1.

The life cycle for all land plants is called the alternation of generations which means there are two different
generations or phases that alternate within one complete cycle. One of these generations is called the sporophyte and one
is called the gametophyte.
a. What is the ploidy level for each generation?

b. In early land plants like mosses, which generation was dominant (that is, which was longest-lived)? Describe the
major evolutionary trend with regard to the relative dominance of these generations from early land plants, such
as mosses to more advanced land plants such as angiosperms.

c. In angiosperms and gymnosperms, the male gametophyte is the pollen grain, which introduced a major innovation
for plant life on land. Early land plants did not produce pollen grains. Describe the significance of the pollen grain
to the life cycle of the more advanced plants.

d. In angiosperms, a process called double fertilization occurs. Describe double fertilization.

2. A major challenge that plants faced when transitioning to living on land was limiting their water loss. As a result, they
evolved many traits that relate to water transport and maintaining water balance.
a. One of the earliest innovations of land plants to limit water loss was the cuticle. What is the cuticle?

b. What is the name of the vascular tissue that transports water from the roots through the plant to the
leaves? Describe how cells of this tissue are specialized for carrying out water transport at their functional
maturity.

c. In deserts, water is often limiting to plants because of low precipitation. Furthermore, the hot dry air
increases the driving force for water to exit plant leaves via transpiration. As a result, plants living in
deserts have developed or modified several traits the enable them to conserve water. Identify these traits
and describe how they help limit water loss.
3. Animal locomotion can be categorized into three main modes (swimming, flying and running). Name and describe the
physical and/or environmental forces that specifically influence each mode. Describe how evolution led to the current
forms of locomotion.

4. Biomes are one of the major factors that influence animal diversity on Earth. What is the strict definition of a Biome?
What two key physical factors help establish the eight major biomes on Earth? Explain how biomes influence animal
diversity.

5. How does partial pressure of gas(es) affect the Fick Equation? If partial pressure of oxygen at the South Pole is 60% of
that measured at the ice edge at Cape Crazier, what is the partial pressure of oxygen at the South Pole? (FYI- The South
Pole is at 9,306 ft above sea level and Cape Crozier is essentially at sea level, which has a pressure of 760 mm Hg).

6. Define and describe the following terms. Use examples when applicable. A) Parabronchi B) counter shading C)
Nephron D) Interpleural Space

7. Complete the table below using brief descriptions

Mammal Lungs
Gas Exchange structure (be
specific)

Uses bi-directional flow

during ventilation (yes/no)
Name the main pump used in
ventilation

What is the model that

describes gas exchange?

Bird Lungs

Fish Gills

Rank from highest to lowest

in terms of gas exchange
efficiency.
8. Fill in the blanks using the figure at the right:
Name the structures
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
5. ______________________________________
Where on the nephron do you see water reabsorbed?
6. _______________________________________
Name the structures (1-5) that use active transport
7. _______________________________________

*Also, another friend of mine told me to brush up on the circulatory system and metabolism.