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Revision Notes
1. Zero index and negative integral indices
When a 0 and n is a positive integer, we have:
(a) a 0 1
e.g. ( 2 x 0 ) 3 ( 2 1) 3 8
11
a 32
2
1 1 1
3
e.g. 3 2
3 3 9
(b)1a n
e.g. 2a 2 b
y
2
x
4 2 a 2b ac bc
2
16 8a
c 1
a
x2
y
e.g.
x8
y4
am
amn
an
e.g.
(c)
(a m ) n a m n
(d)
( ab) m a m b m
(e)
a
b
am
bm
37
37 2 35 = 243
32
x
e.g.
3
x4
x4
34
81
3. Scientific Notation
(a) When a positive number is expressed as a 10 n , where 1 a 10 and n is an integer, we
say that the number is expressed in scientific notation.
(b)
P.1
Then x = a 10 n .
e.g. 87 395 = 8.739 5 10 4
(ii) 0 x 1 : Move the decimal point n places to the right until we get a ( 1 a 10 ).
Then x = a 10 n .
move the decimal point 3 places to the right
e.g. 0.00 314 = 3.14 10 3
(iii) 1 x 10 : Multiply the number by10 0 . Then x = x 10 0 .
e.g. 3.5 = 3.5 10 0 .
(iv) x 0 : Express the number which has the negative sign removed in scientific
notation, then
add back the negative sign.
e.g. 102.534= 1.02534 10 2 .
(c) For an approximate value expressed in scientific notation, we can definitely determine its
level of accuracy.
(d) For numbers of many digits, we can use scientific notation not only to simplify the
operations involving them, but also to compare them easily.
x2
x6
B.
x6
x2
C.
x 2 x6
D.
x 2 x 6
P.2
2. Simplify (a 2 a m )3 .
A.
a6m
B.
a5 m
C.
a 5 3m
D.
a 6 3m
1
3. Simplify ( ab 2 )3 .
5
A.
1 3 6
ab
125
B.
C.
1 2 5
a b
15
D.
1 3 6
ab
125
1 3 5
ab
15
4. Simplify
A.
3x 4 y
B.
3x3 y
C.
1
xy
3
(3 x 2 y ) 3
9x5 y 2
D. 3xy
5. Simplify (
A.
2a
3b
)3 (
2
4a 3 2
) .
3b
1
2 a 2b 3
P.3
B.
1
6a 3b 4
C.
1
6 a 2b 3
D.
128a9
243b8
6. Simplify 3 3 n 3 3 n 2 .
A.
9 3n 2
B.
8 3n 3
C.
8 3n 2
D.
24 n 2
7. Simplify
4 3n 9n
.
3n 2
A. 5
B.
13
9
C.
4n
2
D.
4 3n
9
8. Simplify
ss rr
.
sr r s
A.
( sr ) s r
B.
s
( )r s
r
C.
s
( )s r
r
P.4
D.
4( sr )1 r
a0 a7 a7
B.
a0 a7 a0
C.
a 0 a 7 a 7
D.
a 0 a 7 7 a
a m n a ( n m)
B.
am n
C.
am n
D.
am n
11. Simplify (
am
an
an
am
1
a
nm
ab 2 0
) .
b3
A. 1
a
b5
B.
C.
a
b5
D.
a
b
P.5
3
2
12. Simplify ( )3 ( ) 2 .
4
3
A.
16
3
B.
28
35
C.
35
28
D.
3
16
y6
x12
B.
x12
y6
C.
x12 y 6
D.
1
x y
12 6
7
14. Simplify ( x 0 y 1 ) 2 .
2
4 y2
49
A.
B.
49
4 y2
C.
D.
4 y2
49
49
4 y2
P.6
1
11
B. 0
C. 1
D. 11
1
3
B. 0
C.
1
3
D. 1
P.7
22. Evaluate
1
103 , express your answer in scientific notation and correct to 3 significant
100
figures.
A. 1 10 5
B. 1.00 10 5
C. 0.001 10 4
D. 0.01 10 3
P.8
23. Evaluate
49 10 9
64 10 9
figures.
A. 8.750 10 17
B. 0.875 10 9
C. 8.750 10 8
D. 0.875 10 0
24. Evaluate 3.903 10 4 4.03 10 3 , express your answer in scientific notation and correct to
4 significant figures.
A. 3.640 10 3
B. 3.640 10 3
C. 3.500 10 2
D. 3.500 10 2
25. Use all the numerals 1, 8 and 7 (without repetition) to form the greatest denary number.
A. 178
B. 718
C. 817
D. 871
P.9
A. 3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 4
B. 3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 4 10 0
C. 3 1 000 + 9 100 + 0 10 + 4 1
D. 3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 0 10 1 + 4 10 0
28. If the digit 6 in 69 385 is replaced by digit 1, what is the difference between the numbers?
A. 50
B. 500
C. 5 000
D. 50 000
29. In 219 324, how many times is the place value of the left-most digit 2 to that of the rightmost digit 2?
A. 10 000 times
B. 1 000 times
C. 100 times
D. 10 times
P.10
P.11
A. 2 496
B. 2 510
C. 39 936
D. 40 160
P.12
Section A(1)
1. If a and b are non-zero numbers, m and n are positive integers (where m > n), simplify the
following expressions.
(a)
am an
(b)
am an
(c)
(a m ) n
(d)
( ab) n
(e)
a
( )n
b
(f)
a0
( x 2 )( x 6 )
(b)
x12 x 5
(b)
x 2 2 x 3 3x 4
x3
y
)3
(3a 2 ) 3
(a 3 ) 2
(b)
6a 9
(3a 2 ) 2
(x x3 )2
(b)
x3
x
)3
(4 x 2 ) 3
(b)
P.13
(3 xy ) 3
9x 2 y
2 2 2 5
(b)
1
2 3
2 3 2 0
(b)
(3 1 ) 1
4
( ) 2
3
(b) 12 2 2 4
10. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a)
a 3
a 2
(b)
ab 2
a 2 b 1
11. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a)
a 2 a 7
(b)
( a 0 b 2 ) 1
12. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a)
( 2 x 1 y 2 ) 1
(b)
P.14
( x 2 y 3 ) 2
(a)
2 x 64
(b) 3 x
1
27
(b) 3 2 x 81
18. Evaluate (1.53 10 4 ) ( 4 10 2 ) without using a calculator and express your answer in
scientific notation.
20. Evaluate (4.8 10 6 ) (0.3 10 7 ) (2 1015 ) without using a calculator and express your
answer in scientific notation.
P.15
21. Evaluate
22. Write down the place value of each underlined digit in the following denary numbers.
(a) 72 3
(b) 4 0 71
(c) 300
23. Express the following denary numbers in expanded form with base 10.
(a) 34
(b) 598
(c) 1 024
4 10 3 2 10 2 0 10 3 1
(b) 5 10 4 0 10 3 7 10 2 3 10 0 1
25. Write down the place value of the digit 0 in each of the following binary numbers.
(a) 1101 2
(b) 11011 2
(c)
10111 2
26. Express the following binary numbers in the expanded form with base 2.
(a) 1012
(b) 11011 2
(b) 42
P.16
(b) 1101 2
29. Write down the place value of the digit A in each of the following hexadecimal numbers.
(a)
3A16
(b)
A1B16
30. Express the following hexadecimal numbers in the expanded form with base 16.
(a)
A216
(b)
2BF16
AF16
(b)
30016
(b) 168
Section A(2)
33. Simplify the following expressions.
(a)
x ( 2 x 2 )(3 x 3 )
(b)
P.17
( 4a )(3a ) 2
( 2a ) 3
(a)
( x 2 y 3 ) 4 ( xyz ) 2
(b)
( xy 2 ) 3
x4 y5
y
x
)3 (
x
y
)2
(b)
(b)
a
b
)2 (
2b 3
)
a
(3a 3 b 4 ) 2
a 6b3
3p2q 3
)
4 pq
37. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a)
[( 4a 2 )(3a )] 2
(b)
a3
38. Simplify
(2 x 2 y 3 ) 5
(3 xy 2 ) 2 ( 2 x) 2
(2ab) 2 (a 2 b)(bc) 2
a 3b 3 c 3
3n 1
3n 1
(b)
3n 1
27 n
3 9n
3n 1
(b)
P.18
4 n 1 2 n 1
2 3n 1
4 n 1 4 n 1
(b)
4n
2(3 n ) 3 n 1
2(3 n 1 )
42. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a)
x x 1
(b)
x2
2x3 y 2
x0 y3
) 2
43. Simplify the following expressions and express your answers in positive indices.
(a)
( 2 x 0 y 2 )(
44. Simplify
(2 y 2 ) 3 3( x 2 ) 1
45. Simplify (
46. Simplify (
47. If
1 3 2
x y )
2
( 2 y 1 ) 3 x 2
(b) ( 2 x 4 y 3 ) ( x 4 y 2 )
5 x 2 y 3
) ( 225 x 3 y 2 ) 2 and express your answer in positive indices.
z
729 y 3
125 x 6 z
P.19
3
51. If 2 0 2 x 2 1 1 , find the value of x.
4
52. If 27 x
1
, find the value of x.
9
P.20
5.31 10 17 g
57. Express the following numbers in scientific notation (correct your answers to 3 significant
figures) and arrange them in ascending order.
1314 , 1413 , 1215 , 1512
58. (a) Use all the numerals 0, 1 and 2 (without repetition) to form all possible 3-digit denary
numbers.
(b) Hence, write down the smallest 3-digit denary number.
59. (a)
(b) Hence, find the difference between the smallest and the largest 4-digit denary numbers.
Section B
60. (a) If 2 x y 16 , express x in terms of y.
2 x y 16
(b) Hence, if
2 x y 2
61. (a) Convert the following binary numbers into hexadecimal numbers.
Binary
number
0000 2
00012
0010 2
P.21
00112
0100 2
01012
0110 2
0111 2
Hexadecimal
number
Binary
number
1000 2
10012
1010 2
10112
1100 2
1101 2
1110 2
1111 2
Hexadecimal
number
(b) According to the results of (a), convert the following binary numbers into hexadecimal
numbers.
(i)
1010 1111 2
(ii) 000110112
(c) According to the results of (a), convert the following hexadecimal numbers into binary
numbers.
(i)
3A16
(ii) C 2D16
P.22
Answer
Multiple Choice Section
1. A
x26
x2
x6
2. D
(a 2 a m ) 3 (a 2 m ) 3
a 3( 2 m )
a 6 3m
3. B
(
1 2 3
1
ab ) ( ) 3 a 3 b 6
5
5
1 3 6
a b
125
4. D
(3 x 2 y ) 3
9x5 y 2
33 x 6 y 3
9x 5 y 2
27 x 65 y 32
9
3xy
5. B
P.23
2a
3b
)3 (
2
4a 3 2
(2a ) 3
(3b) 2
)
3b
(3b 2 ) 3 ( 4a 3 ) 2
8a 3
9b 2
27b 6 16a 6
1
6 a 6 3 b 6 2
1
6a 3 b 4
6. C
3 3n 3 3n 2 3 3n 2 3 3n 2
9 3 n 2 3 n 2
8 3n 2
7. D
4 3n 9 n
3n2
4 3n 32n
3n 32
3 n (4 3 n )
3n 32
4 3n
9
8. C
ss rr
r
s r
ssr rr s
s s r r ( s r )
ssr
rsr
s
( ) s r
r
P.24
9. A
a0 a7 1 a7
a7
a 0 a 7 a 7 is correct.
10. C
a m n a (n m)
am n
an
am
1
an m
or a m n
am
an
is incorrect.
11. A
(
ab 2
b
)0 1
12. D
3
2
3
1
( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 3
2
4
3
4
( 3)2
33
43
22
32
33 2
2 6 2
3
24
3
16
13. A
P.25
[( x 2 y ) 3 ]2 ( x 6 y 3 ) 2
x 12 y 6
y6
x12
14. D
(
7 0 1 2
7
x y ) ( ) 2 (1) 2 ( y 1 ) 2
2
2
1
y2
2
7
( 2 )
1
49
4
y2
4
y2
49
4y2
49
15. A
3 3 x 729
33 x 3 6
3x 6
x2
16. B
11x 1
11x 110
x0
17. B
P.26
7 x 7 2x 1
7 x2 x 1
7 3x 1
7 3x 7 0
3x 0
x0
18. D
2 x 3 2 x 144 0
2 3 2 x 2 x 144 0
8 2 x 2 x 144 0
9 2 x 144
2 x 16
2 x 24
x4
19. C
40 4 10 1
20. D
4 050 10 24 4.05 10 3 10 24
4.05 10 27
21. A
0.001 453 10 21 1.453 10 3 10 21
1.453 10 24
P.27
22. B
1
10 3 0.01 10 3
100
1.00 10 5 (corr. to 3 sig. fig.)
23. C
49 10
64 10
7 2 10 9
8 2 10
)2
9
7 10 2
9
8 10 2
0.875 10 9
24. B
3.903 10 4 4.03 10 3
0.390 3 10 3 4.03 10 3
3.639 7 10 3
25. D
The greatest denary number is 871.
26. B
The place value of the second digit from right to left is tens, so the place value of the digit
7 is 10.
P.28
27. D
3 904 3 1 000 + 9 100 + 0 10 + 4 1
3 10 3 + 9 10 2 + 0 10 1 + 4 10 0
28. D
New number 19 385
The difference 69 385 19 385
50 000
29. A
The place value of the left-most digit 2 is 10 5 and that of the right-most digit 2 is 10 1 .
10 5
101
most digit 2.
30. C
1 101 101 2 1 2 6 + 1 2 5 + 0 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 0 2 1 + 1 2 0
64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1
109
31. B
2 25
2 12
2 6
2 3
......1
......0
......0
2 1
0
......1
......1
P.29
25 11 0012
32. A
If the last digit of a binary number is 0, the number is even.
10 110 2 is even.
33. A
101 110 2 1 2 5 + 0 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 0
25 + 23 + 22 + 21
46
110 011 2 1 2 5 + 1 2 4 + 0 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 1 2 0
25 + 24 + 21 + 20
51
111 010 2 1 2 5 + 1 2 4 + 1 2 3 + 0 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 0 2 0
25 + 24 + 23 + 21
58
100 111 2 1 2 5 + 0 2 4 + 0 2 3 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 1 2 0
25 + 22 + 21 + 20
39
111 010 2 > 110 011 2 > 101 110 2 > 100 111 2
34. D
In the hexadecimal system, sixteen basic numerals are required, they are
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
35. C
P.30
36. B
9CE 16 9 16 2 + 12 16 1 + 14 16 0
9 256 + 12 16 + 14
2 510
37. B
16 222
16 13 ......14(E)
0 ......13(D)
222 DE 16
P.31
Section A(1)
1. (a)
am an am n
(b)
am an am n
(c)
( a m ) n a mn
(d)
( ab) n a n b n
(e)
a
an
( )n n
b
b
(f)
a0 1
2. (a)
( x 2 )( x 6 ) x 2 6
x8
(b)
x 12 x 5 x 12 5
x7
3. (a)
x 2 2 x 3 3x 4 6 x 2 3 4
6x 9
(b)
4. (a)
x3
y
)3
(3a 2 ) 3
(a 3 ) 2
x9
y6
33 a 6
a6
27
P.32
6a 9
(b)
5. (a)
2 2
6a 9
9a 4
2
a5
3
(3a )
(x x3 )2 (x 4 )2
x8
(b)
6. (a)
x3
x
)3 x3
(4 x 2 ) 3 4 3 x 6
64 x 6
(b)
(3 xy ) 3
9x 2 y
33 x 3 y 3
9x 2 y
3 xy 2
7. (a)
2 2 2 5 2 2 5
23
8
(b)
1
2
23
8
P.33
2 3 2 0 2 3 1
8. (a)
23
1
(b)
9. (a)
(3 1 ) 1 3 ( 1)( 1)
3
4
3
( ) 2 ( ) 2
3
4
9
16
12 2 2 4
a 3
a 2
12
24
1
16
144
1
(b)
10. (a)
a 3 ( 2)
a 3 2
a 1
1
P.34
ab 2
(b)
2 1
a 1 ( 2) b 2 ( 1)
a 3 b 1
11. (a)
(b)
a3
b
a 2 a 7 a 2 ( 7 )
a 9
1
9
a
( a 0 b 2 ) 1 [ (1)b 2 ] 1
b ( 2)( 1)
b 2
12. (a)
(b)
(2 x 1 y 2 ) 1 2 1 x ( 1)( 1) y 2 ( 1)
1
xy 2
2
x
2y2
( x 2 y 3 ) 2 x 4 y 6
1
4
x y6
P.35
2 x 64
13. (a)
2 x 26
x6
3x
(b)
3x
1
27
1
33
3 x 3 3
14. (a)
125 x 1
125 x 125 0
(b)
3 2 x 81
32 x 34
2x 4
15. 5 x 1 125 0
5 x 1 125
5 x 1 53
x 1
3
4
0.001 414
P.36
4
2
4
2
18. (1.53 10 ) ( 4 10 ) (1.53 4) (10 10 )
6.12 10 2
5
7
5 7
)
19. (3 10 ) (6 10 ) ( 6 )(10
(0.5)(10 12 )
(5 10 1 )(10 12 )
5 10 13
20.
4 .8
2)[10 6 ( 7 ) 15 ]
0 .3
(32)(1016 )
3.2 10 1016
3.2 1017
21.
P.37
2.1 7
)[10 11 10 ( 10 ) ]
6
(5 10 2 )(10 11 )
5 10 13
22. (a) 10
(b) 100
(c) 1
23. (a)
3 10 4
(b)
5 10 2 9 10 8
(c)
1 10 3 0 10 2 2 10 4
25. (a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
26. (a) 1 2 2 0 2 1
(b) 1 2 4 1 2 3 0 2 2 1 2 1
P.38
2 27
2 13 ......1
2 6 ......1
27. (a)
2 3 ......0
2 1 ......1
0 ......1
27 11 0112
2 42
2 21 ......0
2 10 ......1
(b) 2 5 ......0
2 2 ......1
2 1 ......0
0 ......1
42 101 010 2
(b) 11012 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0
8 4 0 1
13
29. (a) 1
(b) 256
30. (a) 10 16 2 1
P.39
(b)
31. (a)
2 16 2 11 16 15 1
AF16 10 161 15 16 0
160 15
175
32. (a)
16 31
16 1 ......15(F)
0 ......1
31 1F16
(b) 16 168
16 10 ......8
0 ......10(A)
168 A816
Section A(2)
33. (a)
x( 2 x 2 )(3 x 3 ) 6 x1 2 3
6x 6
P.40
(4a )(3a ) 2
( 2a )
(b)
34. (a)
( 4a)(3 2 a 2 )
23 a 3
( 4)(9) 1 2 3
(a
)
8
9
( x 2 y 3 ) 4 ( xyz ) 2 ( x 8 y 12 )( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
x10 y 14 z 2
( xy 2 ) 3
x4 y5
(b)
35. (a)
y
x
)3 (
x3 y 6
x4 y5
y
x
y
)2 (
(b)
36. (a)
a
b
)2 (
x
1
)(
x2
y4
x4 y
2b 3
a 2 23 b 3
) ( 4 )( 3 )
a
b
a
8
ab
(3a 3 b 4 ) 2
a 6b3
y3
32 a 6b 8
a 6b3
9b 5
P.41
(b)
3p2q 3
3
) ( p) 3
4 pq
4
33
p3
43
27 3
p
64
[(4a 2 )(3a )] 2
37. (a)
a3
(12a 3 ) 2
a3
2
12 a 6
a3
144a 3
( 2ab) 2 ( a 2 b)(bc ) 2
(b)
a 3b 3 c 3
( 4a 2 b 2 )( a 2 b)(b 2 c 2 )
a 3b 3 c 3
4a
223
b 2 1 2 3c 2 3
4ab 2 c 1
4ab 2
c
P.42
(2 x 2 y 3 ) 5
( 3xy 2 ) 2 ( 2 x) 2
38.
39. (a)
3n 1
3
n 1
2 5 x10 y15
( 3) 2 x 2 y 4 2 2 x 2
2 5 2 10 2 2 15 4
x
y
( 3) 2
2 3 6 11
x y
9
8 x 6 y11
9
3 n 1 (3) 2
3n 1
(b)
3n 1
27
3n 1
3 3n
3 n 1 3n
31 2 n
40. (a)
3 9n
3n 1
3 32n
3n 1
3 1 2 n ( n 1)
3n
P.43
(b)
4n 1 2n 1
2
3n 1
2 2( n 1) 2 n 1
2 3n 1
2 2 n 2 n 1 3n 1
20
1
4n 1 4n 1
4n
41. (a)
2(3 n ) 3 n 1
2(3 n 1 )
(b)
4 n 1 ( 4 2 1)
4 n 1 ( 4)
15
4
x x 1
x
42. (a)
3 n 1 ( 2)
5
2
x1 1 2
x 2
1
2
x
(b)
3 n 1 ( 2 3 1)
2x 3 y 2
x0 y3
) 2 (
(
2 x 3 2
)
y
y
2x
)2
y2
4x 6
P.44
43. (a)
( 2 x 0 y 2 )(
1 3 2
2
x y )(
)( x 3 ) y 2 2
2
2
x3
(b)
( 2 x 4 y 3 ) ( x 4 y 2 ) 2 x 4 ( 4 ) y 3 ( 2)
2 x 8 y 1
(2 y 2 ) 3 3( x 2 ) 1
(2 y 1 ) 3 x 2
44.
2 x 8
y
2 3 y 6 3 x 2
2 3 y 3 x 2
2 3 ( 3) 3 x 2 ( 2) y 6 3
3 y 9
3
9
y
45.
5 x 2 y 3
) (225 x 3 y 2 ) 2 [(5) 3 x 6 y 3 z 3 ] (3 2 5 2 x 3 y 2 ) 2
z
(5 3 x 6 y 3 z 3 )(3 4 5 4 x 6 y 4 )
3 4 5 1 y 1 z 3
1
405 yz 3
P.45
729 y 3
46.
(
125 x 6 z 9
1
)3
47.
(x 2
1
2
36 y 3
53 x 6 z 9
1
)3
32 y
5x 2 z 3
9y
5x 2 z 3
)2 22
x 1 4
1
x
4
32 x 3 95 x
48.
3 2 x 3 3 2 (5 x )
49.
2 x 3 10 2 x
4x 7
7
x
4
7 x 1 1
7 x 1 70
P.46
x 1 0
x 1
50. ( x p )( x 2 p ) ( x 3 ) 4
x
p 2p
3
x4
3
4
1
p
4
3p
51. 2 0 2 x 2 1 1
3
4
1
7
2
4
1 2x
2x
7 1
1
4 2
2x
724
4
2x
1
4
2 x 2 2
52.
27 x
1
9
33 x 3 2
3x 2
P.47
53.
2
3
(81 x )( 2 2 x ) 16 2 x
( 2 3 )1 x 2 2 x ( 2 4 ) 2 x
23 3x 2 2 x 28 x
23 3x 2 x 28 x
3 3x 2 x 8 x
3x 3
x
54. 3 x 1 3 x 162 0
3(3 x ) (3 x ) 162
2(3 x ) 162
3 x 81
3 x 34
55. 5 x 1 5 x 1 650 0
5 2 (5 x 1 ) (5 x 1 ) 650
(25 1)(5 x 1 ) 650
5 x 1
650
26
5 x 1 25
5 x 1 52
x 1 2
P.48
5.31 10 17
g
1 000 000
5.31 10 23 g
57.
59. (a)
(i) 1 000
(ii) 9 999
(b)
Difference between the smallest and the largest 4-digit binary numbers
9 999 1 000
8 999
Section B
P.49
2 x y 16
60. (a)
2 x y 24
x y 4
x4 y
(b)
2 x y
x y
x
4 y
2y
2
1
[By the result of (a)]
y 1
y 1
3
3
y
2
Substitute y
3
into x y 1 ,
2
3
1
2
5
5
3
, y
2
2
61. (a)
Binary
number
Hexadecimal
number
Binary
number
Hexadecimal
number
0000 2
016
00012
116
0010 2
00112
0100 2
01012
0110 2
0111 2
216
316
416
516
616
716
1000 2
10012
1010 2
10112
1100 2
1101 2
1110 2
1111 2
816
916
A16
B16
C16
D16
E16
F16
P.50
(b) (i)
1010 1111 2 1 2 7 0 2 6 1 2 5 0 2 4 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0
2 4 (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 ) (1 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 )
16 (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 ) (1 2 3 1 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 ) ... (1)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
(ii) 000110112 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 2
2 4 (0 2 3 0 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 ) (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 )
16 (0 2 3 0 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 ) (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 ) ... (2)
(c) (i)
000110112 1B16
3A16 3 161 10 16 0
3 2 4 10
3A16 2 4 (0 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 1 2 0 ) (1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 )
0 2 7 0 2 6 1 2 5 1 2 4 1 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0
111010 2
P.51
C16 1100 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 0 2 0
216 0010 2 0 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0
D16 1101 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0
C 2D16 2 8 (1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 0 2 0 )
2 4 (0 2 3 0 2 2 1 21 0 2 0 )
(1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0 )
1 211 1 210 0 2 9 0 2 8 0 2 7 0 2 6 1 2 5 0 2 4
1 2 3 1 2 2 0 21 1 2 0
1100 0010 1101 2
P.52