Confronting a Nation of Discrimination: The Writings of W.E.B.

Du Bois

Srisa Changolkar, Billy Chen, Ziwen Hou, Yibin Tan

Senior Division

Group Website

Annotated Bibliography: 496 words

Primary Sources
Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black
Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880. New York: Russel
& Russel, 1935. Print.
Black Reconstruction was a book written by Du Bois on the period of Reconstruction. In this
book he contradicted the popular belief that Reconstruction was a complete failure. This book
was used for the timeline in the slide about Reconstruction. The cover image was used as well.
Du Bois, W. E. B. Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil. New York: Oxford UP, 2007. Print.
This source was a book written by Du Bois that talked about himself and his views. We used
quotes from this book to talk about how Reconstruction failed in the Historical Context page, and
for the timeline to give an overview of the book. The cover image of the book was also used for
the timeline.
Du Bois, W.E.B. Dusk of Dawn; an Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept. New
York: Schocken, 1968. Print.
This was an essay by Du Bois, from which we used a quote for our Exploration front page that
worked nicely with the theme.
Du Bois, W.E.B. Marcus Garvey. W.E.B. Du Bois Writings. Ed. Nathan Huggins. New York
City: Literary Classics of the United States, 1986. (969-979). Print.
This source was an original article in The Crisis, in the December 1920 and January 1921 edition,
that was in a collection of Du Bois essays. The goal of this source was for Du Bois to talk about
Marcus Garvey and his Black Star Line. Du Bois criticized him and his Back To Africa
movement. The source was objective and reliable because it was an original article from The
Crisis. This article gave us a better understanding of what Du Bois thought of Marcus Garvey. It
helped us write our page on Du Bois encounter with him.

Du Bois, W.E.B. My Evolving Program For Negro Freedom. Clinical Sociology Review,
Detroit: Wayne State University, 1990. 30 Jan. 1.
This was an autobiographical essay by Du Bois. It was used in the timeline to provide
information on his early life as well as his college life.
Du Bois, W. E. B. N.A.A.C.P. Always Fights Segregation says Dr. Du
Bois. Philadelphia Tribune 28 June 1924. Proquest Historical Newspapers Philadelphia
Tribune. Web. 19 Nov. 2015
This source was a newspaper article from the Philadelphia Tribune that we found on ProQuest.
The goal of this source was to inform the public during the early eighteenth century that the
NAACP is against segregation. This source also mentioned some of the actions the NAACP took
to fight discrimination. It gave us a better understanding of what the NAACP believed would be
the best way to fight segregation. This source is objective and reliable because it was an article
that had Du Bois response to the Philadelphia Tribune. This source was used in our exchange
section on how the Du Bois and the NAACP exchanged ideas to help African Americans with
their struggles. After reading this article, we decided to do more research on ProQuest.
Du Bois, W.E.B. "Niagara Movement Speech." Niagara Movement. Niagara Falls, Canada 1905.
This was a speech by Du Bois in which he outlines the organizations goals and purpose. This
was quoted in the Niagara Movement page.
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Crisis. W.E.B. Du Bois Writings. Ed. Nathan Huggins. New York
City: Literary Classics of the United States, 1986. (1131). Print.
This source was in a collection of essays from Du Bois. The goal of this source was to introduce
The Crisis magazine. The source gave us an overview of the format of The Crisis. It also allowed

us to add information about The Crisis in our exchange section. The source was overall objective
and reliable because it was written by Du Bois.
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Crisis, Magazine collection, Close Ranks, July 1918. Philadelphia, Temple
University Libraries, Special Collections Research Center, Philadelphia, PA.
This source was an article from The Crisis, Close Ranks. It urged blacks of the time to set aside
their resentment for being considered lower class citizens, and to join the war effort against
Germany. We used this source in the International Dynamics page to talk about Du Bois views
on World War I.
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Crisis, Magazine collection, Segregation, Nov. 1910. Philadelphia, Temple
University Libraries, Special Collections Research Center, Philadelphia, PA.
This was an article written by Du Bois in The Crisis that opposed the idea of separate schools
based on gender. An eloquent quote from this was used for the Legislation page to exemplify Du
Bois fighting for integrated schools. This was compared to the later decision made by the
Supreme Court on Brown v. Board of Ed., declaring it unconstitutional to segregate schools.
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Philadelphia Negro; a Social Study. New York: Schocken, 1967. Print. Temple
University Libraries, Special Collections Research Center, Philadelphia, PA.
The Philadelphia Negro was a social study done by Du Bois on the African Americans living in the
Seventh Ward of Philadelphia. Du Bois explores the lives of these blacks and the racism that they
face, directly tying in with the website. Written by Du Bois, the source is credible. We used this
source to talk about for the Social Experiment Page and for the timeline. We also used the cover
image, a map of the Seventh Ward of Philadelphia for reference, and a chart showing the high rent
that blacks paid, which contributed to their poverty.

Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963. Introduction to An Appeal to the

World, ca. 1946. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University
Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
An Appeal to the World was a long essay written by Du Bois to the United Nations, focusing on
discrimination in the United States. This was used for the timeline section on the essay, and the
cover image was used too.
Du Bois, W.E.B. "The Study of the Negro Problems." The ANNALS of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science 568.1 (2000): 13-27. Web.
This was an essay by Du Bois published in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science. It presented his views on race, and was used in the timeline.
Du Bois, W.E.B. The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America
1638-1870 The Project Gutenberg, 2006. 30 Jan. 1.
This was Du Bois doctoral thesis at Harvard, and was used in the timeline for the slide about the
piece. The cover image was used as well.
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. The Souls of Black Folk. W.E.B. Du Bois Writings. Ed.
Nathan Huggins. New York City: Literary Classics of the United States, 1986. (364-401). Print.
This source was a book we found from the Central Branch of the Free Library of Philadelphia. It
was a collection of many of Du Bois well known writings. The goal of this source is to republish
Du Bois essays in order to become accessible to todays readers. The section we focused on was
The Souls of Black Folk. This essay mentioned how Du Bois was aware of racism early in his life
and his opposing thoughts against Booker T. Washington. Du Bois also described the positive
views of blacks. He presented a few new concepts including veil and double consciousness.
Overall, this source is objective and reliable because these are essays written by Du Bois. This
source was used in our Exploration page to describe Du Bois experience with racism, in our
argument about the clashing philosophies of Washington and Du Bois, and in our Legislation

page to exemplify the rights Du Bois fought for. A quote from this book was used in our timeline,
and the cover image was used in both the timeline and the Exploration front page.
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. The Talented Tenth. W.E.B. Du Bois Writings. Ed.
Nathan Huggins. New York City: Literary Classics of the United States, 1986. (842-843). Print.
This source was a book that was a collection of Du Bois essays that we found at the Parkway
Central Branch of the Free Library of Philadelphia. It is the same source that contained The Souls
of Black Folk. The goal of this source was to republish some of Du Bois writings for modern
readers. This source is overall objective and we know it is reliable because the essays were
written by Du Bois. This source gave us a better understanding of Du Bois views on education. It
also allowed us to write about Du Bois idea of a leadership class and his idea of the Talented
Tenth. This source was used in our exploration topic for Du Bois view on education.
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt. Welfare of the Negro Subject of Conference.
Philadelphia Tribune 26 Apr. 1913. Proquest Historical Newspapers Philadelphia Tribune. Web.
25 Nov. 2015
The goal of this source was to inform the public that the NAACP had meetings with officials in
hope for reforms. We know this source is reliable because it is Du Bois own words. This source
was used in our exchange topic on how the NAACP helped African Americans deal with their
struggles. We used it to illustrate how the NAACP hoped reforms would be made if the
government became aware of the mistreatment of blacks.
Niagara Movement (Organization). Niagara Movement declaration of principles, 1905. W. E. B.
Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of
Massachusetts Amherst Libraries

This document was the Niagara Movements Declaration of Principles, stating its aims and
purpose. This was used on the Niagara Movement page, as well as the timeline slide about the
Niagara Movement.
Niagara Movement (Organization). Niagara Movement membership certificate, ca. 1905. W. E.
B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of
Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
This document was the Niagara Movements membership certificate, used for the timeline in the
slide about the Niagara Movement.
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, Newspaper clipping collection, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social
Study. University of Pennsylvania Archives, Philadelphia, PA.
This was a newspaper article we found at the Penn Archives written by Bille Lischin on the The
Philadelphia Negro that we quoted in the Social Experiment page to give a brief overview of the
study.
"W. E. B. DuBois Dies in Ghana; Negro Leader and Author, 95." Editorial. New York Times 28
Aug. 1963: n. pag. NYtimes. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.
This was an obituary of Du Bois in the New York Times, and was quoted on the timeline slide
about Du Boiss death.
World Peace Council. World Council of Peace awards Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois International
Peace Prize W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University
Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
This was a brief paper by the World Council of Peace, proclaiming that the International Peace
Prize was awarded to Du Bois. The document was quoted in the timeline section focusing on Du
Bois winning the prize.

Secondary Sources:
"Booker T. & W.E.B." PBS. WGBH, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.
This article from PBS talks about the conflicting ideas of Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. We
used it to give an overview of Booker T. Washington on the Encounter front page, and for a quote
on the Legislation page to show how the ideas of Du Bois were related to legislature passed as a
result of the Civil Rights Movement.
"Civil Rights Act (1964)." OurDocuments.gov. NHD, NARA, USA Freedom Corps, n.d. Web.
30 Jan. 2016.
This reliable source included information about the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that outlawed
discrimination, which was used in the Legislation page in comparison to Du Boiss demand for
racial equality in The Souls of Black Folk.
Cofrancesco, Ryan. "A Comparison of W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey." A Comparison of
W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey. Oocities, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.
This essay was used for a quote on the Encounter page about Marcus Garvey. The information
seems reliable as it concurs with other sources.
Hill, Laban Carrick. Harlem Stomp!: A Cultural History of the Harlem Renaissance. New York:
Little, Brown, 2003. Print.
Harlem Stomp! talks about the events that lead up to the Harlem Renaissance. We used
this source for our historical context. We learned about the Great Migration and how
Harlem became the center of African American culture. We used this information in
the Before Du Bois section of our website.
"History Of Federal Voting Rights Laws." Justice.gov. The United States Department of Justice,
8 Aug. 2015. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.

This reliable source, by the United States Department of Justice, gave information on the Voting
Rights Act of 1965, which was quoted for the Legislation page in comparison to Du Boiss call
for the necessity of black voters in The Souls of Black Folk.
"Jim Crow Laws." PBS. WHYY, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.
This source was about the Jim Crow Laws and segregation. We used this information in our
Historical Context page while talking about the status of African Americans. PBS is known to be
a highly reliable source.
Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt, 2009. Print.
This biography of Du Bois was used for the timeline to talk about his wife, Nina Gomer, as well
as his professorship at Atlanta University. Lewis is known for his work on Du Bois.
Marable, Manning, and Leith Mullings. Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance,
Reform, and Renewal: An African American Anthology. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield,
2009. Print.
We used this book to help us learn about what happened before the Harlem Renaissance.
We learned about the Reconstruction period after the civil war and how blacks in the South were
stuck in the sharecropping system. We also learned about the Great Migration and the movement
to Harlem. We used this information for the historical context and the Before Du Bois section
of our website.
McBride, Alex. "Brown v. Board of Education (1954)." PBS. WHYY, Dec. 2006. Web. 30 Jan.
2016.
This source was used to describe the legislative result caused by the Supreme Court ruling on
Brown v. Board of Education, that schools could no longer be segregated in the Legislation page.

This was in accord with Du Boiss Crisis article Segregation which warned against segregating
schools almost half a century ago.
"NAACP: 100 Years of History." NAACP. National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People, n.d. Web. 2016. <http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history>.
This website is from the N.A.A.C.P., an organization in which Du Bois was originally in, and is
reliable. We used it for a history about its creation and the founding group of the organization. It
also gave us an overview on The Crisis.
"NAACP History: W.E.B. Dubois." NAACP. National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People, n.d. Web. 2016.
<http://www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-w.e.b.-dubois>.
This website is also from the N.A.A.C.P. It includes a biography of W.E.B. Du Bois, as he was a
founder of the organization. It also mentions his work on The Crisis. From this source, we learned
more about Du Bois life. We also learned about his childhood. Again, this source is reliable
because it is part of the N.A.A.C.P. We used this source to add on to W.E.B. Du Bois life, and for
the timeline.
"People & Events: W.E.B. Du Bois, 1868-1963." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2016.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/peopleevents/p_dubois.html>.
The website from PBS described Du Bois life as well as encounters with Booker T. Washington
and Marcus Garvey. It explained the antagonism between Du Bois and Garvey, and also quoted
what they said to each other. The source helped add on to Marcus Garvey in encounter. This
source is reliable because it is part of a government organization.
Rampersad, Arnold. The Art and Imagination of W.E.B. Du Bois. United States of America:
Harvard, 1976. Print.

Arnold Rampersad writes about the struggles Dubois went through in his life and his challenges
to publish The Crisis. The goal of this source is to explain how The Crisis got started. In addition,
this source also explains why The Crisis was so successful. This source explains the themes of
The Crisis. This source is objective and reliable because it was written by a researcher who
explored Dubois life. This source helped us understand exactly how popular the Crisis was and
gave us a further understanding of all the contents in The Crisis. This source was used in our
exchange page to mention how popular The Crisis was. This source was found at Blockson.
Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration.
New York, NY: Random House, 2010. Print.
The book The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of Americas Great Migration, about the
Great Migration. It was a mass movement of African Americans to the North. The source tells me
why so many African Americans were moving north and how the movement of millions of people
influenced American culture. We used this information in our Great Migration page.
Wormser, Richard. "Niagara Movement." PBS. WHYY, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.
This article by PBS had information pertaining to the Niagara Movement, and was quoted as a
description for the Niagara Movement in the Encounter page. It was also used for the page on the
Niagara Movement.
Wormser, Richard. "W.E.B. Du Bois." PBS. n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2015.
Wormser talks about Du Bois and his history. The article includes some books and essays Du
Bois wrote. Mainly, he was one of the founders of the NAACP and The Crisis. He encountered a
few other intellectuals such as Booker T. Washington, who had other views on African
Americans. Not only was he a writer but was also a teacher at Atlanta University. The website
gave basic background information about Du Bois. This website is reliable, again, because PBS is

a well known T.V. company and part of a government organization. After reading this source, we
had an understanding on important actions that Du Bois took.
Images:
369TH INFANTRY REGIMENT. Digital image. Ebony Doughboys 93rd Infantry Division WW1
Reenactors. EbonyDoughBoys.org, n.d. Web. 2016.
World War I is in no doubt a major event in history. The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914 instigated the events that led to the war. The powerful
countries of the world allied against each other. In our website we briefly mentioned the World
War I. Du Bois encouraged African Americans to enlist in the war. To illustrate this we found an
image of black soldiers.
4th of July Black and White Clipart. Digital image. Vintage Holiday Crafts. Vintage Holiday
Crafts, n.d. Web. 2008.
A majority of our website focused on William Edward Burghardt Du Bois perspective
on racism and his ideas on how to improve the lives of African Americans. Therefore, we wanted
to symbolize this goal on our home page. To do this we searched for an American
flag that was black and white. We searched for one that looked the most realistic and placed it
besides our thesis on the homepage.
Afro-American Realty Company Advertisement. Digital image. Harlem. NYU, n.d. Web. 07 Feb.
2016. This is a picture of an advertisement from Afro-American Realty Company. It calls
for black tenants to come live in houses in Harlem to help drive whites out. We used this
image in our Harlem page because it helps explain how Harlem became a center for African
Americans.
A Poor Mother with Her Children, circa 1910: According to Recent Statistics, Most of the

Economic Progress Achieved by African Americans Has Now Been Lost. Digital image.
WorldMeets.us. WorldMeets.us, n.d. Web. 2007.
Du Bois worked hard to help the black population overcome the negative stereotypes whites had
on blacks. He informed the public that the injustice of whites was the reason African Americans
lived in poverty, not because they lacked the ability to prosper. We used this image of a woman
taking care of her children in extreme poverty in the Positive Views page to support Du Bois
idea.
Appiah, Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and
African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas, 1999. Print.
The cover page of the Encyclopedia Africana was used for the timeline in the section about Du
Boiss death, as Du Bois was working on this before he died.
As Scholar. Digital image. NAACP. National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People, n.d. Web. 2016.
In our overview page of Du Bois life we found quotes of how he impacted the nation.
We also mentioned the final events of his life, especially his time in Ghana.
This led to our search to find an image of Du Bois during his life in Ghana. The image
illustrates a profile of an elderly Du Bois wearing glasses.
Black Family Arrives in Chicago from the South, Ca. 1919 Image Ownership: Public Domain.
Digital image. Blackpast.org. Blackpast.org, n.d.Web. 2016.
The Great Migration was an event in history that would lead to the Harlem Renaissance.
As blacks moved north, they still faced the oppression and racism. We wanted to
illustrate this in our Great Migration page. To do so, we found an image of a poor black family
that had recently moved to Chicago living under harsh conditions, which shows that perhaps there
was not immediate economic improvement after moving.

Booker T. Washington. Digital Image. Booker T. Washington: Online Resources. Library of

Congress. 1880-1890. Web 2016
This was a portrait of Booker T. Washington, which we used to represent him in the Encounter
front page. The philosophies of Washington and Du Bois clashed, leading to a rivalry between
these two prominent leaders.
Booker T. Washington on Race Relations. Digital image. History. History, n.d. Web. 2016.
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois both had philosophies that often contradicted each
other. For example, Washington believed African Americans should give up certain political
rights, but Du Bois believed that would further prolong the injustice inflicted by whites. We wrote
about Du Boiss criticism of Washington. Therefore, we found an image of Booker T. Washington
alone and placed it in the section about Du Bois encounter with Washington.
Connecting Zionism and Civil Rights. Digital image. InFocus., n.d. Web. 2016.
During the time of Du Bois, blacks were fighting for integration of schools. African Americans
are trying to fight for their rights, that a man should not be separated because of their race. We
found an image online of blacks on the streets fighting for integration. They hold a sign displayer
We March For Integrated Schools Now!
Double Consciousness. Digital image. 20th Century American Lit- Nikita. 20th Century
American Lit- Nikita, 2 Apr. 2014. Web. 2016.
One of Du Bois concepts was the veil. He used this concept to explain the differences between
how blacks, along white whites, viewed themselves [blacks]. We found an image online of a
woman with white coating on her face. This illustrates Du Bois concept of double consciousness.
Du Bois. Digital Image. Library of Congress. 1904. Web 2016.

This picture of Du Bois from the Library of Congress was used in the timeline title page, as it
showed him in a pensieve way.
Du Bois Veil. Digital image. Writing Americans. Wordpress.com., n.d. Web. 2016.
This image that we added illustrates Du Bois concept of the veil. It shows a man under a white
layer, which is the veil that covers the mans true identity, also explained by Du Bois. He talks
about this concept in The Souls of Black Folk. This veil limited opportunities for blacks.
Face Reality Female Laurie Cooper. Digital image. Findpik. Findpik, n.d. Web. 2016.
We wrote about Du Bois new concepts for example, the veil. Du Bois explores this concept in
the black population. Du Bois thought that African Americans were under a veil that prevented
whites from seeing them as real men. He explains this in The Souls of Black Folk, even
mentioning some experiences when he was younger. To illustrate this, we looked up an image of
a female coated with a white layer, representing the veil.
Fisk University. Digital Image. Fisk. Web 2016.
This image of the Fisk University logo was used on the timeline for the Fisk slide.
Founders of the Niagara Movement. Digital image. United States History for Kids. Siteseen Ltd,
n.d. Web. 2016.
W.E.B. Du Bois found the Niagara Movement in 1905. This movement opposed Booker T.
Washington, who believed in submission. The first meeting took place in Niagara Falls, hence the
name. We found a picture online that would support our Niagara Movement page. The picture
displays a group of people, including Du Bois, at Niagara Falls. We would use this image to
illustrate the founders of the Niagara Movement.
Gainesville Midland Track Maintenance Crew, CA. `1890. Digital image. KPBS. KPBS Public
Broadcasting, n.d. Web. 2016.

Booker T. Washington favored industrial education, unlike Du Bois. Du Bois thought that blacks
must fight for their rights and not act submissive towards whites. An image we found was a
picture in 1890 of a black track maintenance crew. This illustrates Booker T. Washingtons idea of
industrial education.
German Troops March through Occupied Warsaw, Poland, after Invading the Nation on
September 1, 1939, and Igniting World War II. Digital image. CNN. CNN, n.d. Web. 2016.
World War II is yet another major event in history. Hitler and his Nazi Partys foreign policies and
Japans military invasions are some factors that led to this extensive war. However, Du Bois was
appalled by the war. He believed that the war was solely for imperialistic efforts and he did not
want to be associated with it. The image we used to illustrate WWII in our social dynamics page
was German soldiers marching.
Great Barrington. Digital Image. Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Sperlings Best Places. Web
2016.
This image was used for the birth place slide of the timeline as a reference to where Du Bois was
born and lived his childhood.
Great Migration. Digital image. Atlanta Blackstar. Atlanta Blackstar, 24 Feb.
2015. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.
The Great Migration was a period in history when African Americans from the rural,
agricultural South moved to the urban, industrial North. In the image, there is an African
American family heading North with all of their belongings on a car. We chose this image to
illustrate African Americans on the move North.
House Where Civil-rights Leader W.E.B. Du Bois Lived. Digital image. Daily News.
NYDailyNews.com, n.d. Web. 2016.

Du Bois taught at Atlanta University but then moved to New York. We found a picture of his
house in New York. This movement represented The Great Migration.
Ingersoll, T.W. Sharecropping. Digital image. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia
Britannica, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2016.
During the Reconstruction period, many African Americans in the South were stuck as
sharecroppers, a system structured to ensure that they provided cheap agricultural labor for the
benefit of white landlords. We wanted to show why this system trapped blacks in a cycle of debt
and illustrate how physically demanding the jobs were. We chose an image that illustrated a poor
black family stuck in the sharecropping system.
Jaamil Kosoko and Holly Bass Perform in "Double Consciousness" at Dance Place on Aug. 4th
and 5th in Washington, DC. Digital image. Jaamil Olawale Kosoko. Jaamil Kosoko, n.d.
Web. 2016.
One of the very important concepts that Du Bois coined was called double consciousness. We
knew that Du Bois was aware that blacks did not have a sense of self-consciousness, that they
were perceived two different ways: one by the whites and one by their own kind. To illustrate this
concept, we found a picture of two Du Bois looking at each other. This represents the two-ness of
Du Bois, or double consciousness.
Ku Klux Klan. Digital Image. The Segregation Era. Library of Congress. 1921-1922. Web 2016.
This was a picture of the Ku Klux Klan, from the Library of Congress. It was used for the
Historical Context page, while talking about the failures of Reconstruction.
Lawrence, Jacob. The Migration Series. Digital image. The Migration Series. Phillips Collection,
n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.

The Great Migration was a period of a large relocation of blacks from the South to the North for
social and economic improvement. We wrote about The Great Migration to give background
information of what happened before Du Bois worked as an activist. To illustrate this we found a
painting by Jacob Lawrence that clearly shows how crowded it was in the train stations heading
to cities in the North.
Little Rock Nine and Daisy Bates. Digital Image. Library of Congress. 1957-1960. Web 2016.
This was a picture of the Little Rock Nine used for the Legislation page on the section about
school integration. The Brown v. Board of Education decision outlawed the segregation of
schools, but there was resistance to this. These nine black, subject to harassment and
discrimination refused to leave the school, and are known for their bravery.
Lynching. Digital image. PBS. PBS, 19 Dec. 2003. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.
During and after the Reconstruction period, whites often assaulted blacks by lynching them.
Lynching was a big part of the Reconstruction period and we wanted to show how bad it was. We
illustrated it by finding a drawing of two men who were accused of murder and lynched. This
represented the severe lynchings that happened during Reconstruction.
Marcus Garvey. Digital Image. Library of Congress. Aug. 5 1924. Web 2016.
This was a picture of Garvey from the Library of Congress. We used this in the Encounter front
page. Garvey and Du Bois, although originally friendly grew to have a great rivalry, and
mistrusted each other.
NAACP Logo. Digital Image. Mississippi NAACP. NAACP Mississippi. 2012. Web 2016.
This picture of the Mississippi branch of the National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People was used to represent the Niagara Movement in the exchange page, as the
principles of the Niagara Movement lead to the formation of the NAACP.

NAACP Logo. Digital Image. NAACP. NAACP.org. Web 2016.

This is a picture of the NAACP logo, used for the timeline in the slide about the Du Bois and the
creation of the NAACP.
NAACP: National Association for the Abortion of Colored People. Digital image. LifeNews.com.
LifeNews.com, n.d. Web. 2016.
The N.A.A.C.P., National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, was founded by
W.E.B. Du Bois along with other members. This organization was created to fight against
lynching but also to ensure equality for blacks. We wanted to illustrate the N.A.A.C.P. so we
found their logo. This image displays a balance and a book and the year, 1909, that the
organization was found.
National Park Service. W.E.B. Du Bois. Digital image. Nps.gov. Nps. gov, n.d. Web. 2016.
Throughout the career of William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, he explored how the black
population could advance in society and have success socially and economically. He
created new concepts in the process. We decided to find an image of an elderly Du Bois
with a serious expression to illustrate him in deep thought. This image was used in the
Exploration front page.
Niagara Movement Founders. Digital Image. Library of Congress. 1905. Web 2016.
This picture was of the members of the Niagara Movement who met at the Canadian side of
Niagara Falls to create the organization. It was used for the Niagara Movement page, as it showed
the support the movement had.
Opt out Now: The Seattle NAACP Revives the Legacy W.E.B Du Bois, Demands an End to
Common Core Testing. Digital image. I Am An Educator., n.d. Web. 2016.

In Du Bois long life, he encountered many who had contradictory beliefs to his such as Marcus
Garvey and Booker T. Washington. We decided to use a portrait of Du Bois with his quote stating
that the human soul cannot be contained. This refers to Du Bois belief that blacks would be able
to overcome their oppression of whites.
Pan-Africanism. Digital image. NAACP. National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People, n.d. Web. 2016.
After writing the overview of Du Bois life, we decided to search for an image of an older Du
Bois. In the image it shows an elderly Du Bois looking out through a window.
Phillip A. Payton Jr. Digital image. Harlem. NYU, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.
We used this image of Phillip A. Payton Jr. in our Harlem page. Before the Harlem
Renaissance, Harlem was a neighborhood built for whites. However, due to overbuilding
and lack of white tenants, white property owners were losing money. Phillip A. Payton Jr.
knew how desperate they were and was able to negotiate a deal to lease houses to blacks.
Due to his efforts, Harlem was able to become the center of black life.

President Lyndon B. Johnson Signing the Civil Rights Act. Digital Image. Civil Rights Act of
1964. NPS. 1964. Web 2016.
This was an image of President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which
outlawed all forms of race based discrimination. This was used in the Legislation page.
Reconstruction, Americas Unfinished Revolution: A Five Session Course. Digital image. New
York Public Library. The New York Public Library, n.d. Web. 2016.
The Reconstruction period was right after the Civil War and tensions between white Southerners
and blacks were still high. The government had to help find a way to have the South agree to

rejoin the Union. We used this image of white Southerners, African Americans and the Union
general to show this reunion.
School Pages. Digital image. Manchester K-8 Resources Page., n.d. Web. 2016.
Du Bois believed that schools must be integrated in order to stop racism. His philosophy
was that by integrating schools, kids will understand that it is impossible to judge
someone solely from the color of their skin. This image was placed in our legislation
page to represent an integrated school.
Sign at Greyhound bus station. Digital Image. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs
Division. Library of Congress. Sept. 1943. Web 2016.
This was an image of a Colored sign at a Greyhound bus station. We used it in our Historical
Context page to exemplify Jim Crow, and the racial divide it caused.
Southern Blacks Who Migrated Northward to Escape Repression and to Find Jobs Settled in the
Big Cities. By the 1930s, New York City's Harlem Had Become the Nation's Largest Black
Community. Digital image. Britannica Kids. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web. 2016.
In our Harlem page in our website, we tried to depict what the streets of the city looked like
during the day to the best that we could. To do this we added many images of different streets
within Harlem and grouped it into a slideshow. Nevertheless, this particular image shows that
there were many street vendors during the day with numerous amounts of people walking.
The Black Box: Voting in America. Digital image. Huff Post Voter ID. TheHuffingtonPost.com,
Inc., n.d. Web. 2016.
This image was used to represent how voting could improve the lives of African
Americans. Du Bois believed that by voting for reforms blacks will finally be able to
break free from the racism and oppression they faced each day. This image was placed in

legislation page in our website and it shows a black ballot.

The Cotton Club | Harlem, New York. Digital image. Pinterest. Pinterest, n.d. Web. 2016.
The streets of Harlem, New York were generally lively during the Harlem Renaissance. It
was a time of cultural rebirth for African Americans. Blacks combined both African and
American traditions to create new ideas. In our Harlem page we discuss how the city
came to be a cultural attraction. Therefore we needed an image to show how lively the
streets were. We decided to incorporate an image of The Cotton Club in our slideshow.
The Crisis. Digital image. History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course On The Web. American
Social History Project, Inc., 1929. Web. 2016.
The Crisis is a monthly magazine of the N.A.A.C.P. The magazine was edited by W.E.B. Du Bois
and exposed racism but also African American accomplishments. It published works made by
other blacks. The image we found is the front page of an issue of The Crisis. This image was used
to illustrate an example of The Crisis magazine.
The Crisis - NAACP 50 Years - Freedom Civil Rights Process. N.d. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
Digital image. The King Center. The King Center, n.d. Web. 2016.
This image is a picture of one of the issues of The Crisis, the magazine of the N.A.A.C.P. It looks
like it has been 50 years since the N.A.A.C.P. was founded. We used this picture to illustrate The
Crisis on our page.
The Crisis, September 1927. Digital image. Stanford University Libraries. Stanford University,
n.d. Web. 2016.
The Crisis was the official magazine of the N.A.A.C.P., talking about important events occurring
in America, especially about African Americans. W.E.B. Du Bois was the editor of this magazine.

We found an image online of one of the cover pages of The Crisis. The image was the September
1927 issue of the magazine.
The Harlem Renaissance. Digital image. Emaze. Emaze Amazing Presentations, n.d. Web. 2016.
Harlem, New York was an immensely populated city during the early eighteenth century.
Many African Americans moved here in search of opportunities and a chance to be
involved in the cultural movement. To illustrate this scene, we found an image of the
streets of Harlem and in it, there are many cars and people.
The Philadelphia Negro A Social Study. Digital image. University of Pennsylvania Press.
University of Pennsylvania Press, n.d. Web. 2016.
Social experiments were conducted by Du Bois in Philadelphia to prove that black poverty were
caused because of a lack of education. We found a picture of the cover of The Philadelphia Negro
and added it on our exploration page.
The S.S. Yarmouth, Black Star Line, New York City, 1923. Digital image. BlackPast.org.
BlackPast.org, 1923. Web. 2016.
The Black Star Line was a company formed by Marcus Garvey, This company was to ship
African Americans back to Africa. It would also transport goods to countries around the world. To
illustrate this, we found an image online of a ship of the Black Star Line is 1923.
The Talented Tenth. Digital Image. IzQuotes. Web 2016.
This was a picture of Du Bois along with a nice quote about the Talented Tenth. We used the
image in our Exploration front page near the Talented Tenth button.
The Talented Tenth. Digital image. Tinypic. Tinypic, n.d. Web. 2016.
Du Bois thought that one tenth of the black population could lead the mass to create growth in
America. He called those people The Talented Tenth. He wrote an essay describing his idea of

these people. We looked for an image of The Talented Tenth. One that we found was a group of
black young intellectuals standing next to each other, which represented The Talented Tenth.
The Talented Tenth (W.E.B. Du Bois). Digital image. Solomon Kinard., n.d. Web. 2015.
An term that Du Bois coined was The Talented Tenth, or the black population that would guide
the rest of the population with their leadership. They would fight racism to lead the blacks
towards equality. It was the Talented Tenth in the beginning that produced growth in America. An
image we found online was a picture of the essay The Talented Tenth. We added this image to
illustrate the essay that he wrote.
The Tree of Hope of the Harlem Renaissance. Digital image. The Tree of Hope of the
Harlem Renaissance. Wordpress.com, n.d. Web. 2016.
Many African Americans moved to Harlem during the Great Migration. Harlem soon
became the center of African American culture. In our Harlem page we discuss how the city came
to be a cultural attraction. We wanted to show what the city life of
Harlem was like. In this image, there is a theater in the background with a busy line.
The Trial of Marcus Garvey. Digital image. Missouri History Museum. Missouri History
Museum, n.d. Web. 2016.
Marcus Garvey was a man that Du Bois had encountered in his life. Garvey founded The Black
Star Line but Du Bois criticized it. Eventually, they became enemies. We looked up pictures of
Marcus Garvey in order to illustrate our topic on the page.
Volume 1, Issue 1 | November, 1910. Digital image. The Liberator Magazine. lib.mg., n.d.
Web. 2016.
This image was placed in The Crisis page under exchange. The picture looks like one of the very
first pages of the issue. We wanted to find the first issue of The Crisis. This was the official

newspaper of the N.A.A.C.P. Du Bois was the editor of this magazine and he recorded events that
happened among African Americans in America.
Volume 1, Issue 2 | December, 1910. Digital image. The Liberator Magazine. lib.mg., n.d.
Web. 2016.
The Crisis was the newspaper of the N.A.A.C.P. and edited by W.E.B. Du Bois. It talked about
the problems of blacks but also published works and essays from other African Americans. In
order to illustrate Du Bois exchange in The Crisis, we looked up the second issue of The Crisis
and added it on our page. The image seems to be one of the first pages of the magazine with a
black lady holding a baby.
Voting Box. Digital Image. Blank Ballots: Abstention and Voter Participation in Modern
America. The Rookery. 25 Nov. 2015. Web 2016.
This picture was of a person voting. However, the shading makes it impossible to tell the race of
the person voting, symbolizing that a vote is the same no matter the race of the caster. This image
was used for the Legislation page, in the section about the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as the law
allowed citizens of all races to vote.
We Always Forget "The Rich Want War". Digital image. Hannah Michaels., n.d. Web. 2016.
We mentioned the Cold War in our social dynamics page of our website. This war happened after
the events of WWII, due to the battle for power between the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc.
Nevertheless, Du Bois sympathized with Marxism since it promoted racial equality. Throughout
his career he fought to achieve equality between whites and blacks. To illustrate the time period
of the Cold War we searched for an image of people protesting the war.
W.E.B. Du Bois. Digital image. America's Story from America's Library. Library of Congress,
n.d. Web. 2016.

We write about Du Bois early career as a writer, mentioning the publication of The
Philadelphia Negro in the overview page of our website. Through the book, Du Bois
established himself as an excellent black scholar, having conducted a social experiment
in his time in Philadelphia. This sparked our search to find an image of a middle aged Du
Du Bois. The picture we found shows a portrait of Du Bois looking to his right.
W.E.B. Du Bois 18681963. Digital image. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation, n.d. Web.
2015.
The core element of our website is how Du Bois confronted racism in America around the early
eighteenth century. However, the fight for civil rights for African Americans was indeed extensive
and painful. This image was placed in our home page. The purpose of this image was to show
what Du Bois looked like during the middle years of his life.
W.E.B. Du Bois, 1907. Digital image. Special Collections & University Archives. Special
Collections & University Archives, n.d. Web. 2016.
This image was used in the front page of our exchange page. It depicts Du Bois during his middle
years of life. In the image, Du Bois is sitting with a calm facial expression. During this time of his
life he exchanged many ideas with his colleagues and cofounders of the NAACP. Furthermore he
exchanged ideas with other editors and writers of the Crisis.
W.E.B. Du Bois, 1918. Digital image. National Endowment for Humanities. National
Endowment for Humanities, 10 July 2014. Web. 2016.
We wanted our homepage to have a variety of Du Bois pictures. We made sure to include
pictures of Du Bois that spanned throughout his life. This image was included in our slideshow
on the homepage to illustrate Du Bois perseverance to improve the the social and economic
status of African Americans.

W.E.B. Du Bois and Fellow Pan-Africanist Marcus Garvey Had Ideological Differences That
Focused on the Debate of Integration vs. Separation. However, They Both Cared about
Africa and Were Committed to the Cause of African Prosperity. Digital image.
Atlanta Blackstar. AtlantaBlackStar.com, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2016.
Throughout Du Bois life, he had many encounters with other intellectuals. Marcus Garvey and
W.E.B. Du Bois both opposed each other, both who had different ideas for the black population.
In order to express the opposition, we looked for a picture of both Garvey and Du Bois. There is a
line that separates the two portraits which represents the opposition. We placed this in our Marcus
Garvey page.

W.E.B. Du Bois, Atlanta University, 1909. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special
Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
This was a picture of Du Bois in his office at Atlanta University, used in the timeline on the slide
describing his appointment there.
W.E.B. Du Bois; Booker T. Washington. Digital Image. The Root. The Root, n.d. Web.
2016.
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois were two influential leaders of the black
population during the early eighteenth century. However, the two had opposing beliefs. Du Bois
considered Washington his rival. To show this in Du Bois encounter of Washington we searched
for an image that had the two of them sitting. Both of them appear calm and collective.
W.E.B. Du Bois Created This Map of Philadelphias Seventh Ward during His Research for The
Philadelphia Negro. Digital image. The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. The Encyclopedia
of Greater Philadelphia, n.d. Web. 2013.
This image was used in our social experiments page under exploration. In the experiment, Du
Bois was asked by the University of Pennsylvania to conduct a survey among the population

within Philadelphia. He was to record things such as the racial diversity and living conditions of
the black population. The image is a map of Philadelphias Seventh Ward that Du Bois created.
W. E. B. Du Bois, Harvard graduation, 1890. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special
Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
This image of Du Bois at Harvard was used in the timeline for the slide talking about his time at
Harvard.
W.E.B. Du Bois - Mini Biography. Digital image. Bio.. A&E Television Networks, LLC.
Say Entertainment, n.d. Web. 2016.
Du Bois was a famous writer who opposed racism and demanded for racial equality. He had
many followers but also a few opposers. We looked for a few images of Du Bois to show how he
looked like and how great of a man he was. This image was added onto our slideshow of pictures
of Du Bois. It also was used for the title banner.
W.E.B Du Bois: Sociologist, Philosopher, Black Leader. Digital image. WEB DuBois:
Sociologist, Philosopher, Black Leader., n.d. Web. 2016.
We dedicated a page in our website to mention a brief overview of Du Bois life. In that page we
describe his occupations, experiences, and impacts. We felt it was necessary to find an image of a
young Du Bois after placing an image of an older Du Bois. We decided to insert an image of Du
Bois when he was a young adult in a school uniform.
W. E. B. Du Bois, son Burghardt, wife Nina, 1898. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special
Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
This was a picture of Du Bois, his wife Nina, and their son Burghardt from the University of
Massachusetts Amherst Archives. It was used in the timeline in the slide on Nina.
W.E.B. Du Bois - The Niagara Movement (TV-14; 3:44) W.E.B. Du Bois and Other Activists

Started the Niagara Movement to End Racial Segregation and to Lead the Charge against Jim
Crow Laws. Digital image. Bio.. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Say Entertainment, n.d. Web.
2016.
Du Bois is remembered for his work as an African American activist. We wanted to show his
dedication in helping blacks throughout his life. To do so we placed an image of Du Bois during
the Niagara Movement. In the picture he is in deep thought which further illustrates Du Bois was
an analytical man who carefully contemplated his ideas.
White Man's Burden. Digital Image. Imperialism. Barnes. Web 2016.
This image was a political cartoon showing blacks carrying Uncle Sam, or America on their
backs. We used it in our Positive Views page to present the burden that blacks have to carry
throughout their lives.
Yes, If The Naacp Was Founded By White People Then Whos Driving The Bus. Digital image.
ThyBlackMan.com., n.d. Web. 2016.
The N.A.A.C.P. was an organization to fight for black rights. Du Bois, along with other blacks
and whites, came together and formed the N.A.A.C.P. We looked online for an image to illustrate
the organization. The image shows many blacks gathered together in front of the N.A.A.C.P.
building door. There also appears to have a few whites in the photo.