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TECHNICAL NOTE
D-665
THE
By
MAGNETIC
Edmund
FIELD
E.
OF
Callaghan
Lewis
and
Research
Cleveland,
NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
WASHINGTON
FINITE
SOLENOID
Stephen
H.
Maslen
Center
Ohio
AND
SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Oetober
1960
NATIONAL
AERONAUTICS
AND
TECHNICAL
THE
By
O
O
MAGNETIC
Edmund
E.
FIELD
Callaghan
SPACE
NOTE
OF A
ADMINISTRATION
D-465
FINITE
and
SOLENOID
Stephen
H. Maslen
SUMMARY
The axial and radial
fields
at any point inside
or outside
a finite
solenoid
with infinitely
thin walls are derived.
Solution
of the equations has been obtained
in terms of tabulated
complete
elliptic
integrals.
For the axial field an accurate
approximation
is given in terms of
elementary
functions.
Fields
internal
and external
to the solenoid
are
presented
in graphical
form
for
a wide
variety
of
solenoid
lengths.
INTRODUCTION
!
O
The recent
great
interest
in plasmas
either
as a source
of energy
or as a propulsion
device
has resulted
in a greatly
renewed
interest
in
the magnetic
fields
produced
by various
configurations
of electromagnets.
Of the possible
methods
of plasma
confinement
by far the most promising
appears
to be the use of magnetic
fields
(ref. I).
The calculation
of the fields
generated
by various
electromagnetic
configurations
such as loops_
finite
helical
solenoids,
and infinite
solenoids
has been treated
by the early classical
physicists,
but only
the simplest
cases such as the single
loop have been calculated
for the
entire
field both
inside
and outside
the loop (e.g., ref. 2).
In other
cases
such as the helical
solenoid
or the finite
solenoid
the calculations
have been limited
to the axis (ref. 3).
axis positions
have been done by Foelsch
(ref.
are obtainable
by means
of a large number
which
are valid over restricted
ranges
of
Derivations
4), and the
of the offsolutions
of approximate
expressions
size or position.
The princi-
pal difficulty
in the calculation
of the fields
of nearly
all configurations
has resulted
from the fact that the integral
solution
cannot
be achieved
without
the use of various
elliptic
integrals.
Even though
many of these are tabulated_
the calculations
involved
are laborious.
Such calculations
can, however,
be made using modern
high-speed
computers
since machine
programs
have or can be written
for many of the
elliptic
functions.
A@
magnetic
coil
Br,Bz
radial
complete
current
complete
vector
potential
component
in
@-direction
magnetic
induction
component
radius
and
axial
elliptic
in each
integral,
second
kind
filament
elliptic
integral,
first
kind
k
L
coil
number
r_ e_ z
cylindrical
ho
Heuman
permeability
z_
length
of
turns
per
unit
coll
length
coordinates
lambda
function
L
2
qD
DERIVATION
Consider
a solenoid
as
shown
OF E:QUATION3
in the
L/2
_b
z,Z
follewing
sketch:
The magnetic
potential
A
field
by
due
to
this
coil
is
given
in terms
of
the
vector
(I)
=VXA
where;
for the geometry
assumed_
Then equation
(i) yields
simply
Br
only
the
A8
component
can
be
nonzero.
= _
(2)
I.
;_Ae
Bz = l _(rAe)
r
For
a single
circular
filament_
Ae
;gr
one
has
= 4_i_ifa
csR 8 d8
where
R
is the distance
from the local point
on the filament
to the
field point.
For a solenoid
made up of a series
of
n
filaments
per
unit length_
we have then
<9
L/2
cos
Ae=_/
a_o
V(z
Z)2
+'r
8 d8
+ a 2
2at
cos
or
A0= f /o
2_
where
origin
cos
+ r 2 + a 2
_ = z - Z, _
= z L/2; and
Z
to the filament.
On integrating
i o = _
cos e in
2_
8 d8
(3)
d_
+ _2
2ar
is the axial
with respect
cos
distance
from the
to
_
this becomes
+ r 2 + a 2 _ 2ar cos
__
ae
(4)
0
A more
Ae
convenient
form
= a_nilsin2_ 0 inI_
can
be
found
by
integrating
by
parts:
+
e=0
ar
+r 2 +a 2-2ar
sin?8
cos
de
e)V_2
]_+
+r 2 +a?_
2at
cos
8J{_
4
The first
_2
Ae
r2
V_2
use
term vanishes.
a 2
+ r 2 + a2
of
the
Onmultiplying
_ 2dr
cos
8 - _
_ 2dr
cos
@ -
limits
a2_ nit
eliminates
rearranging
one
term,
terms,
there
and
follows
_Ao
- _-_- =
_
sin28 + d8r2
8)V_2
cos
can now
equation
Bz, first
as in the
- 2dr
cos
The
0 d0
_ alani
from equation
equation
(5),
_ cos
r 2 + a2
2ar
cos
O(r -a
0)_'2
:os
radial
(G)
2_
evaluate
_A@/_r
case of obtazning
(5)
8] __
cos
be easily
obtained.
(Z) and yields
_
-
+ a2
_2 + r 2 + a 2 _ 2dr
_AO_
that
{+
I( a 2 + r 2 - Zar
To get
ceeding
observing
2_
Br
the integrand by
cos
The
(4).
is
__
result_
pro-
O)dO
t- r 2 +
a2
2dr
cos
__
(7)
If
equations
Bz
_ i
_(rA8)
_r
(S)
and
2,_
(7)
are
f[
put
into
(2),
th_
result
is
_(a-0)
?cose)de
(r2
+a2 2atcos
+r2+a2 2= cos0]_+
(8)
Equations
(6)
and
(8) describe
the
magnetic
field
due
to
a finite
sole-
noid.
Numerical
results
can readily
be found by integrating
these equations
on a computer.
However,
the results
eal also be expressed
in
terms
of standard
elliptic
integrals_
which
as
already
tabulated.
This
we proceed
to do.
412.01
Consider
(noting
B r.
the
This can be
special
case
evaluated
by Ise of formulas
of
_2 = k 2) )f reference
5.
291.05
and
One has
successively,
Br
__r
"
m_.
(r +
a) 2
IK(k)
m_._._2)sn2u di:+
1(.2- - k2sn2u
I
co
O
O
+ (r + a)z
i -
K(k)
Br
O
o
ob
!
Tr
E(k)][+
2k
(9)
k J__
where
k2
4ar
(a + r) 2
_Z +
In
a similar
integrals.
First
then use formulas
successively
manner,
change
233.19
B z (eq.
the
and
(8))
can
(10)
be
reduced
variable
of integration
413.06
of reference
5.
to
standard
elliptic
to
t = cos @,
There
follows
and
Bz __
Bz
r22+
- t
a2
(1 - t _) _2 +2arr2
1
_ni
- 2_(a + r)
_k
Sz =
(a
_ [._K(k)
+ r
4ar
g_
du
(a + r)2 snZu
[k
- t
sn2u ,
a
0
n__.
+ a 2
_-
r)[
+ ]"(a
r)_l
(11)
;%(m,kj__
where
(12)
As
before,
ho(_,k
is given
) is tabulated
equation
(I0).
in references
by
5 and
Br
,_
_ni
[(_2
The
Heuman
lambda
function
6.
simply
to
equations
a2,3/_, -
+a2r / . ._]_+
(13)
(1A)
_2+a2
A convenient
to i percent
approximation
for
in this range,
is
Bz =
m(l
Bz,
2k')
valid
__
whenever
r _< a
and
accurate
C
C
I
CO
0
0
where
actly
k 2.
Equation
(15)
ex-
reduces
CALCULATIONS
with
Equations
(9) and (ii) are readily
written
in dimensionless
the distances
given
in units of the solenoil
radius.
Then
tions
(9) to (14)
_+
throughout.
Plots
of
-4Br/_ni , are
still
hold
the dimensionless
given in figures
but
with
ij r/a,
_h/a
replacing
form
equaa,
length
to radius
in the range from i to
2 the radial
distance
is given in terms
the axial distance
is given in terms of
r,
were
25.
of
the
Discussion
The figures
clearly
show that increasing
solenoid
length
decreases
the radial
variation
of the axial field.
This r_sult
is expected
since
an infinitely
long solenoid
has a uniform
field
;hroughout.
For short
solenoid
lengths
(fig. l(a)),
the axial field
increases
rapidly
from
the center
to the wall for positions
near the ee:Iter of the solenoid.
In fact,
at the center
the curve approaches
very closely
that for a
simple
loop.
It should be noted that the radial
field
is always
infinite
2z/L = 1. O and
r/a = 1.
This point
corresponds
to the edge of
current
sheet and would be expected
to produce
s lch a result.
In general,
uniform
fields
with total variations
be achieved
over as much as 60 percent
of the internal
solenoid
if the length
is 25 radii
or greater.
at
the
of i percent
can
volume
of the
It is interesting to note that the results obtained herein for magnetic fields are closely related to the velocity fields produced by a
lifting
helicopter rotor (e.g., ref. 7). The physical model is the same
but the detailed methods of solution are widely different.
Lewis Research Center
National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration
Cleveland, Ohio, May 23, 1960
REFERENCES
!. Bishop, AmasaS.: Project Sherwood- The U.S. Program in Controlled
Fusion. Addison-Wesley Pub., 1958.
2. Scott, William T.: The Physics of Electricity
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1959.
Integrals.
,our. Math.
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2.8
.4
Dimensionless
radial
(a)
Figure
2.
Dimensionless
L/a
radial
field,
4J r/_ni
i.
field
of
finite
solenoid.
!
r.o
o
o
17
.4
.8
1.2
Dimensionless
1.6
radial
(b)
Figure
2.
Continued.
Dimensionless
"_/a
2.0
field,
=
2.4
2.8
4Br/#ni
2.
radial
field
of
finite
solenoid.
3.2
18
I
<0
0
0
.4
.8
1.2
Dimensionless
1.6
radial
2.8
2.4
2.(,
field,
4Br, _ni
(o) L/_ = _.
Figure
2.
Continued.
Dimensionless
radial
field
of
finite
solenoid.
3.2
19
0
0
O_
I
2.8
2.6
1o
.4
.8
1.2
1.6
Dimensionless
radial
2.0
field,
2.4
2.8
4Br/_ni
(d) L/_= 4.
Figure
2.
- Continued.
Dimensionless
radial
field
of
finite
solenoid.
3.2
2O
2.8
!
QO
(D
CD
2.6
2.
2.
2. C
1.8
l.E
1.4
i.
i.(
.4
.8
1.2
Dimensionless
I.G
radial
2.0
field_
2.4
2.8
iBr/_ni
(e)L/a = _.
Figure
_,
- Continued.
Dimensionless
radial
field
of
finite
solenoid.
3.2
21
3.0
0
0
2.8
4
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
%
1.6
n
"_
n
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.&
.2
2.
Continued.
Dimensionless
radial
field
of
finite
solenoid.
22
II
:!!!
i!tt
itH
IUt
I,w
i;i!
o_
M_
lift
A
_r
i!
If'
._r
.4
.8
1.2
1.6
Dimensionless
(g)
Figure
2.
Continued.
2.0
radial
Dimensionless
L/a
field,
2.8
2.4
Z Br/_ni
15,
radial
field
of
finite
solenoid.
5.2
!
t..O
0
0
23
.4
.8
1.2
Dimensionless
Figure
hASA
- L.cFloy
}ielcl,
Va.
_-,_<.
2.
Concluded.
1.6
radial
Dimensionless
2.0
field,
radial
2.4
2.8
ABr/_ni
field
of
finite
solenoid.
3.2