Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ISSN:2320-0790
Nwala Kenneth Tochukwu, 2Dr Adekunle A. Y, 3Franklyn Atisi Sunday, 4Owolabi Titilayo
1,2,3,4
Abstract: With the discovery of crude oil in Niger Delta, it was expected that it will usher in the much needed sustainable
development in the region, thus, this did was defeated due to high rate of pipeline vandalism in the region, Whereas this did not
happen. Activities of the multinational oil companies (MNOCs) operating in the region continued to pollute and degrade the
environment so much that it disarticulated the local economy of the people. The unmet expectations of the people, coupled with
the environmental degradation created frustration that consequently led the people to vandalize oil pipelines.Sensor networks offer
a powerful combination in communication, distributed sensing and computing. They are appropriate for countless applications
and, at the same time, offer large challenges due to their distinctiveness, primarily the rigid energy constraints to which sensing
nodes are typically subjected. The noticeable traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at
least four levels: communication hardware, power source, sensors and processor. Wireless Sensor Networks are self-configured to
monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as sound, vibration, temperature, pressure, pollutants or motion and
tocooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location or sink where the data can be observed and analysed.
Keywords: Vandalism, Degradation, Sensor-nodes, Disarticulated
I.
INTRODUCTION
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S/N
STATES
NATURAL RESOURCES
Glass-sand, Gold,
Gypsium,Iron-ore, Lignite, Limestone,
Marble & Oil/Gas
14
Ekiti
15
Enugu
16
Gombe
Gemstone &Gypsium
17
Imo
/ CITY
1
Abia
Salt
2
Abuja
Adamaw
a
AkwaIbo
m
Anambra
Bauchi
18
Jigawa
Butyles
19
Kaduna
Lead/Zinc, Lignite,Limestone,
Superntinite,
Tentalime,
Bayelsa
20
Kano
sand, Lead/Zinc,
Uranium
8
Benue
21
Katsina
22
Kebbi
Gold
23
Kogi
Borno
Iron-ore, Kaolin,
Hydro-carbon,Kaolin
24
& Limestone
10
Cross
River
Kwara
11
Delta
25
Lagos
26
Nasaraw
a
Ebonyi
13
Edo
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Coal,
Kaolin, Laterite,
Iron-ore, Limstone,
35
Taraba
Lead/Zinc
36
Yobe
Tourmaline Quartz
37
Zamfara
&Zireon
27
Niger
28
Ogun
29
Ondo
30
Osun
31
Oyo
33
Rivers
34
Sokoto
II.
32
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IV.
B. Environmental Degradation
Pipeline vandalism has led high incidence of oil spillage in
Nigeria over the years. The 2011 Draft Annual Statistical
Bulletin of the NNPC shows that oil spills are significantly on
the rise in Nigeria. Associated with the incidence of oil spills
is the attendant environmental degradation which jeopardizes
the land, vegetation and habitation of the affected area. This
has been exemplified in desolation of farmlands, loss of
aquatic and wild lives, as well as water and air pollution.
These conditions have implications for public health and
safety of the people.
C. Fire Disasters/Pipeline Explosions
This has been the worst manifestation of the impact of oil
pipeline vandalism on human security in Nigeria According to
Ugwuanyi: Over 2,500 lives have been lost to explosion from
vandalized pipelines in last 15 years. Sometimes, the exact
figures of casualties were not got in the event of fire outbreaks
while some incidents were not reported (2013, para 8).
V.
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VII.
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COMPUSOFT, An international journal of advanced computer technology, 3 (11), November-2014 (Volume-III, Issue-XI)
A. Application layer
Data is collected and managed at application layer therefore it
is important to ensure the reliability of data. Wagner (Wanger,
2004) has presented a resilient aggregation scheme which is
applicable to a cluster based network where a cluster leader
acts as an aggregator in sensor networks. However this
technique is applicable if the aggregating node is in the range
with all the source nodes and there is no intervening
aggregator between the aggregator and source nodes. To prove
the validity of the aggregation, cluster leaders use the
cryptographic techniques to ensure the data reliability.
B. Network layer
Network layer is responsible for routing of messages on the
node, from node to cluster leader, cluster leaders to cluster
leaders, cluster leaders to the base station and vice versa.
Data link layer does the error detection and correction, and
encoding of data. Link layer is vulnerable to jamming and DoS
attacks. TinySec (Karlof et al., 2004) has introduced link layer
encryption which depends on a key management scheme.
However, an attacker having better energy efficiency can still
rage an attack. Protocols like LMAC (Hoesel et al., 2004) have
better anti-jamming properties which are viable
countermeasure at this layer.
D. Physical Layer
The physical layer places emphasis on the transmission media
between sending and receiving nodes, signal strength, the data
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CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
[1]
About
Nigeria.
Retrieved
from
http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/2012-10-29-11-05-46
[2] Peter Holmes (1987). Nigeria: Giant of Africa. Retrieved
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria
[3] Library of Congress Federal Research Division (July
2008). Country profile: Nigeria. p. 9. Retrieved 28 December
2011.
[4]
The
map
of
Nigeria.
Retrieved
from
http://www.waado.org/nigerdelta/maps/Nigeria_States.html
[5]
Nigeria
Natural
Resources.
Retrieved
from
http://www.youthdevelopment.gov.ng/index.php/nigeria/201312-19-03-40-31/natural-resources.
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