Draft Beef Code Dec 2012

CODE
OF PRACTICE
FOR THE CARE AND HANDLING OF

BEEF CATTLE
DRAFT Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of BEEF CATTLE | December 2012
Table of Contents

PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
SECTION 1: ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Protection from Extreme Weather .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.1 High Temperature and Humidity ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.2 Extreme Cold ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2 Facilities for All Cattle ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Additional Facilities for Calving Cows ..................................................................................................................... 10
SECTION 2: FEED AND WATER ........................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Nutrition and Feed Management .............................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Water ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
SECTION 3: ANIMAL HEALTH ............................................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Herd Health Management Programs and Record-Keeping ............................................................................ 14
3.2 Sick, Injured, and Cull Animals ................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Health Conditions Related to Feedlot Cattle ........................................................................................................ 15
3.3.1 Managing Risk of Bovine Respiratory Disease ........................................................................................ 15
3.3.2 Lameness ................................................................................................................................................................. 16
3.3.3 Nutritional Disorders Associated with High Concentrate Feeding ................................................ 17
3.3.4 Buller-Steer Syndrome ...................................................................................................................................... 17
3.4 Safety and Emergencies ................................................................................................................................................ 18
SECTION 4: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY .................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 Handling and Moving Animals ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Reproduction & Calving Management .................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Identification ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Disbudding and Dehorning .......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.5 Castration ............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
4.6 Weaning ................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
4.7 Predator Control ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
4.8 Tail-docking ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
SECTION 5: TRANSPORTATION ......................................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Pre-Transport Decision Making and Preparation for Transport ................................................................ 26
5.2 Arranging Transport ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
5.3 Loading and Receiving ................................................................................................................................................... 27
SECTION 6: ON-FARM EUTHANASIA ................................................................................................................. 29
6.1 On-Farm Euthanasia Decisions .................................................................................................................................. 29
6.2 Methods of On-Farm Euthanasia ............................................................................................................................... 30
6.3 Confirmation of Insensibility and Death ................................................................................................................ 32
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................. 34

APPENDIX A: HOUSING SPACE RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 38

APPENDIX B: BODY CONDITION SCORING ..................................................................................................... 39
APPENDIX C: NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT GUIDELINES FOR BEEF COWS AND GROWING BEEF
CATTLE ................................................................................................................................................................ 44
APPENDIX D: TRANSPORT DECISION TREE ................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX E: LAMENESS DESCRIPTIONS RENDERING ANIMALS COMPROMISED OR UNFIT FOR
TRANSPORT ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
APPENDIX F: LOADING DENSITIES FOR BEEF CATTLE ............................................................................... 47
APPENDIX G: BRANDING CATTLE ..................................................................................................................... 48
APPENDIX H: EUTHANASIA: SECONDARY KILL STEPS: BLEEDING OUT AND PITHING ................... 50
APPENDIX I: PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................................................................... 52
Preface
Under development
Introduction
All herd sizes require adequate human resources to ensure proper care and well-being of the animals. Everyone
handling cattle should be familiar with their normal behaviour and should use low stress, behaviour-based cattle
handling techniques. The selection and training of personnel are the most important factors in ensuring that
cattle will be managed humanely. All personnel working with cattle or managing cattle facilities should be
experienced or properly trained regarding humane handling, equipment use, and livestock care. They should
understand their responsibilities and ensure that routine cattle management practices promote animal well-being
and avoid unnecessary suffering of cattle. Calm, healthy cattle have higher productivity and economic value than
stressed or ill cattle. However, an equal standard of humane treatment must be provided to cattle that have less
economic value (e.g. cull cows, downers, and chronically ill cattle).
The Canadian beef industry involves seedstock and cow-calf producers, backgrounding and feedlot operations,
transporters, sale yards and assembly stations, veterinarians and packing plants operating under diverse climatic
and geographical conditions. Cattle care is practiced all along the production chain and the well-being of beef
cattle can be safeguarded under a variety of husbandry and management systems.
Most husbandry systems impose restrictions on some freedoms of cattle. However, producers should consider
the following:
shelter for protection and comfort

feed and water to maintain optimal health
freedom of movement, exercise, and opportunity to express most normal behaviours
company of herd mates
footing that reduces the risk of slipping
disease prevention and control
veterinary care, diagnosis and treatment
freedom from unnecessary pain and discomfort
emergency preparedness for fire, mechanical breakdowns, and the disruption of feed supplies.
This Code focuses on the animal. Where possible, it is outcome-based, and is intended to achieve a workable
balance between the best interests of the cattle, producers, and consumers. It recognizes the basic principle that
the well-being of cattle is a prime consideration and that cattle treated well benefit producers. The Code aims to
meet scientifically valid and feasible approaches to meeting animal health and welfare needs throughout the
production system that contribute to a sustainable and internationally competitive Canadian beef industry.
This Code is not intended to describe all production and management practices relevant to each stage of beef
production. Instead, principles applicable to all sectors of the industry are presented, along with some sectorspecific considerations.
Anyone building new, modifying or assuming management of existing cattle facilities will need to be familiar with
local, provincial, and federal requirements for construction, environmental management, and other areas outside
the scope of this document. Individuals requiring further details should refer to local sources of information such
as universities, agricultural ministries, and industry resources.
The Code is a guideline for the care and handling of beef cattle. All provincial and federal acts and regulations
must always take precedence. Causing unnecessary pain or suffering or willful neglect is illegal under the Criminal
Code of Canada and under most provincial statutes. It is of benefit to the whole Canadian cattle industry that
anyone witnessing animal neglect or cruelty takes some action to remedy the situation, by helping to educate the
producer, or by contacting the appropriate cattle producers organization or animal welfare authorities.
The Beef Cattle Code of Practice reflects current beef management practices. It identifies welfare hazards,
opportunities and methods to assure well-being. The authors recognize producers have more than one way to
ensure welfare of their livestock.
In 2012, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) approved new production guidelines for beef cattle
production, aimed at improving the health and welfare of beef cattle globally (Chapter 7.9 of the OIE Terrestrial
Animal Health Code). As a member of the OIE, Canada is committed to these guidelines, and the Code
Development Committee has kept them in mind during the revision of this Code of Practice.
This Code pertains to cattle of all ages in beef production. Where special provisions for animals under six
months apply, the word calf has been used. This Code applies to male and female cattle being raised for their
meat. It does not apply to associated industries (e.g., veal, dairy). However, cattle from other sectors, when
brought into a beef production operation, are subject to this Code.
Section 1: Animal Environment

Desired Outcomes:
All cattle are kept under conditions conducive to their safety, health, comfort, nourishment, and humane
handling.
Cattle can express natural behaviour.
Cattle are protected from reasonably-foreseeable extremes in weather, such as floods, storms, and heat
waves.
1.1 Protection from Extreme Weather

Beef cattle in Canada are housed in a variety of ways, depending on age, size, and reproductive state. Systems
may include: range conditions, fields, corrals or yards, indoor pens or stalls. Natural bush, if well managed, can
provide adequate long-term shelter from the elements (9). Geographical features may also provide sufficient
shelter from the elements.
Animals ability to cope with sudden changes in weather or extreme weather events varies with many factors,
such as:
Age (especially newborn calves)

Body condition score
Access to feed, water, and shelter
Degree of acclimation (e.g., winter hair coat)
Health status
Stress (such as newly-arrived feedlot cattle)
REQUIREMENTS
Cattle must have access to areas, either natural or man-made, that provide relief from extreme weather such as,
heat, cold, wind, or flooding.
Take reasonable steps to promptly assist individual cattle showing signs of not coping with extremes in heat or
cold.
1.1.1 High Temperature and Humidity

Cattle are generally able to tolerate low temperatures better than high temperatures. Humidity levels and
ventilation affect an animal's ability to cope with heat stress. Extreme heat is generally more stressful to cattle
early in the summer season, before they have had a chance to acclimate to the increased temperatures (4).
Signs of heat stress in cattle include (6, 7, 10):
open-mouth panting with tongue protruding

laboured breathing
drooling or froth around the mouth
Cattle are at risk of heat stress when combined temperature and humidity exceed a Humidex value of 40.
However, factors such as shade, air movement, and length of exposure all influence the impact of high Humidex
values on animals (4).
Heat stress can lead to reductions in: feed intake, weight gain, reproductive efficiency, and milk production.
Severe heat stress may result in illness and death (1).
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES (3)
a.
When weather conditions are conducive to heat stress consider some or all of the following:
1. Provide shade
2. Ensure adequate access to clean, cool water
3. Avoid handling cattle in the heat of the day
4. Feed feedlot cattle at dusk
5. Moisten the ground in part of the pen
6. Sprinkle cattle with water
1.1.2 Extreme Cold

While cattle can generally tolerate colder temperatures if acclimatized, wet newborn calves, cattle in poor body
condition, and cattle fed inadequate energy are less able to cope with cold temperatures (3).
Signs that cattle are not coping well with extreme cold (hypothermia) include:
Shivering (cattle may stop shivering if hypothermia worsens)

Low core body temperature (less than 35 C or 96 F)
Cold mouth
Inability to get up
No suckling reflex (in calves)
Frostbite (especially newborn calves)
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
a. Provide additional feed energy during cold weather (see Table 1.2).
b. Provide bedding to insulate against the cold ground, and to reduce mud and manure build-up on hides,
which can increase heat loss (2).
Table 1.2. Effective temperature and the additional feed required to meet the beef cow's energy
requirements (8). Animals need more energy from feed to deal with colder temperatures. Use this chart as a
starting point along with cattle behaviour including feed consumption to ensure they have enough feed in
extreme cold.
1Note
Extra Hay or Grain Required
Temperature
including wind
chill 1
Extra
Energy
Required
Extra hay
(kg/cow/day)
Extra grain 2
(kg/cow/day)
-1 C
0%
-12 C
20%
1.6-1.8
0.9-1.0
-23 C
40%
3.2-3.6
1.8-2.3
that the study this chart is based on did not examine lower temperatures.
2Cows
may not be able to eat the amount of extra hay required to maintain their body weight and may have to be
fed the indicated amount of grain in place of additional hay to meet their energy requirements.
1.2 Facilities for All Cattle

The Canadian beef industry comprises the cow-calf, backgrounder, and feedlot sectors. Production practices for
all sectors have developed in response to Canadas diverse climatic and geographical conditions. Even though
the areas involved may be large, facilities for pastured or range cattle still require monitoring and maintenance.
It is beyond the scope of this Code to describe all shelter and housing facilities used in beef cattle production.
Individuals requiring further details should refer to local sources of information, such as universities, agricultural
ministries, producer organizations, and experienced beef producers (5; see also Appendix A).
REQUIREMENTS
All beef operations must have ready access to equipment for the safe handling, restraint, treatment, segregation,
loading, and unloading of animals.
Design or manage cattle facilities to provide well-drained, comfortable resting areas, given reasonably foreseeable
weather extremes.
Provide traction in handling areas to minimize cattle slips and falls.
Pens, corrals, and all other cattle housing must provide space for each animal to stand up, lie down, adopt
normal resting postures, and move easily.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
Ensure that all facilities are structurally safe for personnel and cattle and are free of hazards that can
cause injury.
Dirt pens should be scraped and mounded as needed to increase comfort and reduce build-up of
manure or mud, which can impede access to feed and water (2).
Provide separate pens with adequate bedding for the recovery of severely sick or injured cattle.
Adjust lighting to facilitate cattle movement, inspection, and handling.
Maintain indoor air quality by ventilation and manure management.
Avoid tethering devices, such as stanchions, neck chains, or tie stalls. If used, tethering devices must be
safe for the animals and should not interfere with the actions of standing up or lying down. Tethering
devices should be regularly inspected for proper function and safety. Any cattle that are kept tethered
should be routinely exercised.
Segregate incompatible animals.
Restrict access to areas that may compromise animal health and safety, such as farm chemical storage.
Consider biosecurity measures when designing and managing animal facilities.
Consider a plan for housing and feeding animals during emergency situations.
Ensure restraint devices are used properly. Pressure that causes pain or discomfort can cause cattle to
panic and should be avoided.
Minimize noise from handling equipment to facilitate movement. High-pitched sounds are especially
disturbing to cattle.
Refer to Appendix A for general space guidelines for feeding, watering, and housing cattle.
1.3 Additional Facilities for Calving Cows

Beef cows typically calve outside. If calving occurs during periods of extremely cold weather, sheltered, bedded
calving areas (natural or constructed) can protect the cow and calf during this vulnerable time (3). Isolating a
calving cow or a cow-calf pair in an individual pen may benefit the cow and the calf if intervention is required.
Newborn calves are susceptible to disease, so calving facilities should be designed and maintained to minimize
disease transmission.
REQUIREMENTS
Calving cows and heifers must have access to an environment conducive to safe calving and calf survival.
Safely restrain cows and heifers that require assistance during delivery.
a. If calving indoors, be prepared to separate calving cows and heifers into pens with adequate bedding.
b. Maintain calving areas and areas housing cows with young calves in such a way as to reduce the contact
of young calves with manure, noting that such areas become increasingly contaminated as the calving
season progresses.
c. Remove newborn calves exhibiting diarrhea or other illness (and their dams) from the calving area.
10
Section 2: Feed and Water

Desired Outcome: Cattle are in optimum health and body condition.
2.1 Nutrition and Feed Management

Cattle need to be monitored on an ongoing basis and feed resources must be well-managed and readily-available
according to the animals changing needs and environmental conditions. Cattle that are not fed adequately will
lose body condition, will not perform to their capacity, and are more likely to have reduced immune function (11,
12, 13). Signs that cattle are not able to access sufficient feed or water include increased vocalizing, roaming, and
breaking through fences.
Body condition scoring (BCS) is an important tool for determining if an animal is too thin (BCS of less than 2
out of 5), too fat (BCS greater than 4 out of 5), or in ideal condition. Ideal body condition scores will vary
depending upon stage of production (Table 2.1, Appendix B). Body condition scoring also allows producers to
optimize the utilization of feed resources and animal productivity. Be aware that body condition scores are most
applicable to mature cattle and may be of little use for cattle under 1 year of age.
Feeding space required depends on: type of feed, feeding frequency, presence of horned animals, animal size, and
group size. Increased animal density in the pen increases competition among cattle for access to feed, water and
resting areas. Reduced space per animal at the feed bunk also increases competitive interactions among cattle,
reduces bunk attendance times, and increases the time spent waiting for access to feed. This might not cause
problems for dominant animals, but it does directly affect subordinate animals, and can result in uneven feed
intakes and reduced growth.
Guidance on minimizing diseases associated with high-concentrate feeding is provided in Section 3.3.3.
Table 2.1 Body Condition Score Targets for Beef Cattle (11) (assuming spring calving)
Stage of Production
30 days before start of breeding
Start of winter feeding program

Calving
Target BCS (out of 5)

2.5 cows
3.0 heifers
3.0-3.5 - bulls
3.0 all females
3.0-3.5 - bulls
2.5 mature cows
3.0 first-calf heifers
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REQUIREMENTS
Monitor animal behaviour, performance, body condition score, and health on an ongoing basis and adjust the
feeding program accordingly.
Ensure cattle have sufficient access to feed of adequate quality and quantity to fulfill their nutritional needs,
taking into account factors such as: age, frame size, reproductive status, health status, level of production,
competition, and weather.
Take corrective action to improve the body condition score of cattle with a score of less than 2 out of 5.
Take all reasonable steps to prevent exposure of cattle to toxins (such as: lead batteries, fertilizer, treated seed,
antifreeze, nitrates), and to avoid feed with adverse physical qualities (such as awns) that could cause injury or
limit intake.
a.
Test nutrient content of feed ingredients used and balance rations as necessary (see general nutrient
requirements in Appendix C). Consult a nutritionist for advice.
b. Become familiar with potential micronutrient deficiencies or excesses in your geographic area and use
appropriately-formulated supplements.
c. Manage feedstuffs in a way to maintain quality and minimize spoilage.
d. Provide alternative feed for winter-grazing cattle that no longer have easy access to forages due to heavy
or crusted snow or severe weather conditions.
e. Avoid sudden or extreme ration changes.
2.2 Water
Cattle need sufficient access to water of adequate quality and quantity to fulfill their physiological needs. Water
availability and quality are extremely important for animal health and productivity. Beef cattle will drink between
26-66 litres per day (16). Water quality and palatability affect water consumption. Cattle may limit their water
intake to the point of dehydration if the quality of drinking water is compromised (17)
Cattle prefer to drink water from a trough, even when a natural source is available (15). Growing cattle with
access to water from troughs show improved weight gains of 20% over counterparts with access only to standing
water (18).
Snow can be an adequate source of winter water for mature cattle in good condition, with optimal feed
resources. It is extremely important to ensure there is a sufficient supply of loose, clean snow (14, 20). Animals
with higher energy requirements (such as growing, lactating, or in poor condition) risk losing excess energy when
accessing and melting snow. It can take inexperienced cattle several days to learn to consume snow as a primary
water source, and so they should be monitored during this acclimation period (19).
12
REQUIREMENTS
Ensure that cattle have sufficient access to water of adequate quality and quantity to fulfill their physiological
needs. Monitor feeding habits, behaviour, performance, and health on an ongoing basis, and be prepared to
adjust the watering program accordingly.
Snow may be used as a sole winter water source only if cattle are non-lactating, with a body condition score of at
least 2 out of 5, and have access to optimal feed resources. Only adequate quantities of clean, loose snow may
serve as the sole water source. Monitor snow conditions on an ongoing basis.
Have a plan for back-up watering in the event of insufficient loose snow in winter or an interruption in water
supply.
a. Ensure that water sources are easy for cattle to locate and access.
b. Manage cattle and water sources to avoid competition that would limit access to water.
c. Keep water troughs and bowls clean and in good working condition, and if they are the sole source of
water, check daily to ensure they are dispensing properly.
d. Test water quality in the event of problems such as poor performance, reluctance to drink, or reduced
feed consumption.
e. If utilizing natural water sources, provide water in troughs or bowls wherever possible to ensure
cleanliness of water supply and safe animal access.
f. Be aware of the signs of stray (tingle) voltage, such as reluctance to drink or reduced feed consumption.
g. If using a frozen-over natural water source in winter, provide an area of open water and restrict cattle
from areas of thin ice.
13
Section 3: Animal Health

Desired Outcome: Optimum health and welfare are maintained through a combination of appropriate disease
prevention and control measures and prompt treatment of illness, injury, and disease.
3.1 Herd Health Management Programs and Record-Keeping

Pain and discomfort caused by health issues impact an animal's well being such that good animal welfare requires
good animal health (34). Disease prevention is extremely important. Herd health management and biosecurity
protocols can help prevent and contain diseases. Producers need to be able to promptly recognize and treat
animal health issues in order to optimize animal welfare. Veterinarians play a key role in helping producers meet
these animal health obligations.
REQUIREMENTS
Establish an ongoing working relationship with a practicing veterinarian.
Have a strategy for disease prevention and herd health that includes components such as: vaccination,
biosecurity, nutrition, pest and parasite control.
Cattle at higher risk of illness, injury, or compromised welfare must be closely monitored to ensure prompt
treatment or care. This may include, but is not limited to: extreme weather, calving and post-weaning periods, or
the introduction of new cattle.
a.
Work closely with your veterinarian to establish an effective herd health management and biosecurity
program and make changes where appropriate.
b. Check cattle regularly to assess general health and ensure ready access to feed and water.
c. Maintain accurate animal management and health records.
3.2 Sick, Injured, and Cull Animals

Cattle owners, veterinarians, and laboratories are required to immediately report an animal that is infected or
suspected of being infected with a reportable disease to a CFIA District Veterinarian. Reportable diseases are
listed in the Health of Animals Act and Regulations (http://laws.justice.gc.ca./eng/acts/H-3.3/) and are usually
of significant importance to human or animal health or to the Canadian economy.
Be aware that cattle, as prey animals, may not be overt in their expression of pain or suffering, and that this may
affect your assessment of their condition in making decisions about treatment or euthanasia (36).
14
REQUIREMENTS
Sick, injured, or lame cattle must be treated without delay.
Provide appropriate care for sick, injured, or lame animals, including (but not limited to) segregation, easier
access to feed and water, reduced competition, and increased monitoring.
Cattle that do not respond to treatment or that have a poor prognosis for recovery must be culled (if fit for
transport; Appendices D and E) or killed humanely (euthanized) without delay (Section 6 - Euthanasia).
Suspicion of a reportable disease as defined by the Health of Animals Act
(http://laws.justice.gc.ca./eng/acts/H-3.3/) must be brought to the attention of a veterinarian.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Consult a veterinarian to address new, unknown, or suspicious illness or death losses.

Consult a veterinarian if the incidence of a known illness suddenly increases.
Consult a veterinarian for the most appropriate treatment options when an animal is sick.
Monitor the progress of treated animals.
Dispose of dead animals according to applicable provincial/municipal regulations.
3.3 Health Conditions Related to Feedlot Cattle

Feedlots are a site where cattle are frequently commingled, making it a high-risk environment for the
transmission of disease. In addition, cattle may have recently experienced the additional stressors of weaning and
transportation, which may make them more susceptible to illness. Feedlot managers need to be proactive in the
prevention, early detection, and treatment of illness.
3.3.1 Managing Risk of Bovine Respiratory Disease

Bovine respiratory disease is the leading cause of sickness and mortality in the beef feedlot industry (22). In
addition to the more immediate negative welfare implications of the illness itself, associated changes in behaviour
- such as reduced feed or water intake - may also lead to other negative consequences for the animal (21, 27, 28,
29).
Some risk factors for bovine respiratory diseases are:
Non-vaccinated cattle
Recent weaning
Transportation and handling
Sudden or extreme changes in weather
Commingling of animals from various sources
Early detection and prompt treatment decrease chronicity and mortality due to bovine respiratory disease and
other diseases (22).
15
REQUIREMENTS
Monitor the behaviour of newly-arrived feedlot cattle to facilitate the early detection of illness.
Have a disease prevention strategy, including vaccination, for feedlot cattle.
a.
Categorize newly-arrived animals according to risk for bovine respiratory disease and other illness and
apply appropriate receiving protocols.
b. Introduce cattle to feedlot pens in groups rather than continuously adding animals to pens over an
extended period of time.
c. Whenever possible, buy calves of known source, vaccination history, and health status.
d. Process freshly-weaned calves within 48 hours of arrival at the feedlot.
e. Consider, in consultation with your veterinarian, metaphylaxis of all high-risk calves upon arrival at the
feedlot.
3.3.2 Lameness
The main causes of lameness in feedlot cattle are footrot, toe tip necrosis, laminitis, injuries, and infectious
arthritis (23). An increased incidence of footrot is often associated with chronic wet pen conditions. A common
cause of infectious arthritis is the bacterium Mycoplasma bovis which is also associated with bovine respiratory
disease. Therefore, preventive measures for bovine respiratory disease may also help to reduce lameness caused
by arthritis (23).
Lameness can also be reduced through good facility design and low-stress handling techniques, both of which
help reduce slips and falls and subsequent injury (See Section 1 Animal Environment and Section 4 Animal
Husbandry).
REQUIREMENTS
Promptly treat, cull, or euthanize lame cattle (Appendices D, E, and H).
a. Manage pen conditions to minimize mud and standing water.
b. Address the potential causes of sudden increases in the incidence of lameness.
16
3.3.3 Nutritional Disorders Associated with High Concentrate Feeding

Nutritional disorders associated with high concentrate feeding include acidosis (grain overload), liver abscesses,
and laminitis. In most cases, acidosis is the predisposing factor to liver abscesses and laminitis (26, 30, 31).
Acidosis is the result of a complex interaction among meal patterns and quantity, diet fermentability, ruminal
microorganisms, and mechanisms of acid removal by the animal (33, 35). Acute acidosis causes overt illness and
is potentially fatal in cattle, while animals with sub-acute acidosis may not appear sick but have reduced or
variable feed intake and weight gain (32).
REQUIREMENTS
Design, implement, and evaluate your feedlot feeding program to minimize nutrition-induced disorders (e.g. liver
abscesses, laminitis, acidosis, or bloat), consulting your veterinarian or a nutritionist as needed.
Avoid abrupt dietary changes. Transition cattle from high-forage to high-concentrate rations gradually (over 3-4
weeks) to allow for healthy populations of ruminal microbes to develop and for the ruminal epithelium to adapt.
a. Monitor feed bunks to assess prior consumption and adjust feeding accordingly.
b. Consider feeding ionophores to feedlot cattle to minimize bloat and sub-acute acidosis.
c. Include forage of effective particle length in all diets to reduce sub-acute ruminal acidosis in feedlot
cattle.
d. If the water or feed supply is interrupted (due to storm, power outage, machinery breakdown, etc),
switch feedlot cattle to a lower concentrate (storm) ration to protect them from digestive disorders.
Return animals to full feed gradually to prevent acidosis.
3.3.4 Buller-Steer Syndrome

Buller-steer syndrome is a behavioural problem among feedlot steers, where one steer (buller) is repeatedly
mounted by a group of other steers (riders). Over time, the buller steer can become exhausted, have reduced feed
and water intake, and develop swelling and injury to the rump and tail head. If extreme or prolonged, bullers can
experience broken bones or even die. Prompt intervention is required to prevent severe injury or death (25).
REQUIREMENTS
Bullers at risk of injury must be promptly removed from their pen.
a.
Reduce feedlot group sizes to smaller than 240 head per pen to reduce the incidence of buller-steer
syndrome.
b. Follow label recommendations for hormone implants.
c. Avoid re-grouping animals once groups are established.
d. If bullers are re-introduced to their home pen, monitor closely for relapse in buller-steer behaviour.
17
3.4 Safety and Emergencies

Emergencies may arise, and can compromise animal welfare. Some pre-planning will assist producers in
responding to such events in a timely and effective manner.
REQUIREMENTS
Have a back-up plan to provide feed and water in emergencies or if normal supply is disrupted.
a.
Develop a plan to protect the welfare of the cattle when emergencies occur (flooding, blizzards, fires, ice
storms, or a reportable disease outbreak). Keep the plan up to date.
b. Develop an evacuation plan for cattle.
c. Review these plans with all employees so everyone is familiar with the appropriate response and can act
in the absence of the owner or manager.
d. Act promptly to implement emergency plans.
e. Post names and telephone numbers of the owner or management, veterinarian, equipment suppliers, and
the fire and police departments near telephones. Include directions to the cattle facility, including road
names and numbers as well as water, power source, and fuel storage locations.
f. Install fire extinguishers so that they are readily accessible.
18
Section 4: Animal Husbandry

Desired Outcome: Cattle experience minimal stress and discomfort, while necessary husbandry tasks are carried
out properly, safely, and in a timely fashion.
4.1 Handling and Moving Animals

There is less risk of injury to both animals and handlers when cattle are handled quietly and calmly. Experienced
handlers who are aware of cattle behaviour, including herd instinct, flight zone and point of balance, reaction to
wind, noise, sudden movements, light contrast or shadows, etc. will be able to move cattle more smoothly. This
will minimize stress and promote animal welfare.
REQUIREMENTS
Animal handlers must be familiar with cattle behaviour (either through training, experience, or mentorship) and
use quiet handling techniques.
Electric prods must only be used to assist movement of cattle when animal or human safety is at risk and only
when cattle have a clear path to move.
Mistreating animals is unacceptable. This includes but is not limited to: striking an animal repeatedly; using
electric prods repeatedly, or on genitals, face, udder, or anal areas; slamming gates on animals; allowing herd dogs
to continue pushing cattle with nowhere to move; moving animals with machinery (unless to protect animal or
human safety).
a.
Be prepared to adjust your handling techniques and positioning according to the response of the animals
and the situation.
b. Consider taking a course in cattle handling techniques.
c. Avoid using electric prods whenever possible. Before prods are used, producers should address the
cause of balking or reduced animal movement.
d. Use handling tools to direct animal movement, but not by causing pain or intentional harm.
e. Score your animal handling techniques regularly, and make improvements to them as needed to achieve
acceptable criteria (42). Exceeding the following thresholds suggests a need for improvement:
o
o
o
o
o
No more than 2% fall (belly or torso touches the ground) during handling
No more than 10% stumble or trip (knee contacts ground) after release from the chute
No more than 10% require the use of electric prods to move
No more than 25% run or jump when leaving the chute
No more than 5% vocalize as a result of restraint
19
4.2 Reproduction & Calving Management

The majority of beef cows calve without assistance. However, careful monitoring of calving cows ensures that
assistance, when needed, can be provided in a timely fashion. Knowing when and how to provide calving
assistance is an important management skill that will protect both the cow and calf in the event of problems.
Signs that a calving cow or heifer may need help include (45):
The cow actively strains for more than 30-40 minutes with no progress;
90 minutes have elapsed since the water bag appeared;
The feet are presented with the soles of the feet facing upwards;
Only the head, tail, or a single foot appear;
A cow shows more than 5 hours of anxiety (pacing, searching, tail extended).
Signs that a cow or heifer may require veterinary assistance include (45):
You cannot reposition an improperly presented calf within 20 minutes.

The calf is too big to pass through the pelvic opening. Signs of an over-size calf include:
o You cannot insert a hand between the calfs legs and the sides of the pelvic opening;
o If, with gentle pulling, you cannot get the head and the legs in the pelvic opening at the same
time;
o The cow or heifer has been actively straining for over 30-40 minutes and is unable to push the
calf through the pelvic bones;
o Two strong people are not able to successfully pull a correctly-presented calf.
Prolapsed uterus.
Retained placenta, if the cow/heifer is off-feed, has a high temperature, or is otherwise unwell.
REQUIREMENTS
Producers and staff must be familiar with signs of calving difficulty and be ready to provide timely assistance as
necessary using proper equipment, appropriate restraint, and accepted veterinary techniques.
Provide prompt assistance to newborn calves and recently-calved cows showing signs of distress.
a.
Plan a breeding period to assist in implementing other herd management practices, such as vaccination
and nutrition programs.
b. Select sires carefully on the basis of their own birth weights and predicted calving ease to reduce the
likelihood of calving difficulties. Sire selection should also take into account the breed, size, age, and
previous calving record of the females.
c. Time the first breeding of heifers according to their overall physical development in order to prevent
calving difficulties (dystocia) and other health problems. It is recommended that heifers be at least twothirds of estimated mature body weight at first breeding, and 85% of mature body weight by calving
(61).
20
d. Ensure that cows and heifers are in suitable body condition at the time of calving (suggested targets:
heifers 3; cows 2.5).
e. Increase the frequency of monitoring for cows and heifers that are approaching calving.
f. Call your veterinarian to perform caesarean sections. Cows and heifers requiring caesarean sections
should receive appropriate anaesthesia and pain management.
g. Provide calves that do not nurse voluntarily within 4-6 hours of birth with sufficient supplemental
colostrum to protect them from disease during their post-natal development (minimum of 1.5-2 litres).
h. Newborn calves showing signs of hypothermia (such as: lack of suckling reflex, cold mouth, low core
body temperature; see 1.1.2) should be warmed and given colostrum.
i. Observe young calves regularly (preferably daily) to ensure that they are adequately nourished and are
healthy.
j. Prevent pregnancy in heifers destined for feedlots. If possible, inform feedlot buyers if there is a chance
that heifers have been exposed to a bull.
k. Consult with your herd veterinarian to develop an appropriate program for managing pregnant heifers in
a feedlot. Heifers close to calving should be segregated and monitored.
l. Spaying is used infrequently to prevent pregnancy in heifers destined for the feedlot that are by necessity
grazed with bulls. Spaying should be carried out by a veterinarian, with appropriate pain management.
4.3 Identification
In Canada, all cattle must be identified by an approved radio frequency identification (RFID) ear tag when they
leave the farm of origin (or earlier in some provinces).
Nationally, the incidence of branding (hot iron or freeze) has decreased significantly in the last decade. According
to the 2010-2011 National Beef Quality Audit (33), fewer than 10% of Canadian cattle were branded, compared
to 25% in 1999. However, branding remains a necessary form of permanent identification in some parts of
Canada. Brands provide proof of ownership and easy identification of animals at a distance, and may be required
in some situations, e.g. some community pastures, in remote locations, for export, and by some lending
institutions.
Scientific evidence indicates branding by any method causes short-term acute pain and stress (49, 50, 51, 54-57,
59). Practical methods of pain relief during branding are lacking (39).
Until practical alternatives to branding are available, producers can minimize the impact of branding on the
animal by using correct techniques (Appendix G).
REQUIREMENTS
When branding is required, it must be performed with the proper equipment, restraint, and by personnel with
training or sufficient combination of knowledge and experience, using accepted practices (Appendix G)
Wet cattle must not be branded due to risk of scalding.
21
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Use tags or tattoos as the primary means to identify cattle wherever possible.
Follow tag manufacturers recommendations on tag placement and application.
Brand size should be appropriate to the size of the animal (Appendix G).
Avoid re-branding cattle.
Replace surgical alterations of cattle for identification purposes (such as: wattling, ear-splitting) with less
invasive practices. Note that these are very rare practices.
f. Consult your veterinarian for advice on the availability and feasibility of controlling pain associated with
branding.
g. Maintain all animal identification equipment in good working order.
4.4 Disbudding and Dehorning

The horns of beef cattle are routinely removed to decrease the risk of injuries to workers and other animals, and
to minimize economic losses due to carcass bruising. However, the proportion of beef cattle with horns has
been steadily decreasing in recent years, as the availability and adoption of polled (hornless) genetics has
increased. Most common beef breeds have polled lines available, and the use of homozygous polled genetics
eliminates the need for disbudding or de-horning without affecting productivity (37, 48, 53, 58).
Disbudding refers to the removal of the horn bud before attachment to the skull. The age of horn attachment
varies, but occurs at approximately two months of age. Techniques for removing horn buds include removing
the horn buds with a knife, thermal cautery of the horn buds with an electric or butane-powered disbudding iron,
or the application of chemical paste to cauterize the horn buds (52). Horn removal after bud attachment is
referred to as dehorning. Methods of dehorning involve cutting or sawing the horn close to the skull, sometimes
followed by cautery to stop bleeding. Disbudding involves less tissue trauma when horn development is still at
the horn bud stage, and there is no attachment of horn to the skull of the animal (52). Disbudding and dehorning
cause pain and distress for all cattle (37). Your herd veterinarian is a good resource for information on possible
methods of pain mitigation during and after horn removal (43).
REQUIREMENTS
Dehorning must be performed only by competent personnel using proper, well-maintained tools and accepted
techniques.
Seek guidance from your veterinarian on the availability and advisability of pain control for disbudding or
dehorning beef cattle.
Disbud calves as early as practically possible, preferably while horn development is still at the horn bud stage
(typically 2-3 months).
Take steps, in consultation with your veterinarian, to mitigate pain associated with dehorning calves older than
four months of age.
22

a. Use homozygous polled genetics where practical to eliminate the need for disbudding or dehorning.
b. Use a combination of local anaesthetic and analgesia, in consultation with your veterinarian, to control
pain during and after dehorning. An added benefit of local anaesthetic is that cattle struggle less during
dehorning.
c. Consider using caustic paste, applied according to manufacturer recommendations, as it causes the least
amount of pain compared to other methods (46).
d. Avoid dehorning at the time of weaning to reduce stress.
4.5 Castration
Castration prevents unwanted reproduction, reduces aggression towards humans and other cattle, and improves
meat quality. Castration is performed using either the surgical method (knife) or non-surgical methods
(burdizzo, elastrators/banding).
All methods of castration cause pain and distress, which can be minimized by castrating as early as possible,
preferably within the first week or life. Early castration also facilitates restraint of the (smaller) calves, reduces the
duration of the procedure, and increases operator safety (38). Current techniques for local anaesthesia during
castration are not practical at a herd level. Research is currently underway in Canada to seek practical solutions to
these challenges.
For individual animals castrated at older ages, there is a variety of pain control methods available from your
veterinarian for pain control (37).
Only personnel skilled or trained in the particular method used should be allowed to castrate cattle as improper
castration is unacceptable. Improper castration can cause problems later on with bullish behaviour, and is
more invasive to correct.
REQUIREMENTS
Castration must be performed by competent personnel using proper, clean, well-maintained tools, and accepted
techniques.
Seek guidance from your veterinarian on the optimum method and timing of castration, as well as the availability
and advisability of pain control for castrating beef cattle.
Castrate calves before the age of three months wherever practically possible.
Use pain control, in consultation with your veterinarian, when castrating bulls older than 9 months of age.
23

a. Take steps, in consultation with your veterinarian, to mitigate the pain associated with castration.
b. When using bands or elastics for castration, ensure that both testicles are fully below the band or elastic
during application.
c. Avoid castrating at the time of weaning to reduce stress.
d. Restrain cattle according to their size and the castration method used.
e. Consult a veterinarian about antibiotic use when castrating surgically.
f. Take measures to control insects when castrating surgically during fly season.
g. When castrating weaned animals, use banding to reduce the risk of excessive bleeding, and for operator safety.
h. Ensure that tetanus vaccinations are current when applying bands to castrate bulls over 180 kg (400 lbs).
i. Monitor calves for 7-10 days after surgical castration or for 4-6 weeks if using bands (37). Check calves
frequently to ensure that they are nursing or eating, and that there are no signs of infection and/or
abnormal post-surgical bleeding.
j. Identify and record improperly-castrated cattle or those with undescended testicles for appropriate
further management.
4.6 Weaning
Weaning is the process of eliminating milk from the calfs diet (60). Under natural conditions, a cows milk
output decreases gradually over several months. Under conventional beef production, calves are typically weaned
at 5-8 months of age.
The loss of contact between cow and calf is stressful for both and the loss of milk is additionally stressful for the
calf (40). Newly weaned calves are at an increased risk for getting sick, in particular when other stressors are
added, such as: transportation and commingling with unfamiliar calves (44).
Most weaning methods use some form of separation of the cow and calf. Weaning is usually accomplished by
abruptly removing the calf from physical and visual contact with the dam. Fence-line weaning is a variation of
abrupt weaning where calves are separated from their dams and placed in an adjacent pen or pasture so that
auditory and visual contact is maintained. Two-stage weaning first prevents nursing by placing a nose-flap on the
calf while still with the cow. In the second stage, the nose-flap is removed and the cow and calf are separated (40).
a.
Provide calves with supplementary feed prior to weaning so that they are familiar with the feed prior to
the removal of milk.
b. Wean calves at least 30 days prior to moving to the feedlot.
c. Vaccinate calves at least two weeks prior to weaning (11).
d. Practice a low-stress weaning strategy, such as two-stage or fenceline weaning.
e. Move cows (rather than the calves) out of the previously-shared pen/pasture into new quarters, allowing
the calves to remain in a familiar environment post-weaning.
f. Check newly-weaned calves at least daily to ensure they are finding feed and water, especially if they are
in a new environment.
g. Be prepared to adapt weaning age according to the availability of pasture resources and cow body
condition score.
24
4.7 Predator Control

Predation of livestock by wild or feral animals can have a serious impact on animal welfare, causing undue stress,
injury, or death. Check with local or provincial authorities for possible predator control methods.
a.
Producers should be aware of predation risks in their area so that they may better design and implement
predator control measures.
b. Predator control measures should not bring additional risk to the livestock being protected, such as
potential exposure to poisons or traps.
4.8 Tail-docking
Tail docking is not a common practice in the beef industry, though it is occasionally done to prevent injury to
and infection of the tail of cattle housed in high-density slatted-floor barns.
REQUIREMENTS
Beef cattle must not be tail-docked unless on the advice of a veterinarian.
a. When new facilities are being built, design them to prevent tail injury and subsequent infection.
b. Reduce stocking density in slatted-floor facilities to reduce tail injuries.
25
Section 5: Transportation
Desired outcome: Cattle arrive at their destination in good condition.
Each person involved in various stages of cattle transportation in Canada has a role in ensuring that the
transportation process (including loading, transport, and unloading), does not cause injury, undue suffering, or
death of the animals.
If you are responsible for transporting animals, or arranging animals to be transported, you must follow the
most current national and provincial animal transport requirements (63, 64, 65). The federal requirements for
animal transport are covered under the Health of Animals Regulations, Part XII (65). They are enforced by the
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) with the assistance of other federal, provincial and territorial
authorities. Some provinces also have additional regulations related to animal transport. If you do not comply
with the regulations, you could be fined or prosecuted. If your actions or neglect are considered animal abuse,
you could also be charged and convicted under the Criminal Code of Canada and/or provincial regulations.
The scope of the Beef Code of Practice ends at the farm gate, but includes requirements and considerations that
affect the transportation process. To avoid duplication, the Code of Practice - Transportation should be used as
a reference document for the actual transportation process (62).
5.1 Pre-Transport Decision Making and Preparation for Transport

It is the responsibility of the party that is shipping (or causing to be loaded) the animals to ensure that all animals
are fit for the intended journey. Fit cattle are those in good physical condition and health that are expected to
reach their destination in the same condition. Refer to Appendices D and E to determine if an animal is fit for
transport and whether any special conditions apply. Note that the terms unfit and compromised are not
interchangeable. If you are unsure as to an animals fitness for transport, consult your veterinarian.
Those responsible for arranging transportation services need to know how long the animals will be expected to
be in transit, including intermediate stops, such as auction markets, and whether the transporter needs to provide
additional services (e.g. feed, water, rest, etc.) during transit. If in doubt, assume the longest trip when assessing
the trip.
REQUIREMENTS
The following are all requirements under the Health of Animals Regulations Part XII (65)
Unfit cattle must not be transported, unless for veterinary diagnosis or treatment under the advice of a
veterinarian (refer to Appendix D for a list of conditions).
Compromised animals may only be transported with special provisions, and directly to their final destination
(refer to Appendix D for a list of conditions and special provisions).
Cattle that are going to be transported for more than 24 hours must receive feed and water within 5 hours of
loading.
26
Cows or heifers likely to give birth during the journey must not be transported.
Ensure that any loading and unloading equipment, chutes, or conveyances are free of hazards in order to
minimize the risk of injury.
5.2 Arranging Transport

REQUIREMENTS
The right of the transporter to refuse to load animals that s/he deems unfit for transport must be respected. The
reason for refusal must be addressed.
Cattle producers and transporters must immediately report instances of inhumane handling to proper authorities.
a.
Make every effort to hire a reputable transporter that is experienced with the type of trip being planned.
Familiarity with the appropriate regulations and the Code of Practice for Transportation (62) is desirable.
b. Respect the recommendation of an experienced transporter to adjust loading densities to current
weather conditions and weight restrictions.
c. Ensure that all required documentation is completed to avoid unnecessary delays at inspection stations,
borders, or other checkpoints.
d. Provide cattle transporter(s) with the telephone number of the home or office of the shipper and
receiver to immediately report an emergency situation (appropriate numbers should be furnished by
shippers).
e. Consider extreme weather conditions when arranging transport, especially during hot and humid
weather.
5.3 Loading and Receiving

When loading cattle, shippers should defer to the expertise of the transporter who has a general understanding of
allowable weight and loading density on each part of the trailer. Transporters are also aware of variations
between provincial/state requirements.
General principles of good cattle handling apply to the loading and unloading of cattle (See Section 4.1
Handling and Moving Animals), and their use will streamline the process, reducing stress and injury for both
handlers and cattle.
27
REQUIREMENTS
Electric prods must only be used to assist movement of cattle when animal or human safety is at risk, and only
when cattle have a clear path to move.
The following are all requirements under the Health of Animals Regulations Part XII (65):
Do not load or unload livestock in a manner that is likely to cause injury or undue suffering.
Cattle must be able to stand in a normal posture without coming into contact with the roof or upper deck of the
vehicle.
Animals that arrive unable to rise and walk unassisted (non-ambulatory cattle/downers) must be examined on
arrival and their likelihood of recovery assessed. Animals that are unlikely to recover must not be dragged from
the vehicle while conscious; they must be humanely stunned or euthanized on the vehicle prior to unloading.
Once unloaded, a stunned animal must be immediately confirmed dead or euthanized.
Segregate animals that are incompatible by reason of their nature, temperament, sex, weight or age.
Ensure that animals have proper ventilation, are protected from extreme weather such as extreme cold, windchill
or extreme heat.
Provide safe and secure footholds (footing) or adequate bedding to prevent animals from slipping and falling.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Avoid over-crowding. Appropriate loading densities will depend on a number of factors including, but
not limited to animal size and body condition, presence of horns, and weather conditions. Cattle should
be provided with enough floor space in a vehicle to maintain their balance and change position within
the compartment. Refer to Appendix F for loading density guidelines (62).
Eliminate gaps between the end of the loading ramp and the vehicle (62).
Ensure that the loading area promotes smooth flow of cattle on or off the vehicle. Avoid significant
changes in floor height or distractions. If a difference in height between the loading surface and the
vehicle floor is significant enough to cause balking, a ramp should be used.
Avoid long distance transport in extremely hot, humid temperatures to prevent animal suffering.
During extreme weather, cattle waiting for loading or waiting for further actions after unloading should
be able to access well drained, sheltered areas with access to water.
During hot weather, schedule evening loading to avoid transport during the hottest hours of the day.
Schedule loading and transport to try to avoid long delays in transit (e.g., borders) or at the destination
(e.g., packing plants).
Ensure that calves that are less than 8 days of age or too young to be fed exclusively on hay and grain are
provided with suitable feed and water at 12 hour intervals for at least 8 hours.
Provide bedding for calves and compromised animals being transported long distances (greater than 250
km), during cold weather.
28
Section 6: On-Farm Euthanasia

Desired Outcome: Cattle suffering is limited by timely and effective euthanasia.
Euthanasia is the humane termination of an animals life. This may be necessary when a sick or injured animal is
not responding favourably to treatment or has a poor prognosis. Euthanasia of an animal may also be necessary
to ensure human safety, or for regulatory requirements associated with disease control.
Cattle must be rendered unconscious with minimal pain or distress prior to the cessation of vital life functions.
Depending on the method used, this may result from a single action (e.g., gunshot).
Be aware that cattle, as prey animals, may not be overt in their expression of pain or suffering, and that this may
affect your assessment of their condition in making a decision about euthanasia (71).
Frequent exposure to euthanasia can be psychologically and emotionally stressful for the employees involved,
which may over time result in rough animal handling and careless performance of euthanasia. Pro-active attitudes
towards and solid training in the techniques of euthanasia can help mitigate such effects (71).
6.1 On-Farm Euthanasia Decisions

A plan for making euthanasia decisions should include (66):
euthanasia training
access to proper equipment
when deciding to stop treating an animal and instead euthanize, taking the following into account:
o likelihood of recovery
o pain and distress of the animal
o ability to get to feed and water
o diagnostic information.
REQUIREMENTS
Cattle suffering from untreatable conditions or that have a poor prognosis for recovery must be euthanized
without delay if they are not fit for transport (Appendix D).
a.
Develop a euthanasia action plan, consulting your veterinarian if necessary, and review it annually.
Ensure that all personnel are aware of the action plan.
b. Ensure all personnel are trained on the proper methods for euthanasia.
c. Provide employees with a clear written policy that states the conditions under which animals should be
euthanized (68).
29
6.2 Methods of On-Farm Euthanasia

When choosing a method of euthanasia, consider the following (71):
Human safety;
Animal welfare;
Emotional comfort with the procedure (of both the person performing euthanasia and any observers);
Skill level of the person performing the euthanasia;
Cost;
Carcass disposal and rendering;
Potential need for brain tissue for diagnostic purposes.
REQUIREMENTS
An acceptable method for euthanizing cattle must be used in order to cause the least possible pain and distress
(Table 6.1).
Euthanasia must be performed by personnel with training or a sufficient combination of knowledge and
experience.
Equipment used for euthanasia, such as guns or captive bolt devices, must be maintained according to
manufacturers instructions to ensure proper function.
Non-ambulatory animals may not be dragged or forced to move prior to euthanasia.
Table 6.1 Acceptable Euthanasia Methods for Cattle (adapted from 66, 71, 72)
Method
Suitable for:
Procedure & Equipment
Gunshot
Calves
Requires a minimum of 307 joules (300 ft-lb) muzzle energy.

.22 calibre long rifle or greater, from distance of 5-25 cm from head (Figure 6.2).
Examples of appropriate firearms include: Greater than .22 calibre long rifle, highpowered rifle, or shotgun slug (Figure 6.1).
Examples of appropriate firearms include: .22 magnum or shotgun slug followed by
bleeding or pithing (Figure 6.1).
Choose appropriate calibre, charge, and bolt length for animal size.
Restraint if needed.
A secondary method (bleeding out or pithing) may be required if the penetrating
bolt gun is designed only to stun the animal.
(under 400 lbs)
Yearlings and
Cows
Mature Bulls
Penetrating
Captive Bolt
Device +
Secondary Kill
Step
Non-penetrating
Captive Bolt
Device +
Bleeding Out
Barbiturate
Overdose
All weight and age

classes
Young calves only
Bleeding out step required.
All animals
Must be administered by a veterinarian.

Safe disposal of carcass
30
Important - The following are some examples of methods that are unacceptable because they cause suffering
(66):
Manually-applied blunt trauma to the head does not consistently cause immediate loss of consciousness
Injection of chemical agents (other than barbiturates) into conscious animals - does not cause immediate loss
of consciousness
Air embolism causes pain associated with cardiac arrest
Electrocution causes pain associated with cardiac arrest after ineffective stunning
Exsanguination (bleeding out) without proper stunning first - causes pain and distress prior to loss of
consciousness
Figure 6-1. Location of the brain within the skull of a mature bovine and the correct placement and
direction of shot or captive bolt penetration (70).
Proper positioning of the firearm or penetrating captive bolt is necessary to achieve the desired
results. When euthanasia is performed by gunshot, the firearm should be held within a few
inches of the intended target. Ricochet may be prevented if the barrel of the firearm is
positioned perpendicular to the skull as shown in the diagram. The frontal target area is high up
on the head of the animal, NOT BETWEEN THE EYES. An X can be made on the animals
head by drawing imaginary lines between the outside corner of the eye to the horn on the
opposite side (or to the top of the opposite ear in an animal without horns). The shot is then
placed slightly above the intersection of the X (approximately 2 cm or 1 inch). The firearm
should be positioned so that the muzzle is perpendicular to the skull and the bullet will enter
the front of the head and travel toward the tail of the animal. There may be some differences in
location of the shot based on the skull shape and horn mass of an animal (such as for bulls).
31
Figure 6-2. Calves brains are larger relative to their body size than those of adult cattle. However, the forebrain
of calves is also comparatively underdeveloped. Therefore the correct placement of the captive bolt or the aiming
point of the firearm is lower as well. Tilt the gun back slightly to ensure destruction of the brainstem. (Adapted
from: http://www.facs.sk.ca/welfare_bovine_cf_euthanasia.htm)
a. Avoid moving or handling animals more than necessary prior to euthanasia.
b. Restrain animals as necessary for euthanasia, choosing the safest and least stressful method of restraint
possible.
c. Consider, in consultation with your veterinarian, using sedation to facilitate the euthanasia of
unmanageable or aggressive animals (69).
d. Perform bleeding out only as a secondary kill step (not a primary means of euthanasia). Consider pithing
as an alternative secondary kill step where aesthetic or sanitary concerns make bleeding out unfeasible
(Appendix H).
6.3 Confirmation of Insensibility and Death

Death does not occur immediately, but is the result of respiratory and cardiac failure, which can take several
minutes (69, 71). It is therefore essential that animals be swiftly rendered insensible, and remain insensible until
death has occurred. For this reason, euthanasia methods that affect the brain first (shooting or captive bolt) are
usually preferred (69).
An animal has not been successfully rendered insensible if it shows any of the following signs (71):
Vocalizes
Attempts to rise or right itself
Lifts its head
Shows eye movements or blinks
Responds to painful stimuli (e.g., pinching the nose)
32
REQUIREMENTS
Evaluate the animals consciousness immediately after the application of the appropriate euthanasia method by
checking for a corneal reflex (see below).
Have a secondary method available so that an animal that is not rendered insensible on the first attempt may
immediately receive a second procedure (which may be a repetition of the first).
Confirm death before moving or leaving the animal (see below).
Confirm insensibility:
Touch the eyelashes first to see if the animal blinks; this is called the palpebral reflex.
If the animal does not blink when the eyelashes are touched, touch the eyeball and note if the animal
blinks (corneal reflex). An insensible animal will not blink.
Even after correctly application gunshot or captive bolt pistol cattle typically show intense involuntary
muscle spasms for 5-10 seconds.
Confirm death following the use of an acceptable method of euthanasia.
A lack of heartbeat and respiration for more than five minutes should be used to confirm death (66)
Evaluate heartbeat by placing a stethoscope or by physical palpation over the left lower chest area of the
animal, just behind the elbow.
Evaluate respiration by observing the chest for any breathing movement. Note that breathing may be
slow and erratic in an unconscious animal.
33
References
ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT
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http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/beef5157. Accessed June 1, 2011.
2. Beef Code of Practice Scientists Committee, 2013. Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef
Cattle: Review of Scientific Research on Priority Issues. Pages 53-56. National Farm Animal Council.
Available: www.nfacc.ca.
5. Canada Plan Service. 2010. Beef Cattle Housing and Equipment, Plan M-1000. Available
http://www.cps.gov.on.ca/english/bc1000/bc1000.htm. Accessed February 27, 2012.
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good measure of heat stress in cattle? J. Anim. Sci. 13: 329-332.
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feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 712-719.
8. OMAFRA, 2007. Cold stress in cows. Agdex 420/51.
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http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Beef_Cattle_Housing. Accessed November 26, 2012.
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FEED AND WATER
11. Alberta Agriculture and Food. 2008. The Beef Cow-Calf Manual. Agdex 420/10.
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13. Alberta Agriculture. 2010. Winter feeding of bulls. Available:
http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/beef4881. Accessed January 26, 2011.
14. Degen, A.A. & Young, B.A. 1990. The performance of pregnant beef cows relying on snow as a water
source. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 70, 507-515.
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Impact of Winter Fed Range Cattle on Stream Water Quality. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
Available: http://lshs.tamu.edu/docs/lshs/end-notes/evaluation%20of%20off-stream%20water%20sour2921446930/evaluation%20of%20offstream%20water%20source%20to%20reduce%20impact%20of%20winter%20fed%20range%20cattle%20o
n%20stream%20water%20quality.pdf. Accessed November 27, 2012.
16. Olkowski, A.A. 2009. Livestock Water Quality - A Field Guide for Cattle, Horses, Poultry, and Swine.
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada. Available: http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=b9a1dcceffdc-4648-aac4-cf4d792d8d4b. Accessed January 25, 2011.
17. Rushen, J., A.M. de Passille, MAG von Keyserlingk, and DM Weary. 2008. Feeding and Nutrition. Page 211
in The Welfare of Cattle, Vol. 5, C. Phillips, ed. Springer, Dordrecht, NE.
18. Willms, W.D., O. Kenzie, Z. Mir, and D. Quinton. 1995. Effects of water supplied from old dugouts on the
performance of cattle. Fifth International Rangeland Congress, Salt Lake City, UT, July 1995.
19. Young, B.A. & Degen, A.A. 1980. Ingestion of snow by cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 51, 811-815.
20. Young, B.A. & Degen, A.A. 1991. Effect of snow as a water source on beef cows and their calf production.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 71, 585-588.
34
ANIMAL HEALTH
21. Aubert, A. 1999. Sickness and behavior in animals: a motivational perspective. Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews, 23, 10291036.
25. Feeder Associations of Alberta (FAA) and Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development (AAFRD).
2000. Alberta Feedlot Management Guide, 2nd edition (CD-ROM).
26. Galyean, M.L. & Rivera, J.D. 2003. Nutritionally related disorders affecting feedlot cattle. Canadian Journal
of Animal Science, 83, 13-20.
27. Hart, B.L. 1988. Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,
12, 123137.
28. Johnson, R.W. 2002. The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key
discoveries. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 87, 443450.
29. Millman, S.T. 2007. Sickness behaviour and its relevance to animal welfare assessment at the group level.
Animal Welfare, 16, 123-125.
30. Nagaraja, T.G. & Lechtenberg, K.F. 2007. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Veterinary Clinics Food Animal
Practice, 23, 351-369.
31. Nocek, J.E. 1997. Bovine acidosis: Implications on laminitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 80, 1005-1028.
32. Owens, F.N., Secrist, D.S., Hill, W.J. & Gill, D.R. 1998. Acidosis in cattle: A review. Journal of Animal
Science, 76, 275-286.
33. Penner, G.B., Yu, P. & Christensen, D.A. 2009. Effect of replacing forage or concentrate with wet or dry
distillers grains on the productivity and chewing activity of dairy cattle. Animal Feed Science and
Technology, 153, 10-10.
34. Rushen, J., A. M. de Passille, M. A. G. von Keyserlingk, and D. M. Weary. 2008. Health, Disease, and
Productivity. Page 16 in The Welfare of Cattle. Vol. 5. C. Phillips, ed. Springer, Dordrecht, NE.
35. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S., Beauchemin, K.A., Gibb, D.J., Crews Jr., D.H. Hickman, D.D., Streeter, M.
& McAllister, T.A. 2003. Effect of bunk management on feeding behavior, ruminal acidosis and
performance of feedlot cattle: A review. Journal of Animal Science, 81(E. Suppl. 2), E149-E158.
36. Woods, J., Shearer, J.K., and Hill, J. 2010. Recommended on-farm euthanasia practices. Ch 10 in Improving
Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach. T. Grandin (ed). CAB International, Oxfordshire UK.
HUSBANDRY
37. Beef Code of Practice Scientists Committee. 2013. Code of Practice for the care and handling of beef cattle:
Review of scientific research on priority issues. Pages 2-9. National Farm Animal Council. Available:
www.nfacc.ca.
www.nfacc.ca.
www.nfacc.ca.
www.nfacc.ca.
35
41. Beef Cattle Research Council (BCRC). 2012. National Beef Quality Audit 2010/11 Beef Carcass Audit Fact
Sheet. http://www.beefresearch.ca/files/pdf/fact-sheets/1181_CCA_NBQA_Factsheet_June_15_F.pdf.
Accessed August 26, 2012.
42. Beef Quality Assurance (BQA). 2010. The Cattle Industrys Guidelines for the Care and Handling of Beef
Cattle. http://www.bqa.org/CMDocs/bqa/GuidelinesfortheCareandHandlingofCattle.pdf. Accessed August
26, 2012.
43. Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. 2007. Position statement: Pain control in animals. Available:
http://canadianveterinarians.net/ShowText.aspx?ResourceID=750.
44. Edwards, T.A. 2010. Control methods for bovine respiratory disease for feedlot cattle. Veterinary Clinics of
North America: Food Animal Practice, 26, 273-284.
45. Farm Animal Council of Saskatchewan (FACS). 2012. Calving when and how to help. Available:
http://www.facs.sk.ca/pdf/cattle_facs/calving.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2012.
46. Faulkner, P.M. & D.M. Weary. 2000. Reducing pain after dehorning in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science,
83, 2037-2041.
47. Goonewardene L.A., Pang, H., Berg, R.T., & Price, M.A. 1999. A comparison of reproductive and growth
traits of horned and polled cattle in three synthetic beef lines. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 79, 123127.
48. Goonewardene L.A., Price, M.A., Liu, M.F., Berg, R.T., & Erichsen, C.M. 1999. A study of growth and
carcass traits in dehorned and polled composite bulls. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 79, 383-385
49. Lay, D.C. Jr., Friend, T.H., Grissom, K.K., Bowers, C.L., and Mal, M.E. 1992. Effects of freeze or hot-iron
branding of Angus calves on some physiological and behavioural indicators of stress. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science, 33:137-147.
50. Lay, D.C. Jr, Friend, T.H., Randel, R.D., Bowers, C.L., Grissom, K.K., and Jenkins, O.C. 1992. Behavioral
and physiological effects of freeze or hot-iron branding on crossbred cattle. J Anim Sci. 70:330-336.
51. Lay, D.C., Friend, T.H., Bowers, C.L., Grissom, K.K. & Jenkins, O.C. 1992. A comparative physiological
and behavioral study of freeze and hot-iron branding using dairy cows. J Anim Sci., 70, 1121-1125.
52. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). 2012. Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Section 7 Animal
Welfare, Chapter 7.9 Animal welfare and beef cattle productions systems.
http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Internationa_Standard_Setting/docs/pdf/A_Update_2012_Cha
pter_7.9._Beef_cattle.pdf. Accessed August 27, 2012.
53. Prayaga, K. C. 2007. Genetic options to replace dehorning in beef cattle - A review. Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research, 58, 1-8.
54. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S. & Stookey, J.M. 1997. The use of infrared thermography to assess
inflammation associated with hot-iron and freeze branding in cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 77,
577-583.
55. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S., Stookey, J.M., de Passill, A.M. & Rushen, J. 1997a. Comparison of hot-iron
and freeze branding on cortisol levels and pain sensitivity in beef cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science,
77, 369-374.
56. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S., Stookey, J.M. & Welford, R. 1997. Behavior of cattle during hot-iron and
freeze branding and the effects on subsequent handling ease. J Anim Sci., 75, 2064-2072.
57. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S., Stookey, J.M., Janzen, E.D. & McKinnon J. 1997. Effects of branding on
weight gain, antibiotic treatment rates and subsequent handling ease in feedlot cattle. Canadian Journal of
Animal Science, 77, 361-367.
58. Stookey, J.M. & Goonewardene, L.A. 1996. A comparison of production traits and welfare implications
between horned and polled beef bulls. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 76, 1-5.
59. Watts, J.M. & Stookey, J.M. 1999. Effects of restraint and branding on rates and acoustic parameters of
vocalization in beef cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 62, 125-135.
60. Weary, D.M., Jasper, J. & Htzel, M.J. 2008. Understanding weaning distress. Applied Animal Behaviour
Science, 110, 24-41.
61. Zollinger, W.A. and Carr, J. 1993. How to select, grow and manage replacement heifers. Oregon State
University EC951. Available:
http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25171/ECNO951.pdf?sequence=1.
Accessed October 2, 2012.
36
TRANSPORTATION
62. Canadian Agri-Food Research Council (CARC). 2001. Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and
Handling of Farm Animals Transportation. Available: http://www.nfacc.ca/codes-of-practice/transport.
Accessed August 15, 2012.
63. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). 2008. Transportation of animal program: Compromised animal
policy. Available: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/trans/polie.shtml. Date modified: 2012-0208. Accessed April 5, 2011.
64. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). 2008. Livestock Transport Requirements in Canada. Available:
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/trans/transpoe.shtml. Date Modified: 2008-03-04. Accessed
April 5, 2011.
65. Health of Animals (Canada) Regulations. 2012. C.R.C. c. 296. Available: http://lawslois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.%2C_c._296/page-55.html Accessed April 5, 2011.
EUTHANASIA
66. American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP). 1999. Practical Euthanasia of Cattle: Considerations
for the producer, livestock operator, livestock transporter, and veterinarian. Available:
http://www.aabp.org/resources/euth.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2012.
67. Appelt, M. and Sperry, J. 2007. Stunning and killing cattle humanely and reliably in emergency situations A
comparison between a stunning-only and a stunning and pithing protocol. Can Vet J. 48(5): 529-534.
68. Blackwell, T.E. 2004.Production practices and well-being in swine In: Benson, G.J. and Rollins, B.E. (eds)
The Well-being of Farm Animals. Blackwell Publishing, Ames Iowa, pp. 241-269.
69. Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA). 2011. Canadian Veterinary Medical Association Position
Statement: Euthanasia. http://canadianveterinarians.net/ShowText.aspx?ResourceID=34. Accessed
November 27, 2011.
70. Shearer, J.K. and Nicoletti, P. 2012. Procedures for Humane Euthanasia, Humane Euthanasia of sick,
injured, and or debilitated livestock.
http://vetmed.iastate.edu/sites/default/files/vdpam/Extension/Dairy/Programs/Humane%20Euthanasia/
EuthanasiaBrochure20120810.pdf - Accessed August 14, 2012.
71. Woods, J., Shearer, J.K., and Hill, J. 2010. Recommended on-farm euthanasia practices. Ch 10 in Improving
Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach. T. Grandin (ed). CAB International, Oxfordshire UK.
72. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). 2010. Glossary. Terrestrial Animal Health Code 1(sec. 7.6).
Available: http://www.oie.int/index.php?id=169&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_1.7.6.htm. Accessed November
27, 2011.
37
APPENDIX A: Housing Space

Recommendations
Producers are encouraged to consult provincial regulations for intensive livestock operations.
FEEDLOT - without shed

hard surfaced
soil
bedded mound
FEEDLOT - with shed
Lot Area
hard surfaced (min)
Soil
Shed Area
Floor area
Clear height (min)
SLATTED FLOORS
(100% slatted)
MATERNITY PENS
(minimum additional area, not
slatted)
WATER
surface area, per 25 head
water demand (average)
FEED BUNK - length
simultaneous or limited feeding
full- or self-feeding:
Roughage only
Complete ration
Grain/concentrates only
Height at throat (max)
Max Reach (top of throat board
to bottom outside corner)
Cows and Bred Heifers

per head
Calves
per head
(225 kg/500 lbs)
Yearlings
per head
(to 340 kg/750
lbs)
7 m2/80 ft2
28 m2/300 ft2
3.25 m2/35 ft2
4 m2/40 ft2
14 m2/150 ft2
2.3 m2/25 ft2
4 m2/45 ft2
23 m2/250 ft2
2.8 m2/30 ft2
5 m2/50 ft2
28 m2/300 ft2
2 m2/25 ft2
14 m2/150 ft2
3 m2/20 ft2
23 m2/250 ft2
3 m2/30 ft2
3 m/10 ft
1.410 m2/15 ft2

3 m/10 ft
1.9 m2/20 ft2

3 m/10 ft
2.8 m2/30 ft2

3mx3m/
10 ft x 10 ft (min)
1.1 m2/11 ft2

---
1.9 m2/16 ft2

---
0.1 m2/1 ft2
0.1 m2/1 ft2
0.2 m2/1 ft2
38 L/day; 76 L/day if hot

10 gal/1100 lb live wt/day; 20 gal/1100 lb live wt/day if hot
66-76 cm/26-30 inches
46-56 cm/18-22 inches
56-66 cm/22-66
inches
20 cm/8 inches
15 cm/6 inches
7.5 cm/3inches
56 cm/22 inches
15 cm/6 inches
12.5 cm/5 inches
5 cm/2 inches
46 cm/ 18 inches
20 cm/8 inches
15 cm/6 inches
7.5 cm/3 inches
56 cm/18 inches
86 cm/34 inches
60 cm/24 inches
76 cm/30 inches
Source: Adapted from Canada Plan Service, 2010 Beef Cattle Housing and Equipment, Plans M-1000 and
1000. Available http://www.cps.gov.on.ca/english/bc1000/bc1000.htm. Accessed September 2, 2012.
38
Appendix B: Body Condition Scoring

Body Condition Scoring (BCS) is a hands-on method of assessing the amount of fat cover on an animal,
and is an important tool in managing beef cattle and optimizing the use of feed resources. In Canada, we use a 5point BCS system, originally developed in Scotland. American beef producers typically use a 9-point system.
BCS is determined by assessing the degree of muscle and fat cover at specific landmarks on an animals body,
specifically over the spinous (vertical) and transverse (horizontal) processes of the short ribs (loin) and (in fatter
cattle) the tail head and ribs.
Be aware that body condition scores are most applicable to mature cattle and may be of little use for cattle under
1 year of age.
39
40
Body Condition Scores for Beef Cows

Overview of all the body condition scores of Beef Cows
BCS 1
ENTIRE ANIMAL
Extremely thin
No fat in brisket or tail docks
All skeletal structures are visible
No muscle tissue evident
No external fat present
Dull hair
Survival during stress doubtful
BACK BONE
Individual vertebrae well defined, sharp
Can place fingers between each vertebae
SHORT RIBS
Visually prominent
No fat present
Very sharp to the touch
BCS 2

ENTIRE ANIMAL
Thin
Upper skeleton prominent (vertebra, hips, pin

bones)
Muscle tissue evident, but not abundant
Some tissue cover around the tail dock, over the

hip bones and the flank
BACK BONE
Individual vertebrae can be felt, but not as sharp
Cant place fingers between vertebrae
SHORT RIBS
Feel individual ribs, sharp rather than very sharp
Identify individual ribs visually

41
BCS 3

ENTIRE ANIMAL
Ideal flesh for calving
Ribcage only slightly visible
Hooks and pins visible, but not prominent
Muscle tissue nearing maximum
Fat deposit behind shoulder obvious
Fat in brisket area
Tail docks easily felt
BACK BONE
Somewhat defined
Difficult to feel top of vertebrae
SHORT RIBS
Completely covered with fat, beginning to spread

over rump
Individual ribs only felt with firm pressure
BCS 4

ENTIRE ANIMAL
Skeletal structure difficult to identify
Obvious fat deposits behind shoulder, and at tail

head
Fat on brisket and over shoulder
BACK BONE
Flat appearance to the top line
Cant feel individual vertebrae
SHORT RIBS
Folds of fat beginning to develop over the ribs and

thighs
Cant feel individual ribs, even with firm pressure
42
BCS 5

ENTIRE ANIMAL
Obese
Flat appearance dominates
Brisket heavy
Bone structure not noticeable, blocky

appearance
Tail head and hips bones almost completely

buried in fat and folds of fat
BACK BONE
Flat back
Cant feel backbone
SHORT RIBS
Completely covered by fat
Mobility impaired by large amounts of fat

Sources:
Alberta Agriculture and Food. Body Condition: Implications for Managing Beef Cows. Agdex 420/40-1.
Available: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex9622/$FILE/body-conditionimplications-for-managing-beef-cows.pdf. Accessed October 2, 2012.
Whats the Score: Beef Cow Body Condition Scoring (BCS) Guide. Alberta Agriculture. Available:
http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex9622/$FILE/bcs-beef-cow.pdf
43
Appendix C: Nutrient Requirement

Guidelines for Beef Cows and Growing
Beef Cattle
Table 1 - Nutritional Requirement Guidelines for Beef Cows (1 200 lbs body weight)
Class
Dry Cow, Early to Mid-Gestation
Dry Cow, Late-Gestation
Lactating Cow
TDN%
48-52
58
60-65
CP%
7
9
11-12
Ca%
0.26
0.27
0.36
P%
0.16
0.17
0.26
Nutritional requirements vary with body weight and stage of production. All rations should be balanced for energy, protein,
vitamins and minerals (Beef NRC, 2000. Available: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9791).
Table 2 - Nutritional Requirement Guidelines for Growing Beef Cattle

Class
Growth
TDN%
70
CP%
13
Ca%
0.49
P%
0.24
(500 lbs BW)

Finishing
80
11
0.42
0.22
(800 lbs BW)

Nutritional requirements vary with body weight and stage of production.
All rations should be balanced for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals (Beef NRC,
2000; Available: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9791).
44
Appendix D: Transport Decision Tree

Transport Fit Animals

Those that will arrive at
their final destination in good condition
According to CFIA regulations and
policies
Consult also Code of Practice
for the Transport of
Livestock

*Special provisions

Compromised animals, if loaded,
must be transported directly to the
nearest available place to receive care,
treatment, be slaughtered or euthanized
but only with special provisions, such as:
Local direct transport only;
Extra bedding;
Loading in a rear compartment;
Separation from other animals;
Penning with a familiar companion
animals;
Other measures as appropriate, e.g.
veterinary assessment prior to loading
when unsure of the animals capacity to
withstand transportation.
Transport with Special

Provisions*
Compromised Animals Policy
(Health of Animals Regulations Part XII)

Examples:
Lameness, even if slight (may deteriorate quickly
in transit);
Cancer eye;
Bloated (if not weak or already down);
Having given birth in the preceding 48 hours;
Frostbite;
Labored breathing;
Blindness in both eyes;
Open wound (depending on the severity of the
wound, the animal may be unfit);
Not fully healed after an operation, such as
dehorning or castration;
Rectal or vaginal prolapse;
Lumpy jaw;
Left/right displaced abomasum (without
weakness, toxicity);
Abscess;
Penis injury;
Hardware with localized signs;
Broken tail or jaw;
Hobbled to prevent kicking; or
Amputation or deformity (only if fully-healed
and not painful).
Do Not Transport Unfit

Other than for veterinary
diagnosis or care

Examples:
Unable to rise, remain standing, or move
without assistance, reluctant to move (non-
ambulatory);
Severe lameness;
Fractured limb or pelvis;
Rupture of pre-pubic tendon (after
splitting);
Likely to give birth;
Uterine prolapse;
Severe cancer eye;
Arthritis in multiple joints;
Cancer/leukosis (extensive);
Pneumonia (unresponsive with fever);
Water belly;
Nervous disorder (e.g. rabies must be
reported to CFIA);
Emaciation, dehydration or exhausted;
Shock or dying, or fever.

Do not continue to transport an
animal that becomes compromised
or unfit beyond the nearest available
place where it can receive care,
be euthanized or slaughtered.
45
Appendix E: Lameness Descriptions

Rendering Animals Compromised or
Unfit for Transport
Use these descriptions to determine whether an animal requires special provisions during transportation or
whether it is unfit for transport.
Transport with special provisions:
The animal has imperfect locomotion, a slight limp; the lame leg may not be immediately identifiable.
Rationale: Even a slight lameness is a condition that can deteriorate very quickly especially when the animal must negotiate ramps
during the loading and unloading process justifying the need to avoid auction markets and assembly yards. This animal is at risk of
becoming non-ambulatory during transport and can only be transported with special provisions to the nearest suitable place where it
can be humanely slaughtered (local slaughter), or cared for.
Do Not Load - Unfit for Transport (except for veterinary treatment or diagnosis, using specialized equipment
and in accordance with provincial regulations on the advice of a veterinarian):
It cannot rise without assistance and is reluctant to walk, and exhibits halted movement. This animal is nonambulatory. Treatment, euthanasia, or emergency on-farm slaughter is necessary.
It is unable to rise or to remain standing without assistance. This animal is non-ambulatory. Treatment,
euthanasia, or emergency on-farm slaughter is necessary.
It cannot be transported without undue suffering because of lameness (Health of Animals Regulations 138(2)(a),
even if the animal can rise or remain standing without assistance because the animal demonstrates one of the
following (obvious arched back and head bob or obvious limp with uneven weight bearing and not bearing any
weight on one leg immediately identifiable ie. inability to use a foot to walk or obvious shortened strides, animal
must be strongly encouraged to move.
Note: In rare instances, where an animal has a deformity or has a an amputated limb that has fully healed and
where the animal is NOT suffering due to the lameness, said animal can be transported to local slaughter or care
with special provisions as the deformity or healed amputated limb would render the animal compromised.
46
Appendix F: Loading Densities for Beef

Cattle
Adapted from: Canadian Agri-Food Research Council (CARC). 2001. Recommended Code of Practice for the
Care and Handling of Farm Animals Transportation.
Available: http://www.nfacc.ca/codes-of-practice/transport. Accessed August 15, 2012.
47
Appendix G: Branding Cattle

A good hot brand is recognizable because it destroys hair follicles located under several layers of skin and leaves
a permanent bald scar on the hide of the animal. A simple brand design is encouraged as it will cause less stress
to the animal and be easier to read. The secret to successful hot branding is destroying hair follicles without
burning through the hide.
By following these simple steps, it is possible to place a brand that will provide a permanent means of
identification and cause very little discomfort to the animal. Remember, it is only when you burn through the
hide that severe pain and stress occur.
The iron used in hot branding should be made of good iron or steel and constructed as suggested in this
document.
The animal must be restrained in such a manner that it cannot move. For calves, use a branding table, suitable
size of squeeze or manual wrestling. For older cattle, squeeze with adequate opening in the area where brand is
applied to avoid "crowding of irons".
Check your iron for temperature. A black iron is too cold: a red iron is too hot. An iron that is the color of grey
ashes is the proper temperature and will produce a good brand.
Using ash-grey coloured iron and not exerting excessive pressure, allow the iron to do the branding. Roll the iron
with the shape of the animal's body to put the same pressure at all points of iron contact.
A proper brand should be the colour of saddle brown leather when the iron is removed. The time required to
produce this saddle brown colour should only be three to five seconds.
Keep irons free of scale and burnt hair. A wire brush or pail of sand works well.
Do not permit iron to slip or slide.
Do not brand wet animals as moisture transfers heat over a large area. This will result in an unreadable, blotched
brand. Branding wet animals will also cause scalding which is slow to heal.
Animals with heavy winter hair coats should be clipped before branding. Excess hair may also be removed by
applying the iron softly and wiping away burned hair with your glove. Ensure the iron is free of burnt hair then
continue to apply the brand.
Materials for Hot Branding Irons
Among the most suitable materials for making hot branding irons are iron, steel and stainless steel. Stainless steel
is noted for its ability to withstand extreme heat. Irons made of copper alloy will not withstand the extreme heat
as well as iron or steel. Copper is a very fast conductor of heat making the irons prone to overheating and burn
up in a much shorter period of time.
48
Type of Branding Iron
Electric Brander
Photo: www.jefferslivestock.com
(A) COW Brand - uses 7.9 mm (5/16) element for characters 100 - 127 mm (4 or 5) high.
(B) CALF Brand - uses 6.4 mm (1/4) element for characters 63.5 - 76.2 (2 1/2 or 3) high.
Excerpted with permission from Cattle and Horse Branding, a publication of the Saskatchewan Ministry of
Agriculture (December 2008). Available at:
http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=8a97bc86-0ab6-4a72-97d9-156eab30881b
49
Appendix H: Euthanasia: Secondary Kill

Steps: Bleeding out and Pithing
Bleeding out (Exsanguination)
Bleeding out should be performed using a pointed, very sharp knife with a rigid blade at least 15 cm (6 inches) in
length. Insert the knife through the skin of an already insensible animal just behind the point of the jaw and
below the bones of the neck (see Figure 1). Draw the knife forward to sever the jugular vein, carotid artery, and
the windpipe (71). Blood should flow freely, and death will occur in several minutes.
Figure 1. Exsanguination of an unconscious animal (previously stunned with captive bolt or gunshot): Insert a
sharp, single-sided blade, at least 6 inches long into the neck below the neck bones and behind the jaw. Draw
the blade forward to sever the major blood vessels (jugular vein and carotid artery) of the neck and the windpipe
(trachea). Blood should begin to flow freely, and death occurs within minutes.
Pithing
Pithing is the process of mechanically destroying the brain of a stunned, unconscious animal to prevent return to
consciousness. It can also help reduce the involuntary reflex kicking shown by some stunned animals. Pithing is
performed by inserting a rod or cane (approx 1 m long x 5-10 mm in diameter) through the hole in the skull
created by gunshot or the penetrating captive bolt pistol (Figure 2; 67). The rod is then manipulated by the
operator to destroy the animals brain and spinal cord. Pithing rods are commercially available (e.g.,
www.pithingrods.com), or can be fashioned from a variety of materials, such as: steel rod, high tensile wire, a
discarded cattle insemination rod (71).
50

Figure 2. Pithing of a previously stunned animal. The line perpendicular to the animals forehead shows the
location for application of the captive bolt pistol. The curved pithing rod (shown here only partially inserted) is
inserted into the hole in the skull created by stunning, and manipulated through the brain to the top of the spinal
cord, ensuring death. The sponge and plug on this commercially-available disposable pithing rod seals the hole,
thereby improving biosecurity. Photo: Appelt and Sperry, 2007 (67)
51
Appendix I: Participants
Beef Code Development Committee
Organization
Alberta Society for the Protection of Animals
Beef Code of Practice Scientists Committee
Beef Code of Practice Scientists Committee
Beef Producer (feedlot sector) - NB
Beef Producer (cow-calf sector) - SK
Fdration des producteurs de bovins du Qubec - Beef
producer (cow-calf)
Canadian Cattlemens Association
Beef Producer (cow-calf sector) - ON
Beef Producer (feedlot sector) - AB
Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (BC SPCA)
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Canadian Veterinary Medical Association
Cargill
Manitoba Agriculture, Food, and Rural Initiatives
Ontario Trucking Association, Livestock Transporters
Division
National Farm Animal Council
Representative
Morris Airey
Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, PhD
Joseph Stookey, PhD
Robert Acton
Kim Hextall
Alain Juneau
Ryder Lee
Ian McKillop (Committee Chair)
John Schooten
Geoff Urton, MSc
Genevieve Benard, MSc
John Campbell, DVM
Mike Siemens, PhD
Melinda German, MSc
Randy Scott
Allison Taylor, PhD (Code Development
Secretary)
Beef Code Scientists Committee

Organization
International Society for Applied Ethology - Canadian
region
Canadian Society of Animal Science/ International
Society for Applied Ethology - Canadian region
Canadian Society of Animal Science
Canadian Society of Animal Science / International
Society for Applied Ethology - Canadian region
Representative
John Campbell, DVM
Janice Berg, DVM
Ed Pajor, PhD
Joe Stookey, PhD (Committee Co-Chair)
Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, PhD
(Committee Co-Chair)
Derek Haley, PhD
Thanks also to:
Reynold Bergen, PhD - Canadian Cattlemens Association

Marina (Nina) von Keyserlingk, PhD - University of British Columbia
Greg Penner, PhD - University of Saskatchewan
Anonymous peer reviewers of Beef Scientists Committee Report
The contribution of all participants is greatly appreciated.
52
Codes of Practice updates initiated from 2010 to 2013 are part of the project: Addressing Domestic and
International Market Expectations Relative to Farm Animal Welfare.
Funding for this project has been provided by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) through the
Agricultural Flexibility Fund, as part of the Government of Canada's Economic Action Plan (EAP). The EAP
focuses on strengthening the economy and securing Canada's economic future. For more information on
AgriFlexibility and Canada's Economic Action Plan, please visit www.agr.gc.ca/agriflexibility and
www.actionplan.gc.ca. Opinions expressed in this document are those of the National Farm Animal Care
Council (NFACC) and not necessarily those of AAFC or the Government of Canada.
53

Draft Beef Code Dec 2012

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CODE

APPENDIX A: HOUSING SPACE RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 38

shelter for protection and comfort

Section 1: Animal Environment

1.1 Protection from Extreme Weather

Age (especially newborn calves)

1.1.1 High Temperature and Humidity

open-mouth panting with tongue protruding

1.1.2 Extreme Cold

Shivering (cattle may stop shivering if hypothermia worsens)

Extra Hay or Grain Required

1.2 Facilities for All Cattle

1.3 Additional Facilities for Calving Cows

Section 2: Feed and Water

2.1 Nutrition and Feed Management

Start of winter feeding program

Target BCS (out of 5)

Section 3: Animal Health

3.1 Herd Health Management Programs and Record-Keeping

3.2 Sick, Injured, and Cull Animals

Consult a veterinarian to address new, unknown, or suspicious illness or death losses.

3.3 Health Conditions Related to Feedlot Cattle

3.3.1 Managing Risk of Bovine Respiratory Disease

3.3.3 Nutritional Disorders Associated with High Concentrate Feeding

3.3.4 Buller-Steer Syndrome

3.4 Safety and Emergencies

Section 4: Animal Husbandry

4.1 Handling and Moving Animals

4.2 Reproduction & Calving Management

You cannot reposition an improperly presented calf within 20 minutes.

4.4 Disbudding and Dehorning

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES (37)

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES (38)

4.7 Predator Control

5.1 Pre-Transport Decision Making and Preparation for Transport

5.2 Arranging Transport

5.3 Loading and Receiving

Section 6: On-Farm Euthanasia

6.1 On-Farm Euthanasia Decisions

6.2 Methods of On-Farm Euthanasia

Procedure & Equipment

Requires a minimum of 307 joules (300 ft-lb) muzzle energy.

(under 400 lbs)

All weight and age

Young calves only

Must be administered by a veterinarian.

6.3 Confirmation of Insensibility and Death

Confirm death following the use of an acceptable method of euthanasia.

APPENDIX A: Housing Space

FEEDLOT - without shed

Cows and Bred Heifers

1.410 m2/15 ft2

1.9 m2/20 ft2

2.8 m2/30 ft2

1.1 m2/11 ft2

1.9 m2/16 ft2

0.1 m2/1 ft2

0.1 m2/1 ft2

0.2 m2/1 ft2

38 L/day; 76 L/day if hot

46-56 cm/18-22 inches

Appendix B: Body Condition Scoring

Body Condition Scores for Beef Cows

No fat in brisket or tail docks