and
1.
ab
2.
3.
np
an b
a mp
, ( b0 )
am , ( a 0 )
All factors of the radicand have exponents less than the index.
There are no fractions under the radicals.
There are no radicals in the denominator of a fraction.
The greatest common factor of the index and the exponents are all the
radicand factors is 1.
Example 10:
Express each of the following in the simplest radical form.
a)
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25 x 8 y 6
b)
64a11c 24
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Example 11:
Perform the operation and simplify the radicals expression
3a 2b 6ab 3
(a)
(b)
32 s 9
4 s 17
b)
c)
f)
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2 5
5 5
2.5
a b
a b
8 3
7
21
3
10
5
a
b
a b
a b
6
2
ab ab b a 2 ab b
ab
ab
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(a)
(b)
1.
3 4 3 6 3 7 4 6 3 9 3
2.
xy
3 5 2 2 3
2.
x 3 y 2 x 3 y
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1.3
Polynomials
1.3.1 Definitions
A monomial is an algebraic expression that is either a constant or a product of a
constant and one or more variables raised to whole number powers. The number is
called the coefficient of the variables
E.g.
3x2y, 5xy4,
1
x,
4
7 .
Binomials
2a + 3b
-2x3 4y2
Trinomials
x2 + 7x - 4
12x3y2 8xy - 24
3x5 + 2x3 + 6
7x2y4 3x7y5z2
General form:
a n xn + a n 1 xn-1 + a n 2 xn-2 + + a 2 x2 + a 1 x + a 0
(a0)
a i real numbers ; x = variable ;
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and
Example 16:
Perform the operations for each of the following
(a)
(b)
2.
Example 17:
Multiply the following
(a)
(b)
(c)
(3x 5)2 =
=
=
=
(3x 5)(3x 5)
3x (3x 5) 5(3x 5)
9x2 15x 15x + 25
9x2 30x + 25
General Forms:
1.
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
2.
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(x + 3)(x + 5)
= x2 + (3 + 5)x + 3(5)
= x2 + 8x + 15
(b)
(5x 4)(2x + 1) =
(a + b)(a b) = a2 b2
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Example 19:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Multiple Operations:
Example 20:
(a)
2x - 7 2 x x(4 + x)
(b)
(c)
(2m + 3n)3
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To divide two polynomials, use the long division. When the degree of the
remainder is less than the degree of divisor, the division process stop. Express the
result in quotient
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remainder
form.
divisor
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Example 21
Find the quotient (final answer) for 8 x 5 y 4 12 x 2 y 5 16 x 2 6 x 2 y 4 .
Example 22
(a)
(b)
3a
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a 5 a 2 3a 7 a 3 a 1 .
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1.4
Factoring Polynomials
Example 23:
Factor the following as completely as possible.
(a)
(b)
(c)
2x (3x 2) 7(3x 2) =
(d)
(x + 2)2 + (x + 2) =
(e)
x 2 y 2 z 2 xyz =
3ac + bd - 3ad bc
(b)
x3 + x2 + x +1
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a2 b 2 = (a + b) (a b)
Example 25:
(a)
(b)
x4 y4 =
1.
2.
x 2 2 xy y 2 x y x y x y
x 2 2 xy y 2 x y x y x y
Factoring trinomials that are not squares of binomials often requires some
guesswork.
Example 26:
(a)
x2 4x 12 =
(b)
2x2 + 3x 2 =
(c)
(d)
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Formula:
a 3 b 3 = ( a b )( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b)( a 2 ab + b 2 )
Example 27:
(a)
27x3
y3
(b)
8m3 1
(c)
18x3 8x =
(b)
x2 6x + 9 y2 =
(c)
2t4 16t =
(d)
2y4 5y2 12 =
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1.5
Rational Expressions
a
, (b 0) where a (numerator)
b
a
a
a
a
= =
b
b
b
b
(iii)
a
a
1
a
a
a
a
=
=
= b
b
b
b
(iv)
a
1
a
1.5.2
Example 29:
Express the following in simplest form:
(a)
33 x 4 y 2
15 xy 5
(b)
x 8
x8
1
=
=
( x 3)( x 8)
x 3
x 5 x 24
(c)
16 x 2
=
x 2 x 12
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1.5.1
b d
a.c
b.d
where
( b, d 0 )
Example 30:
Perform the operations. Express your answer in simplest form.
(a)
24 x 2 y 26ab
3 xy 2
13a 3 b 2
(b)
x2 x x 2
2
x x2
x 1 x 2
Division:
If
(i)
a
c
b
d
(ii)
a
a
=
1
b
b
x 0, the reciprocal of x is
a
d
b
c
a
k
b
k
where
=
a.k
b.k
1
.
x
Example 31:
Perform the operations. Express your answer in simplest form.
(a)
16 x 3
32 x 6
9y4
27 y 3
(b)
x y
3 x 2 5 xy 2 y 2
x 2 xy
2
2
2 x 3 xy y
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Properties:
a b
ab
1
1
1
a b a b
c c
c
c
c
c
a b ab
c c
c
Example 32:
Perform the operations:
and
3x 2 x 7
4 x 2 33 x
2x 6
2
2
x x2 x x2
x2 x 2
a b ab
c c
c
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Example 33:
Find the LCD of :
1.5.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
3
5
1
,
,
14 x 3 21x 2 y 4 12 x 4 y 3
Example 34:
Perform the indicated operations.
(a)
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3
2
x
2
5x y
3 xy 2
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(b)
3x
5
3
x 9 2x 6x 2
(c )
5 x 10 3x 2
x4
4 x
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x 6 4
x 2 16
x 2 x
x2 4
(b)
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3a 2 b
3
2 xy
9ab 2
2
8x y
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1.6
Example 36:
When 2x3 7x2 + 11x 7 divide by (x - 2), result is 2x2 3x + 5 with remainder 3.
Same as,
2 x 3 7 x 2 11x 7
x2
2x2 3x + 5 +
From,
P( x)
xa
Q (x) +
R
x a
Thus,
P(x) Q(x) (x - a) + R
Example 37:
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3
x 2
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Find the remainder for polynomial P(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 - 5x - 4 divide by (x + 3).
If P(x) is a polynomial, a is any number, then (x-a) is a factor for P(x) if and
only if P(a) = 0.
Example 38:
Determine whether x + 1 is a factor of P(x) = x 3 - 7x 6. If so, find the other factor by long
division.
Example 39:
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