Landscape Design Standards

10.1 INTRODUCTION
Fort Carson's Landscaping Master Plan identifies the location
and type of landscaping to be used throughout the installation.
Landscaping provides a simple and often times cost effective
enhancement to the general appearance of Fort Carson and, if done
in accordance with Fort Carson Landscaping Standards, will be
sustainable into the future.
The visual image conveyed by a military installation is defined not
just by architectural character and site organization, but also by an
attractive, organized landscape design. The presence of plant
material on the installation greatly enhances the visual character
and environmental quality of the installation.

LANDSCAPING IS AN EASY WAY TO

IMPROVE APPEARANCE

Plantings add an element of human scale to open spaces and can be used functionally to screen
undesirable views, buffer winds, reinforce the hierarchy of the circulation system, or provide a visual
transition between dissimilar land uses.

10.2 LANDSCAPE OBJECTIVES

The overall goal of landscaping on Fort Carson is to improve the
physical and psychological well being of soldiers, family members,
civilians, contractors, and those that visit Fort Carson while
preserving resources. The following are Fort Carson landscaping
objectives:
Reduce the amount of water used for landscaping throughout the
post and look for opportunities to use non-potable water whenever
possible in line with Fort Carson's 25-year sustainability goal of
reducing the total water purchased from outside sources by 75%.
Use LID principles and creative runoff/downspout positioning to
provide supplemental watering to landscaped areas.

LANDSCAPING SCREEN

Improve the aesthetics of Fort Carson in a sustainable way by focusing on Xeriscaping.

Provide consistent landscaping standards for all to follow.
Provide inspiring landscaping that will create pride and ownership of their assigned areas by units and
activities on Fort Carson.

Ft Carson IDG
Create a unified approach to landscaping throughout the Installation.
Protect/Conserve mature, desirable tree/shrub species to the maximum extent possible.
Incorporate native grasses and other native plants into the landscape design.
Sustainable Energy and Water Use Goal:
Sustain all facility and mobility systems from renewable sources by 2027 and reduce the total water
purchased from outside sources by 75% from the 2001 baseline. The desired end states are; secure
sustainable energy sources; alleviation of dependence on fossil fuels and adverse air emissions;
funding for life cycle costs; reduction of reliance on petroleum imports and vulnerability; reduction of
wastewater discharges; efficient water consumption; increase in the quality of re-use and; development
of sustainable water source solutions.

10.3 FORT CARSON LANDSCAPE POLICY

Due to the arid climate of Fort Carson, it is the Commands policy
to implement Xeriscaping in as many areas of the post as feasible.
In accordance with the Landscaping Master Plan, irrigated turf
areas will be kept to a minimum. If irrigation is required, moisture
sensors will be incorporated into the design.
For all new landscaping or changes to existing landscaping, it is the
intent of Command that the landscape design conform with the
look of the rest of the post. All landscaping entails the need for a
DA Form 4283 (Facility Engineering Work Request) to be
submitted to the DPW for approval and in most cases there is also
the need for a Dig Permit, FC Form 86.
Some major landscaping on post is in the form of self-help. Units
will provide the manpower needed for the construction. Personnel
from the Troop Construction Branch of DPW will assist in the
operation of heavy equipment and give guidance for execution.
Sidewalks are always beneficial additions to buildings that have
LANDSCAPING
issues with mud being tracked in. In a barren landscape that needs
upgrading, the sidewalks should be the first thing installed. The weight of the cement truck tends to
destroy all other landscape initiatives. The laying of barrier fabric between the earth and the decorative
gravel layer should always be completed before installing any irrigation and seeding in the same area.
The heavy equipment used to spread the decorative gravel tends to destroy the sprinkler heads and
piping.
Sidewalks should be laid first, followed by gravel placement, and then irrigation and seeding as a
finishing touch when deemed suitable and as prescribed by the Landscaping Master Plan.
Boulders can be a nice touch. They add aesthetics when placed in a boring, empty area or in
combination with shrubbery. Boulders can provide a physical security benefit. They should be placed
carefully so as not to impede emergency vehicles.

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.4 PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE

DEVELOPMENT
Landscape design is based on the following principles.

10.4.1 UNITY
The selection and placement of plant material can be
used to blend, screen, and soften incompatible
architecture or other unattractive visual impacts. Plant
material, as a unifying element, can be placed in front
of a building or view to frame and enhance the visual
impact.

10.4.2 BALANCE
Plant material can be selected and placed to provide
visual equilibrium or balance through the use of either a
symmetrical or asymmetrical planting scheme.
Symmetrical plantings are generally more formal while
asymmetrical plantings are informal.

10.4.3 CONTRAST
Plant material can be selected and placed to provide
differences in size and shape, which adds interest to the
environment. Plants can be located to provide a
backdrop for other plants, such as a hedge behind a bed
of annuals or perennials.

10.4.4 RHYTHM
Repetition of a single plant or a mass of plants provides
visual interest and formality to the landscape. Rhythm
produces emphasis and unity and is especially effective
in articulating main circulation routes.

10.4.5 COLOR AND TEXTURE

Plants can be selected and placed to provide visual
interest according to their color and texture. Colors are
classified as either warm (red, orange, yellow) or cool
(violet, blue, green). Texture is classified as either
coarse or fine.

Fort Carson IDG

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Ft Carson IDG

10.4.6 SIMPLICITY
Landscape plans should be broad and simple in form to limit excessive maintenance. Plant material
should be grouped in beds with simple edges that are easy to mow. Small turf areas should be avoided
because of the difficulty of mowing. The use of annuals should be minimal because of the high
maintenance involved.

10.4.7 ULTIMATE EFFECT

The landscape plan should be prepared with consideration for the mature size of all plants. The
spacing of all material should utilize nursery industrial standards for mature material to account for
spread as well as height. The ultimate height of the material should also be considered in relation to
windows and other visual concerns.

10.4.8 SPATIAL ARTICULATION

Plants can be selected and placed to create enclosed spaces or to separate spaces from one another.
They can also be used to direct people by visually defining and reinforcing patterns of movement. The
degree of enclosure, separation, or movement is dependent upon the density, form, and type of plants
used.

10.5 SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE

DEVELOPMENT
The use of plant material on the installation promotes the
sustainability of the development. Trees, shrubs, groundcover, and
vines provide aesthetic appeal as well as preservation of fauna and
flora, energy conservation, climate modification, erosion control,
air purification, and noise abatement. Proper selection and
placement of trees and plants can also contribute to shading from
sun or protection from wind.
SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT

Landscaping plays an important role in various Low Impact

Development (LID) strategies. Vegetated areas can be used to slow runoff, filter out pollutants and
facilitate infiltration which encourages recharge. Grassy swales can be used to convey and temporarily
store runoff. Vegetated areas can be used adjacent to bodies of water to provide erosion control and
habitat.

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.6 FORT CARSON LANDSCAPING MASTER PLAN

10.6.1 OBJECTIVES
Develop a comprehensive and cost effective landscaping plan for the cantonment area of Fort Carson
and a realistic plan of action for accomplishment.
Maintain stewardship of the communitys resources, enhance the well being of soldiers and family
members, and unify the aesthetic appearance across the post while minimizing the visual effects of
barren areas.
Delineate landscaping maintenance responsibilities and correct the shortfalls of the existing
landscaping plan.
Establish a master plan that will be kept in the Installation Design Guide.
Reduce the amount of water used for landscaping by 75% and incorporate the use of nonpotable water ionto irrigation design.

10.6.2 TYPES OF LANDSCAPE AREAS

Oasis: Irrigated turf grass maintained for high traffic use. Installed in physical training areas and
around barracks.
Natural: Non-irrigated native grasses, shrubs, and trees. Installed along roadways.
Xeriscape: Non-irrigated (or drip irrigated for selected plants), ornamental areas at the end of barracks
buildings, administrative areas, or courtyards.
Fort Carson IDG

Ft Carson IDG
Gravel: Non-irrigated, 1.5 inch red rock or stamped concrete. Installed in and around parking lot
areas.

10.6.3 TIMELINE (BASED ON AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS)

2007 Complete Phase I that includes the banana belt area.
2009 Complete Phase II (43rd Area Support Group area).
2011 Complete Phase III (Headquarters area.)
2013 Complete artificial turf installation.

10.7 LANDSCAPE DESIGN GUIDELINES

Fort Carson's Landscaping Policy. The Directorate of Environmental Compliance and Management
(DECAM) oversees all landscaping and plantings on the post.

10.7.1 AGRONOMY
Introduction. Responsibility for this program is in accordance with AR 200-3 (replaces AR 420-74):
Natural Resources - Land, Forest, and Wildlife Management.
The DECAM Agronomy Program provides the following services for Fort Carson and the Pinon
Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS).
Assists the Fort Carson Fire Department with Wildland Fire Suppression on Fort Carson and PCMS.
Provides technical assistance with landscape projects materials and maintenance.
Provides technical assistance on all turf and ornamental species on Fort Carson and PCMS.
The DECAM Agronomy design guidelines are intended for application to landscape improvements at
sites throughout Fort Carson. Their primary purpose is to assist in the design of responsible,
aesthetically pleasing landscapes, and in the achievement of the overall landscape goals for all of Fort
Carson. The entire Agronomy Design Guidelines Document resides in Appendix B of the IDG.
Proposed plantings must be reviewed to ensure that site conditions (soil, topography, adjacent uses,
and architecture) and climatic criteria (sun, shade, and moisture requirements) are considered in the
desired plant design and selection (i.e., form, texture, color, size). The uses and users of the site must
also be considered. Landscape planting plans should be approved by qualified personnel to provide
quality assurance and promote design consistency within each visual zone.

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.7.2 FOUNDATION PLANTING

Foundation planting provides a green background for additional
plantings. It adds scale and character to the building; helps to
integrate the building with its surroundings; screens HVAC and
other utilities; and helps create a sense of arrival. When
developing foundation planting plans, consideration should be
given to antiterrorism measures.
Focal and seasonal plantings should be located at building entries
for pedestrian interest.
Use the architecture of the building to evaluate the planting design
and selection of plants.
Plant materials should not block windows and views from interior
spaces.
Trees shall be setback from the building walls to provide space for
mature growth and to prevent root systems from damaging the
foundation.

FOUNDATION PLANTING

A symmetrical foundation planting design should be used for a symmetrical building.

Due to the possibility of insect problems (bee stings, etc.), do not plant flowering plants near entrances.
Foundation plantings shall be discouraged if the soils report for the project does not recommend such
plantings.

Fort Carson IDG

Ft Carson IDG

10.7.3 SCREENING
10.7.3.1 WINDSCREENS
Use a combination of evergreen and deciduous trees to provide
windbreak protection from prevailing winds. Windbreak
plantings should be irregular in form, rather than straight and
evenly spaced, in order to provide more effective wind control
and to visually blend with the natural character of the installation.

WIND SCREENING

10.7.3.2 SCREENING OF DUMPSTERS

Landscape planting should be used to supplement wood fence and
masonry wall dumpster enclosures. All plantings shall meet force
protection and antiterrorism requirements.

10.7.3.3 SCREENING OF TRANSFORMERS OR OTHER

UTILITY EQUIPMENT

BUFFER PLANTING

5Landscape plantings such as decorative shrubs shall be used to

screen all transformers and other utility equipment from view in
major pedestrian locations such as entrances to buildings and
pedestrian circulation routes. Care must be taken to make sure
that proper access to the equipment is maintained while screening
the equipment from view.

10.7.4 BUFFER PLANTING

A mixture of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs shall be
used to visually separate land uses and to help separate visual
SCREENING
zones. Buffer plantings shall not be installed in rigid formal lines
but shall be installed in strategic clumps to properly screen
unsightly areas all times of the year. Plants of different types of density, color, height, and texture
when clumped together provide attractive buffers. Buffer planting should also be used at all
Installation entrance gates to screen unattractive areas of the installation from view upon entry to the
installation. Landscape buffers shall also be used to screen loading docks, ground mounted mechanical
equipment, and other such areas from view.

10.7.5 OPEN SPACE PLANTING

Enhance open space areas with plantings. Use a mixture of evergreen, deciduous, and flowering trees.
Plant the same kind of trees in massive groupings to impact the vast open areas.
Maximize native grasses, trees and other plants in open space not developed for parks or other
recreation.

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.7.6 STREET TREES

Street tree plantings should be used to reinforce vehicular
hierarchy; orient and direct traffic; upgrade views; and to visually
de-emphasize on-street parking. Also, in the design of a street tree
planting, separate plant species may be used to identify distinctive
details or areas of the installation, for example, a particular land
use relationship, historical district, community area, or other
similar entity.
Use formal street trees in single rows to visually reinforce primary
and secondary roads. Use regularly spaced and uniformly shaped
deciduous trees to provide a regimented appearance.

STREET TREES

Use informal groupings of street trees along tertiary routes. Utilize medium size deciduous trees to
screen on-street parking along roadways. Set trees 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6 feet) from the back of curbs.
Spacing should be uniform, except where curb cuts interrupt regular spacing.
As a general rule, street trees should be deciduous species, resistant to salt and root pressure, and
should have a 10' to 12' high clearance between the street pavement and branch height to allow
adequate clearance for pedestrian and vehicular traffic to pass unimpeded by lower branches.
The street tree layout should be coordinated with the layout of proposed street lighting.
Appropriate plant heights should be used within sight triangles to ensure safe views from intersections.
Weeping trees should not be used at Fort Carson.
Street trees can be watered by using creative drainage techniques that employ using the run off water
from the street to water these trees.
Avoid planting trees in areas with less than three feet between paved areas. In areas with 3 to 4 feet
between paved areas, plant trees that grow to a mature height of less than 30 feet. In areas with 5 to 6
feet between paved areas, select trees that mature about 50 feet tall. Reserve trees that mature higher
than 50 feet for areas with at least eight feet between paved areas. This allows adequate space for the
tree roots

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PLANTING

Fort Carson IDG

Ft Carson IDG

10.7.7 PARKING LOT PLANTING

Parking lots are often the least attractive elements on a military
installation. The use of landscape plant material and earth berms
can greatly improve the appearance of these areas as well as help
define circulation and reduce heat gain during summer months.
Use shade tree plantings at parking lots to reduce glare and
moderate ambient air temperatures on the lot. Optimum spacing of
parking lot shade trees is 10 to 12 meters (35 to 40 feet) on center.
Choose trees and shrubs that require minimum maintenance and
PARKING LOT LANDSCAPING
will not litter the parking area with leaves, fruit, or nuts.
Consider sight distances near entrances and exits when selecting and placing plant material.
Select trees, shrubs, and groundcovers that can withstand harsher
conditions, such as sun, glare, heat, high winds, and reduced water
supply.
Use a mix of evergreen and deciduous plant material to screen
parking areas from adjacent uses.

10.7.8 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PLANTING

LANDSCAPING TO DEFINE EDGE OF
PARKING LOT AND PROVIDE A BUFFER
When properly placed, plants can provide environmental benefits,
as well as address visual concerns.
Use deciduous trees and shrubs at courtyards, buildings, and along streets to provide shade, moderate
temperatures, and reduce glare during the summer months while allowing solar exposure in the winter.
Locate deciduous plantings along south facing walls or on the southeast and southwest corners of
buildings or courtyards to mitigate solar radiation and glare due to heat build-up and lower sun angles
in the mid-morning and late afternoon hours.

Use mixed massings of deciduous shrubs and evergreen trees/shrubs to provide sound control along
primary and secondary roads.

10.7.9 IMAGE PLANTING

The image of the installation is formed by the visual impressions that exist within the installation. The
primary locations of highly visible images are the main gate, along primary circulation systems, and at
areas of high concentrations of people. Features such as signs, statues, static displays, and other
primary visual images can be improved by the use of trees, shrubs, and groundcover.

10

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.7.10 ENTRANCES TO THE INSTALLATION

The entrances and streetscapes into the installation are areas to
place landscaping that will develop a strong visual image and
provide visual interest during all four seasons. The entrance to the
installation creates the first visual impression for the visitor.
The landscape materials and planting areas should be proportional
in scale to the hierarchy of the street on which they are located.
Landscaping must be integrated with the force protection
requirements of Section 12. Low shrubs, groundcover,
ENTRANCE PLANTING
annual/perennial plants, and canopy trees provide seasonal interest
as well as maintain views required to ensure force protection measures. Large evergreen trees are
discouraged in these locations because they may obstruct sightlines and impact the need for force
protection. Adequate lines of sight must be maintained for guard personnel to observe vehicular and
pedestrian traffic approaching the gate.

10.7.11 ZEROSCAPING
Zeroscaping is a low maintenance method that can be used where
appropriate to conserve water. Zeroscaping at Fort Carson usually
consists of rocks used as a groundcover with a few sparse plants
integrated in strategic locations. The Fort Carson Landscaping
Master Plan uses Zeroscaping in certain areas on the Installation.
Xeriscape however, is a more preferred approach to landscaping in
the Cantonment Area.

10.7.12 XERISCAPING
Xeriscape comes from a combination of two words: "xeri" is
derived from the Greek word "xeros" meaning dry; and "scape"
meaning view or scene. Together they mean "a dry scene." The
term Xeriscape was coined in Denver, Colorado in 1978.
Xeriscaping is landscaping with slow-growing, drought tolerant
plants, allowing a conservation of water and nutrients. Xeric
landscapes are conscious attempts to develop planting areas that
are compatible with the local natural environment. Plants that are
native to the area or can exist in this location without additional
water are excellent choices for Xeriscape gardens.
USAF Landscape Design Guide, Xeriscape.

Fort Carson IDG

"ZERO" SCAPING

XERISCAPING

11

Ft Carson IDG

10.8 PLANT MATERIAL SELECTION

Trees, shrubs, groundcover, and turf are the major elements of a
planting composition. Basic plant selection criteria should
consider creating a unified composition; utilizing native materials
for low maintenance and watering requirements, and sustainability;
avoiding incompatible colors, textures, and forms; and matching
the appropriate plant to the land use, situation, and environmental
condition.
The ability of plant material to provide lasting benefit is dependent
PLANT SELECTION IS IMPORTANT
upon the plants hardiness and its appropriateness to the site use.
Major factors affecting plant hardiness are soil type and organic content, temperature, moisture, and
light. These climatic conditions can be modified to an extent by specific site conditions, such as wind
protection, solar orientation, and planting design to create microclimates.
Selecting appropriate plants for a given condition is only one aspect of planting design. Compositional
arrangement to provide texture variety and to accent site and building features is another. The
selection and composition of a planting design requires an understanding of each plants
characteristics, form, and environmental needs as well as how each plant can relate to and complement
other plants in the design. Plants are used in four basic design categories.
Canopy.
Barrier.
Screen (or Buffer).
Groundcover.
The use of native plant species (grasses, trees, and other plants) should be used where ever possible.
These native species require less maintenance and less water than other species. Places such as ditches
and open spaces are perfect locations for such native plantings.
Landscaping material delivered to Fort Carson for planting will be inspected and approved of prior to
installation.

10.9 PLANT PALETTE AND PLANT CATEGORIES

The plant palette and categories are designed to help the designer choose the best plant for each
particular set of design requirements. The plants that appear on the palette and in the categories were
selected for their hardiness and their ability to survive in this geographical area. To use them
effectively, the design requirements must be well defined for the specific site.

12

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.9.1 PLANT PALETTE

A select group of plant materials has been divided into the
following six categories.
Deciduous trees.
Coniferous trees.
Deciduous shrubs.
Coniferous shrubs.

CONSIDER SHAPE AND MATURE GROWTH

BEFORE SELECTING A PLANT

Broadleaf evergreen shrubs.

Groundcover and vines.
On the palette, the plants appear in alphabetical order by their botanical name, followed by their
common name, design characteristics, cultural information, recommended use, and miscellaneous
notes. The plant palette is presented in a matrix format in Appendix O.

10.9.2 PLANT CATEGORIES

Plants from the plant palette with similar characteristics have been cataloged in the Plant Categories.
These characteristics could be cultural (e.g., upright, narrow form), environmental (e.g., shade
tolerant), ornamental (e.g., red fall color), or functional (e.g., screening plant). Characteristics include:
cultural conditions (mature height and spread, form and growth rate, disease and pest resistance),
environmental conditions (sun/shade, pH range, soil moisture required, and wind/sun), and ornamental
characteristics (flower color, autumn color, fruit color, and/or summer leaf color).
Each category describes a list of plants that share a similar quality. For example, materials that are
shade tolerant would be placed in the Shade Tolerant group under the "Environmental Conditions"
heading. To further explain the categories, under the "Environmental Conditions" heading, in the
Shade Tolerant group, all shade tolerant deciduous trees would be listed under Deciduous Trees;" all
shade tolerant coniferous trees would be listed under "Coniferous Trees;" and so on.

Fort Carson IDG

13

Ft Carson IDG

10.10 PLANT MATERIAL INSTALLATION

A key step in assuring successful planting is to select plants of the
highest quality. Plant material should be of the size, genus,
species, and variety to comply with the recommendations and
requirements of the "American Standard for Nursery Stock" ANSI
Z60.1.
As part of the design process and prior to plant installation, review
the installation's Master Plans, Basic Information Maps or As
Built Drawings for utility locations and verify with the Directorate
of Public Works or equivalent.
The planting and establishment of trees, shrubs, groundcovers, and
vines is detailed in TM 5-803-13, Chapter 3. Information is also in
the DECAM Agronomy Design Guidelines in Appendix B.

SPACE PLANTS ACCORDING TO THIER

MATURE SIZE

General guidelines for plant installation:

At planting time, thin plants by removing one-third of the vegetative material.
Spray all evergreens with an anti-desiccant within 24 hours of planting.
Water all plants thoroughly during the first 24-hour period after planting.
Site all plants and stakes plumb.
Space plants according to their mature size.
Install plant materials in groups for greater impact. Fort Carson prefers that plants are placed in
clusters rather than single isolated plantings. Within the clusters the plants selected need to provide
diversity in height, texture, color, and species.
Ensure proper installation of lawn areas.
Installation techniques for turf are detailed in TM 5-803-13, Chapter 4. The details include site
evaluation, site preparation, selection of turf, and maintenance requirements.
Soil is to be amended adequately for the plant material being utilized.
All plant materials will be inspected and approved by DPW prior to installation.

14

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.11 MAINTENANCE OF PLANT

MATERIAL
Troop units and family housing occupants must mow the grass,
water the lawn (if not done by an irrigation system), and prune
trees and shrubs within their area of responsibility.
Pruning small trees and shrubs within the unit or by the family
housing occupant is allowed to provide clearance over walkways,
for safety, and for aesthetic purposes. Tools are available from the
family housing self-help store on the installation. Guidelines for
correct pruning procedures are listed in Agronomy Design
Guidelines. Contact the DECAM Agronomy Branch or the family
housing contractor to prune trees and shrubs that are too difficult or
too tall (those that cannot be reached from the ground).
It is recommended that any contractors cutting trees on Fort Carson
have a minimum license with Colorado Springs (City of Colorado
Springs Tree Service Licensing, City Code 2.3.301) to do so,
preferably the contractor is an ISA certified arborist. The city
requires contractors to take a pruning text to ensure that they can
cut correctly.

FOLLOW PROPER TREE PRUNING

PROCEDURES

Watering lawns on Fort Carson is permitted only when necessary, and never more than once every two
days. In the family housing areas, even numbered houses water on even numbered days; odd
numbered houses on odd numbered days. Watering should only be done in the early morning or late
evening to avoid water loss to evaporation. Watering should not be done when the wind is blowing or
when there is a threat of rain. Follow the guidelines above for determining the amount of water to
apply and when. See the Watering Guide in the DECAM Agronomy Design Guidelines.

10.12 TREE PROTECTION & PRESERVATION

Existing urban trees and forest should be preserved if they are in good health. Construction should be
planned to provide for the preservation of significant trees. All trees deemed necessary for removal are
subject to Referenced Memorandum DAIM-ED, 11 Jan 2007. This policy dictates that all
merchantable wood products on Army Lands may not be abandoned, destroyed, or donated. Fort
Carson had a merchantable wood products sales program. All wood greater than 8" diameter will be
cut into 14-16" lengths and dropped off at Building 155 woodlot (Community Recycle Center east of
Gate 3).
It is recommended that any contractors cutting trees on Fort Carson have a minimum license with
Colorado Springs (City of Colorado Springs Tree Service Licensing, City Code 2.3.301) to do so,
preferably the contractor is an ISA certified arborist. The city requires contractors to take a pruning
text to ensure that they can cut correctly.
During the clearing and construction process, trees should be protected from damage. Construction
barricades should be erected to protect the existing trees to be preserved. The barricades should be no
closer to the trunk of the tree than one-half the distance from the trunk to the drip line. Existing trees
Fort Carson IDG

15

Ft Carson IDG
that cannot be preserved should be considered for transplanting to a different location on site or to a
different site.
Changes in the grade of the soil around trees can cause extensive root damage and eventually the death
of the tree. To prevent damage to a tree, it is important to maintain the existing grade for least the size
of the trees canopy (the drip line).
For more information see in FHWA/TX-04/0-4548-1 (partially included below) for further the tree
protection standards on Fort Carson.

10.12.1 RECOMMENDED TREE AND LANDFORM PROTECTIONS

STANDARDS (PORTION OF DOCUMENT FHWA/TX-04/0-4548-1
10.12.1.1 PROTECTED ROOT ZONE
The protected root zone is the area from the edge of the tree trunk outward for a distance equal to one
and one-half (1) times the distance from the trunk to the outer edge of the tree canopy foliage (drip
line) at it farthest dimension.
Preferred Root Protection Zone recommended area to be designated for protection, 1 times the
distance to the drip line.
Critical Root Zone minimum area to be designated for protection, the distance to the drip line.
Prohibited activities:
Parking of any vehicles
Erection of any shed or structure
Storage of any equipment or materials
Use by people for any reason
Dumping of any waste materials or liquids
Impoundment of water
Addition of fill-soil
Excavation of any type

10.12.1.2 BARRIER FENCES

6 chain-link fence (or High Density Polyethylene) on 8 steel T-post spaced 6 on-center and driven
2 deep into the ground. Barriers will be erected on the line established by the engineer and/or
according to the details and notes on the plan.

16

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

10.12.1.3 WOOD PLANKING

To protect the trunk against any accidental contact with heavy equipment or tools, whenever
construction activities must take place within 6 ft, secure wood completely planking around the trunk.
The planking should be 2x4 lumber, self spaced around the trunk, and bound with a durable wire or
rope material. Do not use any nails or screws to affix the planks as this will damage the tree. As soon
the construction within the root zone area is complete, remove the planking and the surface protection.
Use hand tools to remove mulch or gravel surface protection.

10.12.1.4 FILTRATION BERMS

Shredded hardwood mulch berm placed immediately inside the protective fencing. Compost is
optional.

10.12.1.5 GRADE CHANGES (CUT & FILL)

Grade changes are discouraged within the protected root zone. Grade changes within the CRZ must
follow procedures shown in the details.

10.12.1.6 TRENCHING
Trenching within the protected root zone is discouraged and forbidden within the CRZ except under
specific conditions and using specific construction methods. Within the CRZ: bore at 3 below grade
Outside CRZ: bore beneath, expose roots and prune, or expose roots and thread utilities below roots.

10.12.1.7 EXPOSED ROOTS

Roots exposed within the protected root zone will be covered with an approved material within 24
hours after exposure. Hardwood mulch; compost optional.

10.12.1.8 ROOT PRUNING

Where root removal is required, roots greater than 1 in diameter must be exposed without damaging
them and cut with approved tools.

10.12.1.9 SIDEWALKS NEAR TREES

Maintain minimum clearance of 3 between tree and new sidewalks. If closer than 3 consider flexible
paving (pavers). Recommend use of root barriers behind curbs if tree species warrants.

10.12.1.10 WATERING
Supplemental irrigation will be not be required unless roots are damaged or removed within the CRZ.
Recommended but left to engineer.

10.12.1.11 SOIL COMPACTION

Fort Carson IDG

17

Ft Carson IDG
Area of the protected root zone exposed to pedestrian or vehicular traffic must be covered with four
inches of shredded hardwood bark or well-graded gravel over the affected area. For temporary or
permanent situations. Must be removed when access is no longer needed.

10.12.1.12 PRUNING
Pruning must be performed by a qualified arborist in accordance with the International Society of
Arboricultures Tree-Pruning Guidelines and/or the ANSI 300 Pruning Standard.
Pruning will be required:
For reasons of safety
To allow clearance of equipment near the CRZ where breakage may otherwise occur
For removal of limbs that are dead or diseased
Clearance above present or future travel lanes

10.12.1.13 CHEMICAL INSECT CONTROL

Chemical control of damaging insect pests will be required only if the pest is present (exceptions
include engraver beetles) and only by a qualified tree specialist.

10.12.1.14 DUST CONTROL

There will be no requirement to spray trees or plants to remove foliar dust.

10.12.1.15 PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE LANDFORMS

The protection of sensitive landforms shall conform to the standards for tree protection. See guidelines
for discussion of possible sensitive landforms.

10.12.1.16 SIGNAGE DURING CONSTRUCTION (OPTIONAL)

Metal signs at 50 spacing through the length of the fence. Single trees will have a minimum of two
signs placed on opposite sides of the tree 12 wide, 8 tall, 1 tall bold black letters.

10.12.1.17 POST-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

Post-construction assessment required by certified tree specialist. See guidelines for list of inspection
items.

10.12.1.18 POST-CONSTRUCTION PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES FOR SENSITIVE

AREAS
18

Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

Sensitive areas will receive post-construction protection. Three alternative procedures are provided.
See guidelines for list.

10.12.1.19 DAMAGE TO EXISTING TREES

The Contractor will be assessed for damages to trees designated to be protected that result from the
Contractor's negligence or failure to comply with the requirements of the specifications. Damages
should be assessed in accordance with the criteria established in the guide for plant appraisal, (using
the current revised edition), by the International Society of Arboriculture. Damages at the rate
applicable therein should be deducted from any monies due the Contractor as liquidated damages.

10.13 ANTITERRORISM / FORCE PROTECTION

CONSIDERATIONS
The presence of vegetation on an installation can have both
beneficial and detrimental impacts on security. The selection and
placement of landscape plant material on Army installations is an
integral element in the provision of protective measures to reduce
the threat of terrorism.
Proper selection and placement of trees and shrubs can be utilized
to provide visual screening without creating concealment for covert
activity. The landscape architect responsible for tree placement
USE TREES TO OBSCURE SIGHT LINES
should work closely with installation force protection experts to
design a landscape plan that provides visual screening without compromising antiterrorism measures.
The plant material must allow building occupants to see out, but must not allow outside forces to
monitor interior activity. The landscape architect should incorporate the following aspects into the
design:
Avoid conditions within 10 meters (33 feet) of inhabited structures that permit concealment of
aggressors or obscure the view of objects or packages 150-millimeters (6 inches) in height or larger
from the view of security personnel. This results in the placement of shrubs and trees that are loose
rather than dense in growth habit and possess multiple small stems rather than a single trunk that will
obscure a 150 mm (6 inch) package.
Vegetation groupings provide reduction of blast effect.
Plant material selection and placement shall minimize potential hiding places for bombs and
aggressors.
Provide vegetation screens for play areas and outdoor recreation areas to obscure from off-installation
view.
Use trees to obscure sight lines of on-installation buildings from off-installation buildings.

Fort Carson IDG

19

Ft Carson IDG

10.14 IRRIGATION STANDARDS

The following information was taken from the Colorado Springs Utilities Environmental section. Fort
Carson is basing their standards on those developed by CSU.

10.14.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF MANUAL OR AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

Manual above ground - a system using water hoses and hose-end sprinklers. The homeowner controls
sprinkler time.
Manual below ground - a below ground system with main shut off valve, backflow prevention
device, sprinklers, low-flow irrigation components and pipe. The homeowner controls sprinkler time.
Automatic above ground - generally a system using either low-flow or water hose irrigation
components with an automatic controller.
Automatic below ground - a system consisting of numerous components: main shut-off valve,
backflow prevention device, controller, sprinklers, low-flow irrigation, pipe and wire.
Standard Parts for Irrigation systems on Fort Carson I40 Hunter Rotor Irrigation Heads
I20 Hunter Rotor Irrigation Heads
PGP Hunter Rotor Irrigation Heads
Rain Bird Impact Irrigation Heads
Rain Bird Pop Up Spray Irrigation Heads
Rain Bird Valves
Rain Bird Irrigation Controllers
Febco or Watts Back Flows

10.14.2 WATER SAVING IRRIGATION DESIGN

Studies have shown that those systems for which the owner must evaluate whether the landscape needs
water and then sets the amount of time that the water will be applied are water saving systems. Such a
systems could be a manual or automatic system where the owner either turns the water on and sets a
timer or manually sets the time each cycle. However, no matter which system owners use, when they
use the equipment properly and match it to the landscape's needs, they can achieve watering efficiency.
Flexible and reliable irrigation control is a very important part of a water efficient irrigation design.
Whether the controller is the owner or an irrigation clock, the key components are the same.
The manual system controlled by the homeowner is of the most flexible.
If an automatic controller is used, the features which will maximize efficiency are the following:
20
Fort Carson IDG

Fort Carson IDG

The ability to accurately time water application.
Multiple hydrozone and program options which allow individual areas to be watered according to their
needs.
A 7- or 14-day program calendar to provide programming flexibility.
Multiple repeat cycles to minimize run-off. For example, the ability to program a station that waters a
slope to do so in several short cycles rather than one long one.
Rain Sensors
Type of Emitters
Spray sprinkler heads work well in small, irregular shaped areas.
Rotary sprinkler heads are better suited for large open areas.
Low-flow irrigation applies water to individual trees and shrubs.
Bubblers will apply water at a faster rate than either drip or microsprays.
Drip and microspray irrigation systems operate at lower pressure and lower flow rates, which may
require a pressure regulator and filtration.
It is generally acceptable to mix drip and microsprays on the same zone but not drip and spray.

10.14.3 CREATING ZONES IN AN IRRIGATION DESIGN

When zoning an irrigation system, it is important to separate zones of different equipment, areas with
plant materials having different water requirements, and areas of differing micro-climates.
For example, a south-facing turf area using spray sprinklers will have different water requirements
from a turf area on the north side of a building. Similarly, the irrigation of landscaped slopes that are
steep enough to result in run-off should have separate zones for sprinklers at the top and bottom of the
slope. The cost of adding extra zones to the landscape is worth it because less water will be wasted,
and plants watered correctly will be healthier.

10.15 ARMY STANDARDS

The cited Army standards shall be met.
Army Regulation (AR) 420-70, Buildings and Structures.
Technical Manual (TM) 5-630, Natural Resources Land Management.
Technical Manual (TM) 5-803-13, Landscape Design and Planting.
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-010-01, DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings.
Fort Carson IDG

21

Ft Carson IDG
American Standard for Nursery Stock, ANSI Z60.1.
Overseas (Host Nation Standards).
Sustainable Design and Development Policy Update, ASA (I&E), 5 Jan 06; ECB 2006-2, Sustainable
Design and Development

10.16 REFERENCES
The following references are provided for guidance.
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 2-600-01, Installation Design, Chapter 10.
USAF Landscape Design Guide.
C. Brickell and D. Joyce. Pruning and Training, 1996.
US Army Corps of Engineers web site Engineering Knowledge Online

Extracted from IDG on 23 Jul 2007, 14:50

22

Fort Carson IDG