Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Krzysztof Baejowski
Jacek Olszacki
Hubert Peciakowski
HANDBOOK
2014
Bitumen Handbook
Authors:
PhD Eng. Krzysztof Baejowski
PhD Eng. Jacek Olszacki
M.Sc. Eng. Hubert Peciakowski
Both the Authors and ORLEN Asfalt Sp. z o.o. have exercised due diligence
toensure that the information contained herein is accurate and reliable. However,
they shall not be liable for any consequences of the use of information contained
in this document, in particular for any loss of any type and form. The reader shall
besolely responsible for the use of these data.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................6
ABOUT ORLEN Asfalt..........................................................................................................7
1. BITUMEN PRODUCTION................................................................................................10
1.1. Bitumen production technologies at ORLEN Asfalt..........................................................11
1.1.1. Production of Paving Grade and Multigrade Paving Bitumens..................................11
1.1.2. Polymer modification of bitumens............................................................................12
2.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................14
2.2. Primary properties.............................................................................................................14
2.2.1. Penetration at 25C...................................................................................................14
2.2.2. Softening Point R&B..................................................................................................15
2.2.3. Fraass breaking point................................................................................................16
2.2.4. Flash Point, Cleveland cup method...........................................................................18
2.2.5. Solubility...................................................................................................................19
2.2.6. Plasticity range..........................................................................................................20
2.2.7. Penetration Index Ip..................................................................................................20
2.2.8. Viscosity....................................................................................................................21
2.2.9. Density......................................................................................................................29
2.2.10. Short-term ageing (RTFOT)........................................................................................29
2.2.11. Properties after RTFOT...............................................................................................31
2.3. Additional properties of polymer-modified bitumen........................................................31
2.3.1. Elastic recovery..........................................................................................................31
2.3.2. Elastic recovery at 25C after RTFOT ageing..............................................................33
2.3.3. Force ductility (cohesion)...........................................................................................33
2.3.4. Storage stability of modified bitumens.....................................................................35
2.3.5. Polymer modified bitumens microstructure...............................................................36
2.4. Other bitumen properties.................................................................................................36
2.4.1. N-heptane insoluble content.....................................................................................36
2.4.2. Paraffin content........................................................................................................36
2.4.3. Bitumen adhesion to mineral aggregates..................................................................37
2.4.4. PAV ageing...............................................................................................................38
2.4.5. BBR method..............................................................................................................39
2.4.6. DSR method..............................................................................................................40
2.4.7. MSCR method...........................................................................................................42
3.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................44
3.2. Bituminous binder classification.......................................................................................44
3.3. Requirements of EN 12591 and EN 14023......................................................................45
3.4. National application documents.......................................................................................45
3.5. Evaluation of conformity in EN 12591 and EN 14023.....................................................48
6.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................88
6.2. Operating principle of HiMA............................................................................................88
6.3. ORBITON HiMA product family........................................................................................90
6.4. ORBITON HiMA test results..............................................................................................90
6.5. Experimental section in Poland........................................................................................93
6.6. Conclusion........................................................................................................................93
7.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................94
7.2. Rutting resistance tests....................................................................................................94
7.2.1. Comparative testing of all binders with AC 16S........................................................95
7.2.2. Comparative tests between individual binders...........................................................96
7.3. Low-temperature cracking resistance tests....................................................................103
7.3.1. TSRST method.........................................................................................................103
7.3.2. Comparative testing of all binders with AC 16S......................................................103
7.4. Conclusions.....................................................................................................................105
8.1. Superpave.......................................................................................................................106
8.2. Low-temperature properties testing...............................................................................107
8.3. Testing of properties at high and intermediate temperatures.......................................108
8.4. PG system adjustment MSCR test...............................................................................111
8.5. Classification of ORLEN Asfalt bitumens acc. to PG System..........................................113
12.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................130
12.2. Burns (skin, eye contact).............................................................................................130
12.3. Fire...............................................................................................................................131
12.4. Foaming in the presence of water..............................................................................132
12.5. Bitumen vapours (bitumen mist, smoke)....................................................................132
12.5.1. Hydrogen sulphide..............................................................................................133
LITERATURE.....................................................................................................................134
AUTHORS OF THE BITUMEN HANDBOOK.......................................................................135
introduction
Dear Readers
It isour pleasure tosubmit toyou our technical publication Bitumen Handbook 2014 prepared and published by ORLEN Asfalt inEnglish. This isthe6th edition oftheBitumen Handbook series. Four editions were
published inPolish in2007, 2009, 2011 and 2014, and one inRomanian in2013.
The Bitumen Handbook isastructured compilation based onour expertise inbitumens, which also provides
information about their effective application. Itis theoutcome ofwork and theexperience ofour Technology,
Research and Development Department, and isprepared for those dealing with bituminous mixture design,
production and placement intheir everyday work. Thecontents ofthis publication and theway theinformation isprovided may also prove useful for those who are interested inthecurrent bitumen offering ofORLEN
Asfalt and bitumen properties. This publication also outlines thecurrent standardisation status ofbitumens
for road pavements.
We hope that this Handbook will address the ever-growing need for expertise concerning the application
of bitumens not only in Poland, but also in other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and provide
avaluable insight into bituminous materials for road construction. ORLEN Asfalt isalways ready tocooperate
and help inselecting theproducts best suited toyour specific requirements.
We are proud that wecan share this valuable collection ofinformation with you.
We are atransparent company and all our operations follow therules ofcorporate governance inplace atthePKN
ORLEN SA Group, as well as the principles of corporate social responsibility, supporting the development
ofour staff and protecting thenatural environment.
Since 2005 we have been using an integrated Management System based on ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and
OHSAS 18001 standards.
Market recognition
The high quality ofproducts onoffer from ORLEN Asfalt isconfirmed by numerous honours and distinctions
awarded by recognised industry organisations and themedia. Positive recognition ofour products began in2004
with adistinction for our ORBITON elastomer-modified bitumens intheEUROPRODUCT competition, organised
under the auspices of the Polish Minister of Economy and the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development.
ORBITON polymer-modified bitumens were also awarded the Gold Medal at the 11th International Road
Construction Fair Autostrada-Polska, and the High Level prize in the Proven Product category, awarded
by Magazyn Autostrady magazine and the Polish Association of Transport Engineers and Technicians for
outstanding achievements and products. In2011 ORLEN Asfalt was honoured with theQI Golden Emblem
for top product quality awarded in the programme implemented under the auspices of the Polish Minister
ofRegional Development, thePolish Agency for Enterprise Development and thePolish ISO 9000 Forum Club.
The company was also twice honoured with the Construction Company of the Year title. Our BITREX
multigrade bitumen production technology also won the markets recognition, winning the Gold Medal
attheInternational Invention Fair IWIS 2007.
Our products
Our current offer comprises paving-grade bitumens, ORBITON polymer-modified bitumens, BITREX multigrade
bitumens and oxidised (industrial) bitumens. Following theconsolidation ofthebitumen segment, our product
offering was extended toinclude bitumens from theCzech Republic (Pardubice and Litvinov production centres)
and Lithuania (Maeikiai production centre).
Maeikiai
Pock
Litvnov
Trzebinia
Pardubice
Paving
Grade
Bitumens
Polymer
Modified
Bitumens
Multigrade
Paving
Bitumens
Hard
Paving Grade
Bitumens
Oxidised
Bitumens
Pock
Trzebinia
Litvnov
Pardubice
Mazeikiai
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
100/150
160/220
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
100/150
160/220
50/70
70/100
160/220
20/30
30/45
35/50
50/70
70/100
160/220
35/50
50/70
70/100
100/150
160/220
ORBITON 10/40-65
ORBITON 10/40-65
ORBITON 25/55-55 EXP
ORBITON 25/55-60
ORBITON 25/55-60
ORBITON 25/55-60 EXP
ORBITON 45/80-55
ORBITON 25/55-65 EXP
ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON 45/80-55
ORBITON 45/80-65
ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON 65/105-60
ORBITON 45/80-65
ORBITON 65/105-60
BITREX 20/30
BITREX 35/50
BITREX 50/70
BITREX 35/50
BITREX 50/70
VMT 25
VMT 45
VMT 65
AP 15 (10/20)
AP 25 (20/30)
85/15
85/25
85/40
95/35
105/15
Special Bitumen
BNK 40/180
80/15
95/35
95/35
Chapter 1
Bitumen production
ORLEN Asfalt isamanufacturer ofseveral bitumen types: paving-grade bitumens, ORBITON modified bitumens,
BITREX multigrade bitumens and oxidised (industrial) bitumens. Bitumen production operations are carried
out atmultiple production centres:
in Poland: Pock and Trzebinia,
in Lithuania: Maeiki,
all of which have implemented the Integrated Management System based on ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and
OHSAS 18001 standards.
Figure 1.1. ISO Certificates for ORLEN Asfalt and ORLEN Lietuva
In accordance with European requirements, ORLEN Asfalt and ORLEN Lietuva have implemented theFactory
Production Control (FPC) system, and all production sites (Pock, Trzebinia and Maeiki) hold FPC certificates
for thepaving-grade bitumens they produce (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1. List ofFPC Certificates for theProduction Sites.
Bitumen production
Bitumen type
Site inTrzebinia
Site inMaeiki
Site inPardubice
Site inLitvnov
Polymer Modified
Bitumens EN 14023
1434-CPD-0133 1) 1434-CPD-0134 1)
Multigrade Paving
Bitumens 2)
(National certificates or
EN 13924-2 asof 2014)
F-013-BG-015
F-013-BG-026
13 0720 SV/AO
1) Certificate designation may change from CPD toCPR following thenext update
2) National certificate inPoland and theCzech Republic (no EN standard for this bitumen, theEuropean standard for this type (EN 13924-2)
is expected tobe issued in2014)
Bitumens from ORLEN Asfalt are manufactured from conventional raw material sources, and specifically from
crude oil processing residue. Itis vacuum residue coming from thedistillation tower plant.
10
Bitumen production
1) According toEurobitumes nomenclature, paving-grade bitumens manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt are semi-blown or airrectified bitumens, with the Penetration Index lesser than or equal to 2.0, whereas industrial bitumens are (oxidised)
bitumens, and their Penetration Index is greater than 2.0 [source: Physical differentiation between air-rectified and oxidised
bitumens. Technical Committee Task Force. Eurobitume, 15.04.2011]
2) (v/v) means volumetric proportions, whereas (m/m) stands for weight proportions
11
Figure 1.2. Continuous oxidation system Biturox reactors (photo by ORLEN Asfalt)
Bitumen production
The primary feedstock for polymer-modified bitumen production atORLEN Asfalt comprises special bitumens,
so-called base bitumens, whose properties are appropriate for SBS elastomer modification. The modifier
added tobitumen intheproduction process isusually Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene block copolymer (SBS), and
therefore this bitumen type isalso referred toas elastomer-modified bitumen.
Modified bitumen production involves theinsertion ofthepolymer into hot bitumen, milling ofthemixture
inahigh-shear mill and its final dissolution and homogenisation.
The production technology was developed and is supervised by ORLEN Asfalts Technology, Research and
Development Department, which also develops formulas for new products.
12
ORLEN Asfalt operates two polymer-modified bitumen production lines in Pock (launched in 2006) and
inTrzebinia. Figure 1.3 shows thediagram for thePock sites bitumen modification system.
Base bitumen tanks
(feedstock for production)
Reactors
(mixers)
Mixing tanks
Polymer
shear mill
Polymer-modied bitumen
(nished product) tanks
Both systems (Pock and Trzebinia sites) are automatically controlled. ThePock system iscontrolled by DCS
(Figure 1.4), which enables full production process control and historical process data readout.
Figure 1.4. DCS system for the Pock site ORBITON modified bitumen
production (photo by ORLEN Asfalt)
Bitumen production
The application ofelastomer (modifier) intheproduction process helps toachieve substantial benefits interms
ofbitumen properties atboth high and low temperatures. Polymer-modified bitumens are used for bituminous
pavements carrying heavy traffic, at particular locations such as bridge decks, and for special bituminous
mixtures, such asporous asphalt mix. Performance ofthis bitumen type markedly exceeds that ofconventional
paving-grade bitumen intheapplications mentioned above.
More details are provided inthechapters on:
ORBITON modified bitumens (Chapter 5),
Bituminous mixture test results (Chapter 7),
Superpave test results (Chapter 8).
13
Chapter 2
Key properties
and testing ofbitumen
2.1. Introduction
This chapter lists and briefly discusses key properties of bitumen and their testing methods. The authors
intention istohelp readers analyse therelevant standards and technical documents.
Photographs inthis chapter were made atan accredited laboratory owned by ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.,
supporting bitumen production control for thePock plant.
Interpretation oftheresults iseasy: e.g. weknow that bitumen with apenetration of200 [0.1 mm] issofter
than bitumen with apenetration of100 [0.1 mm] since, intheformer case, theneedle penetration depth
is20 mm, while inthelatter itis 10 mm. Ingeneral terms, thegreater thepenetration, thesofter thebitumen.
The test can be conducted atvarious temperatures, although 25C isadopted for bitumen classification purposes.
The penetration test isconducted according toPN-EN 1426 Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination
ofneedle penetration.
100 g
100 g
penetration
Figure 2.1.
Penetration test principle
Start of test
14
End of test
sp. z o.o.)
Two bitumen samples placed inmetal rings are heated inacontrolled manner inaliquid (distilled water for
theexpected R&B from 28 to80C, glycerine for theR&B from 80 to150C), placed inaglass beaker, with
each bitumen-filled ring supporting asteel ball. Thesoftening point isadopted astheaverage temperature
at which both bitumen rings soften to the point that each ball, covered in bitumen and overcoming its
resistance, travels adistance of25.0 mm 0.4 mm. Theresult ofthesoftening point test isexpressed in[C].
The R&B (ring and ball) softening point test is carried out in accordance with PN-EN 1427 Bitumen and
bituminous binders. Determination ofthesoftening point. Ring and Ball method.
25 mm
Figure 2.4.
R&B softening point test principle
Start of test
End of test
15
Figure 2.5. General view oftheautomatic R&B softening point test equipment with abitumen sample (photo by
ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
Figure 2.6. View ofabitumen sample before and after thetest (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN
Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
16
40,0 mm
36,5 mm
Figure 2.7. Fraass breaking point test principle, A) plate with bitumen prior tobending, B) plate with bitumen after
bending themoment ofexamination whether any bitumen cracks are observed
Figure 2.8. General view of the Fraass breaking point test set with a bitumen sample, A) semi-automatic set,
B)automatic set (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
Figure 2.9. View of a bitumen sample on the plate placed on the semi-automatic set after the test a bitumen
layer crack can be seen (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
17
The applicability oftheFraass method has been challenged for many years asitarguably does not translate
into theactual behaviour ofbitumen inthepavement inwinter. Therefore, many countries, such astheUS,
currently use the BBR method (see Section 2.4.5), or develop new methods for low-temperature binder
properties testing (ABCD method or other).
Prior to the test, an ambient atmospheric pressure reading is taken from the laboratory barometer and
recorded. Thecup with abitumen sample ispreheated atatemperature increase rate of1417C/min. When
the sample temperature is about 56C smaller than the expected flash point, bitumen heating is reduced
so that the temperature increase rate for the last 23C is 56 C/min. Then, the test flame is passed over
thebitumen inthecup until theflame causes thevapour toflash and theflame spreads over thebitumen
surface. Theflash point, expressed in[C] and determined attheambient atmospheric pressure, isadjusted
tostandardised atmospheric pressure using theappropriate mathematical equation.
Figure 2.10. General view oftheCleveland open cup flash point test equipment (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o.,
courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
There isalso aflash point testing method using theso-called Martens-Pensky closed cup [PN-EN ISO 2719:2007].
The values obtained using that method are typically smaller than those obtained from the Cleveland open
cup method.
18
2.2.5. Solubility
This test checks whether thebinder contains any solid contamination.
The solubility test isconducted according toPN-EN 12592 Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination
ofsolubility. Thetest involves thedetermination, inpercentage terms (relative totheentire bitumen sample),
ofthat part ofbitumen mass which dissolves inaspecific solvent.
A bitumen sample is dissolved in the solvent and filtered through a layer of glass powder in a sintered
crucible. Undissolved material from bitumen iswashed, dried and weighed. Then, theresult ofthesolubility
test is calculated, expressed as the percentage mass of the dissolved bitumen fraction relative to the mass
oftheentire sample [% m/m].
Undissolved
bitumen
Bitumen + solvent
Sintered
glass
crucible
t
ga
Ne
sur
res
p
ive
Dissolved
bitumen
Figure 2.13.
General view ofthesolubility test set (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o.,
Figure 2.12.
19
Bitumen solubility data can be used to determine bitumen contamination by solids, e.g. coke, and
to determinevalue of T as per Section A.4, that is to determine the content of dissolved bitumen after
theextraction ofthebituminous mixture acc. to PN-EN12697-1 Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot
mix asphalt. Part 1: Soluble binder content.
The results ofbitumen solubility tests are provided inChapter 9.
The Penetration Index Ip isthemeasure oftemperature sensitivity ofbitumen, and iscalculated using theequation
taking theknown value ofpenetration at25C (100 g, 5 s), determined inaccordance with PN-EN1426, and
the Softening Point R&B determined acc. to PN-EN 1427. The Penetration Index is a dimensionless quantity
[-]. Thelower thePenetration Index, thefaster thebinder changes its consistency asthetemperature changes
(shows greater temperature sensitivity).
The calculation of the Penetration Index acc. to PN-EN 12591 is based on the assumption that bitumen
atthesoftening point R&B has penetration equal to800 [0.1 mm].
Ip iscalculated from theequation provided inAnnex Ato PN-EN12591.
20
2.2.8. Viscosity
Bitumen viscosity isone ofthemost important process and service properties. There are various definitions
ofviscosity and its testing methods. This section provides abrief description ofviscosity asaphenomenon,
therequired definitions and conversion factors, aswell asgives an overview ofthevarious testing methods.
Bitumens are complex liquids inrheological terms. Their viscosity may vary depending on:
temperature change,
shear rate,
test duration,
testing method,
test set used inagiven method.
In other words, this means that thecomparability ofviscosity asdetermined by different testing methods
can be retained only if specific measurement conditions are strictly complied with (the same temperature,
appropriately selected test sets, shear rate, test duration). Inother cases, thecomparison and substitution
ofviscosity test results isincorrect and may lead toerroneous conclusions.
Viscosity logarithm
The resistance ofaliquid body toall irreversible changes ofposition ofits volumetric constituents isreferred
toas viscosity [19]. For bitumen, viscosity can be defined astheinternal friction between particles when one
bitumen layer moves relative toanother. Thehigher thetemperature ofbitumen, thelower itsviscosity [4]. This
relationship isused todetermine temperatures for bitumen pumping, mixing with aggregate and pavement
compaction. Figure 2.14 shows aschematic relationship between bitumen viscosity and its temperature.
Temperature
=
shear stress = viscosity shear rate
21
The model ofarotating spindle immersed inacontainer holding abitumen sample, shown inFigure 2.15,
helps todefine both shear stress and shear rate.
Vertical
cross-section A-A
B
B
1
Detail
13
12
4
1
Vm
ax
142
A
1. Rotating spindle
2. Wall of the container holding a bitumen sample
3. Bitumen sample
4. Fragment of a bitumen sample of unit thickness
5. Distribution of velocity of bitumen particles
movement in the unit fragment of a bitumen sample
1
y
13
12
13
Horizontal
cross-section B-B
Figure 2.15. Model oftherotating spindle immersed inacontainer holding abitumen sample
N
= 2 = Pa [ paskal ]
A m
Vmax 1
[s ]
y
Dynamic viscosity is the ratio of shear stress and shear rate. Dynamic viscosity is a measure of liquid flow
resistance and is typically referred to as liquid viscosity [PN-EN 12596 Bitumen and bituminous binders
Determination ofdynamic viscosity by vacuum capillary].
The SI dynamic viscosity unit isPascal second [Pas]. milipascal second [mPas] isalso often used [1].
1Pa s = 1000 mPa s
Formerly, dynamic viscosity unit from theCGS system was used, namely thepoise [P], named after French
physicist Jean L. M. Poiseuille [10]:
1 Pa s = 10 P
centipoise [cP] was also used:
1 P = 100 cP
Kinematic viscosity, also referred to as kinetic viscosity, is the ratio of dynamic viscosity and liquid density.
Dynamic viscosity isameasure ofliquid flow resistance under gravity [PN-EN 12595 Bitumen and bituminous
binders Determination ofkinematic viscosity]. Kinematic and dynamic viscosity are therefore interrelated.
22
m2
=
s
density => =
kg N s 2
=
m3 m4
Kinematic viscosity unit ismetre2/second [m2/s]. millimetre2/second [mm2/s] isalso often used:
1m2 / s = 1 000 000 mm2 / s
Formerly, akinematic viscosity unit known asStokes [St] or Centistokes [cSt] was used, named after Irish
physicist George Gabriel Stokes [19]:
1 St = 100 cSt
and
1 St = 1
cm 2
s
1 mm 2 / s = 1 cSt
2.2.8.3. Viscosity testing methods
Viscosity testing can be conducted by various methods and instruments, also atvarious temperatures. Bitumen
tests are typically conducted at 60, 90 and 135C, which corresponds to a specific process temperature
(service, rolling and pumping). Viscosity testing atORLEN Asfalt isoften conducted at160C or180C ifthetest
isperformed onmodified bitumen.
Characteristics of test sets and rules for kinematic and dynamic viscosity testing are provided below for
theselected, frequently used methods:
kinematic viscosity testing with BS/IP/RF viscometer,
dynamic viscosity testing with Cannon-Manning vacuum capillary,
dynamic viscosity testing with rheometer by cone and plate method,
dynamic viscosity testing with Brookfield rotary viscometer.
General view of the BS/IP/RF capillary viscometer and apparatus in which the test shown on Figure 2.16
isconducted.
Figure 2.16.
General view oftheBS/IP/RF capil
lary viscometer and apparatus used
for kinematic viscosity testing
(photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o.,
courtesy of ORLEN Laboratorium
sp.z o.o.)
23
Kinematic viscosity testing with theBS/IP/RF viscometer isconducted according toPN-EN 12595 Bitumen and
bituminous binders. Determination ofkinematic viscosity. Thetest involves thedetermination oftheflow time
of a specific liquid through a capillary of acalibrated viscometer atapre-set test temperature (efflux time)
[PN-EN 12595]. Figure 2.17 shows theprinciple ofthetest duration determination.
BS/IP/RF
capillary
viscometer
Bitumen sample
Time measurement
Kinematic viscosity is calculated as the product of the efflux time expressed in seconds and the viscometer
calibration constant using thefollowing equation [PN-EN 12595]:
v = C t [mm2 / s]
where:
C viscometer calibration constant expressed in[mm2/s2]
t efflux time expressed in[s]
24
Figure 2.18. General view oftheCannon-Manning vacuum viscometer and apparatus used for dynamic viscosity testing
(photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
The test involves thedetermination offlow times t1 and t2 ofaspecific volume ofliquid by thevacuum method
through acapillary under pre-set negative pressure and temperature conditions [PN-EN 12596]. Figure 2.19
shows theprinciple ofthetest duration determination.
Negative
pressure
Negative
pressure
Cannon-Manning
vacuum
viscometer
Negative
pressure
Cannon-Manning
vacuum
viscometer
Zb 1
Time measurement
Time measurement
Zb 2
t2
t1
Bitumen sample
Figure 2.19. Test duration determination principle intheCannon-Manning vacuum viscometer
25
Dynamic viscosity is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the products of flow times expressed in seconds
(t1and t2) and therelevant viscometer calibration factors using thefollowing equations [PN-EN 12596]:
where:
1, 2 namic viscosities calculated onthebasis offlow times through tanks Zb1 and Zb2
K1, K2 selected calibration factors for tanks Zb1 and Zb2 expressed inpascals [Pa]
t1, t2 flow times through tanks Zb1 and Zb2 expressed in[s]
dynamic viscosity determined intheCannon-Manning vacuum viscometer
Dynamic viscosity testing with therheometer by cone and plate method isconducted according toPN-EN13702
Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination ofdynamic viscosity ofmodified bitumen. Part 1: Cone and
plate method. General view oftherheometer for thetesting ofminimum dynamic viscosity by cone and plate
method isshown onFigure 2.20.
Figure 2.20. General vive oftherheometer for thetesting ofminimum dynamic viscosity by cone and plate method
(photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
26
The test involves the determination of torque for apre-set shear rate [PN-EN 13702-1]. Thetesting system
configuration and thegeneral view ofits constituents isshown onFigure 2.21.
B
A
M.d
Cone
with
constant A
Bitumen sample
Area
Figure 2.21. Testing system configuration with a bitumen sample during the test (A) and general view of its
components cone (B) and plate (C)
Using aknown torque and cone factor, thetesting system calculates viscosity based onthefollowing equation [PN-EN 13702-1]:
where:
A cone factor expressed[m-3]
Md torque expressed in[Nm]
shear rate expressed in[s-1]
The final result ofdynamic viscosity testing, expressed in[Pas] or [mPas] iscalculated asthearithmetic mean oftwo
determinations and isobtained along with thecorresponding shear rate and test temperature [PN-EN 13702-1].
27
Figure 2.22. General view oftheBrookfield viscometer (A) and close-up onthespindle and aheated container for
thebitumen sample (B) (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
Dynamic viscosity testing involves thedetermination oftherelationship between relative resistance totherotation
ofthespindle inaspecial container holding thetested sample atthepre-set spindle rotational speed. Dynamic
viscosity ofthetested liquid isread out directly ontheviscometer, whose spindle torque must be within aspecific
range. If thecondition isnot met, thespindle isreplaced with another one, having adifferent shape coefficient
[PN-EN 13302].
The Brookfield viscometer configuration and the general view of the spindles with various shape coefficients
is shown on Figure 2.23. The shape of the spindle (spindle numbers are typically used) should be stated with
theBrookfield apparatus viscosity test result.
Analogous
or digital readout
of dynamic viscosity
Bearing
Engine
with a clutch
Bearing
Spindle
Bitumen
sample
container
Figure 2.23.
Brookfield viscometer configuration (A) and general view
Bitumen
sample
The final result ofdynamic viscosity testing, expressed in[Pas], [mPas] [PN-EN 13302] or [cPa] [ASTM D 4402]
iscalculated asthearithmetic mean ofthree determinations.
The results ofpaving-grade and modified bitumen viscosity tests are provided inChapters 4 and 5.
28
2.2.9. Density
Bitumen density testing isconducted according toPN-EN 15326 Bitumen and bituminous binders. Measurement
ofdensity and specific gravity. Capillary-stoppered pyknometer method. Thetest involves thedetermination
oftheratio ofdensity ofthetested bituminous binder and thetest fluid density under thesame temperature
conditions.
A sample ofbitumen with precisely determined volume isplaced inapyknometer at25C. After temperature
balance isachieved, thesample isweighed with theappropriate precision. Then, theprocess isrepeated with
thetest fluid, i.e. exactly thesame volume ofthetest fluid (with known density) isweighed. Density and specific
gravity are calculated from the appropriate equation on the basis of the known difference in the masses.
Theunit ofdensity is[kg/m3].
Informer bitumen standards, thestandard for density testing was PN-ENISO 3838 Crude petroleum and liquid
or solid petroleum products Determination ofdensity or relative density Capillary-stoppered pyknometer
and graduated bicapillary pyknometer methods.
Bitumen density isrequired, among others, tocalculate volumetric parameters ofbituminous mixtures asper
PN-EN12697-8 Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 8: Determination ofvoid characteristics ofbituminous specimens.
Bitumen hardens (its stiffness increases) asaresult ofageing, which means that, among other things:
its penetration drops,
its softening point increases,
its break point increases (deteriorates),
its viscosity increases.
Bitumen ageing should not be passed over inthis discussion onbitumen asaconstruction material. Importantly,
bitumen incorporated inthepavement has already undergone short-term ageing. Tests onbitumen sensitivity
toageing are therefore very relevant. Short-term ageing (at ahigh temperature) isavital consideration.
From theperspective ofpavement quality, itis required tocheck theeffects ofshort-term ageing onprimary
bitumen properties, such as penetration, softening point and elastic recovery (for modified bitumen). For
this reason, a number of test methods have been developed to replicate the ageing process and produce
bituminous binder samples after ageing for further testing.
29
One of the most commonly used methods for short-term ageing is RTFOT (Rolling Thin Film Oven Test)
conducted inaccordance with PN-EN12607-1 Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination oftheresistance
to hardening under influence of heat and air. Part 1: RTFOT method. It involves subjecting a thin layer
ofbituminous binder tohot air flowing around itfor aspecified period oftime.
Bitumen samples placed inpre-weighed glass containers are installed inaspecial rotating disc inside adrier
for theRTFOT test atthetemperature of163C with air blowing. After aspecific time thesamples intheglass
containers are taken out of the drier and cooled down to ambient temperature. The binder in the glass
containers has thus undergone theshort-term ageing simulation test and can be used for subsequent tests.
Figure 2.24. General view oftheRTFOT short-term ageing test set (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN
B
A
Figure 2.25. View ofglass containers for bitumen samples (A) and containers installed intheRTFOT drier (B) (photo
by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
30
Bitumen mass may change (increase or decrease) asaresult ofshort-term ageing. Thechange ofmass after
ageing isdetermined according toPN-EN 12607-1 (RTFOT). Itis calculated asthemass difference between
fresh bitumen and the sample after the RTFOT. The final result is the absolute percentage mass difference
between thesample before and after theageing test.
31
A bitumen sample is stretched at a specified temperature (typically at 25C or 10C) at a constant speed
of 50 mm/min., until its elongation reaches 200 mm. A bitumen thread thus formed is cut in half. After
30minutes, thedistance between both ends ofthecut sample ismeasured. Then, elastic recovery iscalculated
asapercentage share ofelongation [%].
The following equation isused for thecalculation ofelastic recovery (RE):
RE =
d
100 [%]
L
where:
d - distance between ends ofthecut sample [mm],
L - sample elongation, typically 200 mm (it can be less if thesample breaks too early) [mm].
Elastic recovery is expressed as a percentage, where 0% stands for no elasticity and 100% for full recovery
to the original shape. Elastomer-modified bitumen (depending on the quantity of elastomer) demonstrates
elastic recovery inexcess of50%. Thetest istheprimary test for theoperation (and presence) ofelastomer.
Thetest result isprovided with theaccuracy ofup to1%.
If thesamples cannot be extended to200 mm (thread breaking too early), theresult isspecified for that shorter
elongation, and the relevant comments are added to the test result. These results can also be considered
correct based onthestandard.
Note: themould for elastic recovery testing samples isdifferent from themould for theforce ductility test
(see 2.3.3).
Speed of 50mm/min
Cutting in half
x + 200 mm
Distance measurement d
32
Figure 2.28. View ofabitumen sample before (A) and inthecourse ofsample recovery after cutting (B)
(photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
33
Force ductility testing (at asmall tension rate) isconducted according toPN-EN 13589 Bitumen and bituminous
binders. Determination ofthetensile properties ofmodified bitumen by theforce ductility method. Thetest
involves the determination of the force required for sample tension (up to the appropriate elongation)
ataspecified temperature.
A properly shaped sample is placed in the ductilometer in water bath having the appropriate temperature (specified for each type of modified bitumen). The sample is then continuously stretched at a rate
of 50 mm/min., until it reaches elongation of at least 1333% (400 mm). Sensors record the applied force
throughout thetensile process. Thepenetration test isconducted according toPN-EN 13703 Bitumen and
bituminous binders. Determination ofdeformation energy onthebasis ofdata readout from theapparatus.
Theunit for cohesion is[J/cm2].
x
Speed of 50mm/min
Force ductility
x + 400 mm
Elongation
x + 400 mm
Figure 2.30. View ofabitumen sample before (A) and after thetest (elongated to400 mm) intheforce ductility
testing apparatus (B) (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
34
Figure 2.31. General view ofthefilled and sealed tube for thetube test and ofthemodified bitumen sample cut
into three sections (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o., courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
35
N-heptane insoluble content testing is conducted according to ASTM D 4124 Standard Test Method for
Separation of Asphalt into Four Fractions. The test involves the determination of the percentage share
ofinsolubles inbitumen subjected toasolvent (n-heptane inthis case). Itis assumed that theresult specifies
thecontent ofasphaltenes inthebinder.
A bituminous binder sample isdissolved inn-heptane (solvent). Thesolution thus formed isfiltered through
a layer of glass powder (from sintered glass) in a crucible. Undissolved material from bitumen is then
washed, dried and weighed. N-heptane insoluble content iscalculated asapercentage share [% m/m] relative
tothesample prior todissolving.
Currently, this requirement israrely applied.
36
A bitumen sample ispreheated inaporcelain vessel and placed inadistillation flask. Then, bitumen intheflask
is subjected to specified distillation conditions intheheating process. Thedistillate thus obtained iscooled
down toroom temperature and weighed. Then, thedistillate isdissolved inthemixture ofether and ethanol
intheappropriate proportions. Theresultant mixture iscooled to-20C. Paraffin isprecipitated inthefiltering
process. Appropriately elutriated and extracted paraffin isweighed and, onthebasis oftheinformation thus
obtained, paraffin content inbitumen iscalculated asthepercentage share relative tothebitumen sample
mass [% m/m].
There isalso another method for thedetermination ofparaffin inbitumen which is, however, used more rarely:
PN-EN12606-2 Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination oftheparaffin wax content. Part 2: Method
by extraction. Thevalues obtained using this method are typically greater than for thedistillation method.
To note, the European standard PN-EN 12591 and the remaining standards, namely PN-EN 14023
and PN-EN13924, no longer contain therequirements for theparaffin wax content.
Next tothefactors referred toabove, aprecondition for good adhesion istheappropriate viscosity ofbitumen
itmust be sufficiently liquid tocoat theaggregate. Tests conducted by ORLEN Asfalt have also demonstrated
that adhesion improves thelonger theasphalt mix iskept inthesilo. Inother words, bitumen adheres better
toaggregate grain surfaces after ageing.
Bitumen adhesion toaggregate can be tested using PN-EN12697-11 Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for
hot mix asphalt. Part 11: Determination oftheaffinity between aggregate and bitumen.
According tothestandard, theaffinity between aggregate and bitumen isspecified asthevisually determined
rate ofbitumen coating of the grains subjected tothefollowing procedure:
mixing inwater inrolled bottles over aspecific time (method A),
immersion inwater for 48 hours (method B),
using acids (HCl or HG) and phenolphthalein solution asthemarker, and boiling inwater for 10 minutes
(method C).
Appropriate-fraction aggregate isused for thetest. Theaggregate iswashed, dried and mixed with thebinder
until uniform coating isobtained. Thetest procedures, depending onthemethod, are specified inthestandard.
37
Figure 2.32. Bottles for testing binder elutriation from aggregate (method A) ontherolling machine acc.toPN-EN12697-11
(photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o.)
Figure 2.33. Aggregate samples after thetest (method A) asper PN-EN12697-11 (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o.)
Next to direct testing of bitumen adhesion to aggregate as described above, various testing methods are
used for the determination of bituminous mixture resistance to water and frost, which indirectly addresses
thequestion ofthebitumen-aggregate bond stability. Thetest used inPoland isbased onPN-EN 12697-12
Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Part 12: Determination of the water sensitivity
ofbituminous specimens, or thecuring ofbituminous mixtures using theimpact method (so-called Marshall
samples) and then their splitting. The ITSR index thus obtained is a measure of the bituminous mixtures
resistance towater and frost (if thefreezing cycle isused). Asimilar, although not identical method comes
from theAmerican AASHTO T 283 theso-called modified Lottman test.
38
Bitumen subjected toPAV testing ispre-tested using theRTFOT, which means that long-term ageing (ontheroad)
is preceded by short-term ageing (in the mixing plant). The vessel with bitumen is pressurised to 2.1 MPa
over 20 hours atthetemperature depending onthetype ofPG1 (90C, 100C or 110C). Theentire process
isdesigned tosimulate 7-10 years ofbitumen ageing inthepavement.
Bitumen samples after PAV ageing are used to measure bitumen properties at low temperatures (cracks)
and intermediate temperatures (fatigue) asper theSuperpave methodology. European standards containing
requirements for paving-grade binders do not yet contain PAV testing requirements.
Deformation
20
40
60
80
100
Time [s]
170
240
On obtaining full calculation data (creep stiffness and parameter m) from theanalysed temperature cycles,
e.g. -10, -16, -22, -28, -34C, theso-called lower critical temperatures T(S)602 and T(m)603 are determined,
aswell ascreep stiffness at-16C, S(T)-16. Thedetermination method for critical temperatures T(S)60, T(m)60
and creep stiffness S(T)-16 are shown inFigure 2.35.
1) TheAmerican Performance Grade (PG) system isdescribed inChapter 7.
2) Critical temperature T(S)60 isdetermined ontheassumption that creep stiffness S(60) should be 300 MPa, which should ensure
resistance to cracks of the bituminous mixture using the tested bitumen, and therefore T(S)60 is the temperature at which
binder stiffness isexactly 300 MPa [4].
3) Critical temperature T(m)60 is determined on the assumption that the value of parameter m(60) should be 0.3, which
isrelated tothefact that bitumens with high parameter m (0.3) demonstrate amore effective relaxation ofstresses present
inthebinder when temperatures drop [4]. Therefore, T(m)60 isthetemperature atwhich parameter m equals 0.3.
39
Legend:
750
0.5
0.4
450
0.3
300
0.2
150
0.1
Parameter m [-]
Figure 2.35.
Determination method for critical temperatures T(S)60, T(m)60, and creep stiffness S(T)-16 onthebasis ofdata obtained
intemperature cycles at-10, -16, -22,
-34
-28
-22
Temperature [C]
-16
-10
0.0
Results of BBR tests (T(S)60, T(m)60 and creep stiffness S(T)-16) for binders manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt
are provided inChapters 4 and 5.
The method is standardised as AASHTO T 315 Standard Method of Test for Determining the Rheological
Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and as PN-EN 14770 Bitumen and
bituminous binders. Determination ofcomplex shear modulus and phase angle. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR).
Figure 2.36.
General view oftheDSR (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp.zo.o.,
courtesy ofORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.)
Stiffness modulus 4 (G*) and phase angle () testing intheDSR isfully automatic (similarly totheBBR test)
and occurs inpre-set temperature cycles, e.g. from 10 to82C, insteps ofe.g. 6C. An appropriately formed
bitumen cylinder with thefollowing dimensions:
8 mm indiameter and 2 mm inheight for tests at1046C,
25 mm indiameter and 1 mm inheight for tests at4682C,
40
Viscous constituent
is subjected tooscillating shear intheDSR atthefrequency of10 rad/s (1.59Hz). Using thetheory onviscoelastic
bodies, which assumes that thestiffness modulus comprises viscous and elastic constituents, with their
interdependencies shown onFigure 2.36, thetesting equipment calculates thefollowing relationships:
G*/sin for thetested non-aged bitumen sample,
G*/sin for thetested RTFOT-aged bitumen sample,
G* sin for thetested RTFOT+PAV-aged bitumen sample.
G*
Legend:
G*
Phase angle
Figure 2.37.
constituents ofbitumen and their
interdependencies
Elastic constituent
On obtaining full results ofthecalculations (G*/sin and G*sin for non-aged bitumen, bitumen after RTFOT
and after RTFOT+PAV) from the analysed temperature cycles, e.g. from 10 to 82C in steps of e.g. 6C,
theso-called upper critical temperatures are determined, i.e.:
Tcrit (for non-aged bitumen, thetemperature atwhich G*/sin = 1.0 kPa)5
Tcrit (for RTFOT-aged bitumen, thetemperature atwhich G*/sin = 2.2 kPa)6
Tcrit (for RTFOT+PAV-aged bitumen, thetemperature atwhich G* sin = 5 000 kPa)7
Determination method for critical temperature Tcrit (for non-aged bitumen, bitumen after RTFOT and RTFOT+PAV)
isshown onFigure 2.38.
Legend:
logG*/sin [kPa]
10.0
2.2
1.0
Figure 2.38.
Determination method for critical temperature Tcrit for non-aged bitumen and
bitumen after RTFOT onthe basis ofdata
from temperature cycles, e.g. from 10
0.1
64
70
76
82
88
94
Temperature [C]
5) In order for thebituminous mixture toresist rutting, itis assumed that G*sin for fresh bitumen should not be smaller than
1.0 kPa [www.pavementinteractive.org]
6) In order for thebituminous mixture toresist rutting, itis assumed that G*/sin for RTFOT-aged bitumen should not be smaller
than 2.2 kPa [www.pavementinteractive.org]
7) In order for thebituminous mixture toresist fatigue cracks, itis assumed that G*sin for RTFOT+PAV-aged bitumen should
not be greater than 5 000 kPa [www.pavementinteractive.org], whereas themost recent US research for roads loaded with
theheaviest traffic requires 6 000 kPa
41
Legend:
12 500
G* sin [kPa]
10 000
7 500
5 000
2 500
0
10
16
22
Temperature [C]
28
34
40
Figure 2.39. Determination method for critical temperature Tcrit for bitumen after RTFOT+PAV onthebasis ofdata
from temperature cycles, e.g. from 10 to82C insteps of6C
Results ofbitumen tests intheDSR (Tcrit for non-aged bitumen, bitumen after RTFOT and RTFOT+PAV) are
provided inChapters 4 and 5.
The MSCR test isconducted according tothefollowing standards: AASHTO TP 70: Standard Method ofTest
for Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)
and ASTM D7405: Standard Test Method for Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) ofAsphalt Binder
Using aDynamic Shear Rheometer.
A cylindrical bitumen sample, 1 mm inheight and 25 mm indiameter, isplaced between arotor and aheated
base intheDSR, and subjected tothestress application cycle over 1 second and rest period over 9 seconds.
There are 10 stress and relief cycles intotal. Itcan be argued that two mechanisms are analysed intheentire
testing process:
binder sample creep mechanism during the1-second stress application,
binder sample recovery mechanism during the9-second rest period (after thestress isremoved).
The nature ofthesample deformation curve intheMSCR test (10 stress and relief cycles) isshown inFigure 2.40.
42
Deformation [%]
1
10
20
4
30
40
6
50
7
60
70
9
80
Cycle No
10
90
Time [s]
100
Figure 2.40. Nature ofthesample deformation curve intheMSCR test (stress of0.1 or 3.2 kPa) for two different
bitumens. Thenature ofthedeformation allows for thecomparison ofbitumen properties. Bitumen highlighted inblue
onthefigure ismarked by better properties than bitumen highlighted inred (sensitivity todeformation isdifferent).
The test is conducted with a binder after the RTFOT ageing, i.e. with two stress values, e.g. 0.1 kPa and
3.2kPa (values indicated inASTM D 7405) atthehighest temperature atwhich thepavement with thebinder
should work. In effect, two pairs of results are obtained: non-recoverable creep compliance, that is parameter Jnr in [kPa-1] and recovery R [%] for two stress values (0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa). Both properties are
determined after each ofthe10 cycles. Thefinal result isapair ofparameters: Jnr and R, which are calculated
asarithmetic means from theresults obtained in10 cycles. Thenature ofJnr and R properties over one cycle
isshown onFigure 2.41.
Recoverable
shear strain
(for 1 cycle)
Deformation [%]
[kPa -1]
Non-recoverable
(permanent) shear strain
(for 1 cycle)
Legend:
R1
J nr
R1
6
Time [s]
10
Figure 2.41. Nature ofJnr and R properties over one stress and rest period
In addition, on the basis of Jnr and R determined for two stress values 0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa, additional
parameters are determined, namely Jnr, diff and Rdiff which are measures ofbinder sensitivity tostress changes.
Results ofbitumen tests with theMSCR method (Jnr and R for 0.1 kPa, Jnr and R for 3.2 kPa and Jnr, diff and
Rdiff ) are provided inChapters 4 and 5.
43
Chapter 3
Discussion ofstandards
EN 12591 and EN 14023
3.1. Introduction
EN 12591 and EN 14023 are included inaset ofEuropean standards onbituminous binders. EN 12591 applies
topaving-grade bitumen, and its most recent update comes from 2009 (EN 12591:2009), while EN14023
discusses modified bitumen and was last updated in2010 (EN 14023:2010).
EN 12591:2009 and EN 14023:2010 are developed on the basis of mandate, i.e. standardisation request
from theEuropean Commission. Originally, thestandards supported essential requirements oftheConstruction Products Directive (Directive 89/106/EEC), repealed as of 30 June 2013 by Regulation No 305/2011
oftheEuropean Parliament and oftheCouncil. As of1 July 2013, construction products (including bituminous
binders) are governed by Regulation No 305/2011.
Figure 3.1 presents statuses ofthereference standards (current status and target status in2014) intheEuropean
standardisation framework for bituminous binders.
A
A
Paving Grade
Bitumens
EN 12591
Paving Grade
Bitumens
EN 12591
Bituminous Binders
Bituminous Binders
Hard Paving Grade
Bitumens
EN 13924
Hard Paving Grade
Bitumens
EN 13924
Polymer Modied
Bitumens
EN 14023
Polymer Modied
Bitumens
EN 14023
B
B
Cationic
Bitumen
Emulsions
Cationic
EN
13808
Bitumen
Emulsions
EN 13808
Oxidised
Bitumens
EN 13304
Oxidised
Bitumens
EN 13304
Hard
Grade Industrial
Bitumens
ENHard
13305
Grade Industrial
Bitumens
EN 13305
Oxidised
Bitumens
EN 13304
Oxidised
Bitumens
EN 13304
Hard
Grade Industrial
Bitumens
ENHard
13305
Grade Industrial
Bitumens
EN 13305
Bituminous Binders
Bituminous Binders
Paving Grade
Bitumens
EN 12591
Paving Grade
Bitumens
EN 12591
Polymer Modied
Bitumens
EN 14023
Polymer Modied
Bitumens
EN 14023
EN 13924-2
Multigrade Paving
Bitumens
EN 13924-2
Cationic
Bitumen
Emulsions
Cationic
EN
13808
Bitumen
Emulsions
EN 13808
Figure 3.1. Assignment ofEuropean standards todifferent types ofbinders. (A) Current status prior tothepublication
ofEN 13924-2. (B) Target status (2014) upon publication ofEN 13924-2 and change from EN 13924 toEN 13924-1.
Standards discussed inthis chapter are highlighted incolour.
44
Table 3.1. Classification ofbituminous binders manufactured toEuropean standards EN 12591 and EN 14023
Bituminous binder
Reference document
EN 12591:2009
EN 14023:2010
Type ofbituminous
binder manufactured
by ORLEN Asfalt
1)
2)
3)
4)
ORBITON
ORBITON
ORBITON
ORBITON
modified
modified
modified
modified
bitumen
bitumen
bitumen
bitumen
subtype
subtype
subtype
subtype
for
for
for
for
XX/YY
PMB XX/YY-Z
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
100/150
160/220
ORBITON 10/40-65
ORBITON 25/55-55 EXP 1)
ORBITON 25/55-60
ORBITON 25/55-60 EXP 2)
ORBITON 25/55-65 EXP 3)
ORBITON 45/80-55
ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP 4)
ORBITON 45/80-65
ORBITON 65/105-60
theGerman market
theCzech market
theCzech, Hungarian, Romanian and Slovakian market
theLithuanian, Latvian and Estonian market
Notes todesignations:
XX lower penetration limit at25C for agiven bitumen type [0.1 mm]
YY upper penetration limit at25C for agiven bitumen type [0.1 mm]
Z lower softening point (R&B) limit [C] asper EN 1427
PMB stands for polymer modified bitumen (usually replaced by themanufacturers trade name)
EN 12591 and EN 14023 provide therules for theselection ofproperties and thecorresponding test methods,
aswell asthescope ofrequirements for bitumen designed for theconstruction and maintenance ofroads,
airfields and other pavements for wheeled traffic.
EN 12591:2009 Bitumen and bituminous binders. Specifications for paving grade bitumens ispartially
aclassification standard, i.e. itdelegates tomember states ofCEN (European Committee for Standardization)
theright toselect certain combinations ofrequirements, however, most oftherequirements are fixed.
EN 14023:2010 Bitumen and bituminous binders. Specification framework for polymer modified bitumens does
not set forth fixed requirements for theindividual grades ofbitumen (as most provisions ofEN12591:2009do),
but is a classification standard. It means that it provides a collection of properties and assigns various
requirement levels tothem (referred toas classes).
45
Tables 3.2. and 3.3. provide example requirements for paving grade bitumen 35/50 which are highlighted
inred and bold. Specifications for theremaining paving grade bitumen types (so-called National Annexes)
for application inthespecific Member State territory are established inasimilar manner.
Table 3.2 Requirements for paving grade bitumen with penetration from 20 0.1 mm to220 0.1 mm acc. to
EN 12591:200 (properties for all paving grade bitumens listed in the table). Example selection of properties for
paving grade bitumen 35/50
Test
method
Unit
Penetration at25C
PN-EN 1426
Softening Point
PN-EN 1427
Property
35/50
50/70
70/100
100/150
160/220
0,1 mm
20-30
35-50
50-70
70-100
100-150
160-220
55-63
50-58
46-54
43-51
39-47
35-43
55
53
50
46
43
37
10
11
PN-EN
12607-1
(RTFOT
method)
or
or
or
or
or
or
10
11
11
11
12
12
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,8
0,8
1,0
PN-EN ISO
2592
240
240
230
230
230
220
PN-EN 12592
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
99,0
a If option 2 isselected, itmust be combined with therequirements for theFraass breaking point or penetration index, or both, determined for thebinder
subjected toageing.
b Change inmass may be apositive or negative value.
Table 3.3 Requirements for paving grade bitumen with penetration from 20 0.1 mm to220 0.1 mm acc.to
EN 12591:2009 (properties relating to laws and regulations or other national requirements). Example selection
ofproperties for paving grade bitumen 35/50 (continued)
Property
Penetration index
Test
method
PN-EN 12591
Annex A
PN-EN 12596
PN-EN 12593
Unit
Pa s
35/50
50/70
70/100
100/150
160/220
-1.5
to+0.7
-1.5
to+0.7
-1.5
to+0.7
-1.5
to+0.7
-1.5
to+0.7
-1.5
to+0.7
or
or
or
or
or
or
NR b
NR b
NR b
NR b
NR b
NR b
440
225
145
90
55
30
or
or
or
or
or
or
NR b
NR b
NR b
NR b
NR b
NR b
-5
-8
-10
-12
-15
or
or
or
or
or
NR b
NR
PN-EN 12595
mm2/s
NR
NR
NR
NR b
530
370
295
230
175
135
or
or
or
or
or
or
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR b
a If option 2 isselected, itmust be combined with therequirements for theFraass breaking point or penetration index, or both, determined for thebinder
subjected toageing.
b NR no requirements, itcan be used inthecase where there are no national requirements for agiven property atthelocation ofits intended use.
National specifications for polymer-modified bitumen as per EN 14023 are designed in a similar manner;
however, thenumber ofproperties and available classes (requirement levels) ismuch greater than inEN 12591.
46
Tables 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 give examples ofprimary and additional requirements for modified bitumen ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP, which are provided inframes inred. Specifications for other polymer modified bitumens
are designed inasimilar fashion.
Table 3.4. Rules for polymer-modified bitumen classification Properties applicable toall polymer-modified bitumens
(EN 14023:2010). Example selection ofproperties for modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP
Property
Test
method
Penetration at25C
45-80
Softening point
EN 1427
80
75
70
65
Force ductility
by ductilometer
method a
(tension of
50 mm/min) or
EN 13589
after EN
13703
J/cm2
3
at 5C
2
at 5C
1
at 5C
2
2
0.5
2
0.5 0.5
3
at 0C at 10C at 10C at 5C at 15C at 20C at 25C
Direct tension
a
(tension of
100 mm/min) or
EN 13587
after EN
13703
J/cm2
3
at 5C
2
at 5C
1
at 5C
3
3
at 0C at 10C
Vialit pendulum
(impact test)
EN 13588
J/cm2
0.7
35
40
45
50
10
12
0.3
0.5
0.8
250
235
220
Cohesion a
Purobility
(Resistance
to hardening) b
EN 12607-1
EN ISO
2592
Flash Point
10
11
50
55
55
45
40
60
1.0
Change ofmass
after RTFOT c
Unit
a) Only one method for cohesion testing should be selected, depending onthefinal application. Determination ofcohesion by Vialit method (EN 13588)
should be selected only for binders designed for surface dressing.
b) Theprimary test method isRTFOT at163C. For certain polymer-modified bitumens, whose viscosity istoo high, RTFOT atthereference temperature
of 163C cannot be performed because themovement ofbitumen layer must be ensured. Insuch cases, thetest should be conducted at180C asper
EN 12607-1.
c) Change inmass may be apositive or negative value.
Table 3.5. Rules for polymer-modified bitumen classification Properties resulting from laws and regulations orother
regional requirements (EN 14023:2010)
Test
method
Unit
EN 12593
at 25C or c
at 10C
Property
Fraass Breaking point
Elastic
recovery
10
NR a
TBR b
-5
-7
-10
-12
-15
-18
-20
-22
EN 13398
NR a
TBR b
80
70
60
50
EN 13398
NR a
TBR b
75
50
a) NR. No requirements can be used inthecase where there are no national requirements for agiven property atthelocation ofits intended use.
b) TBR. To be declared can be used inthecase where there are no national requirements for agiven property atthelocation ofits intended use; however,
a given property isconsidered useful for thedescription ofpolymer-modified bitumen.
c) Where required, polymer-modified bitumens should meet therequirements for elastic recovery at25 C or 10 C.
47
Table 3.6. Rules for polymer-modified bitumen classification Properties resulting from laws and regulations orother
national requirements (EN 14023:2010)
Test
method
Unit
Subsection
5.2.8.4.
Property
NR a
TBR
85
80
75
70
65
60
EN 1427
NR a
TBR
EN 13398
NR a
TBR
70
60
50
EN 13398
NR a
TBR
50
Storage stability b
Softening point difference
EN 13399
EN 1427
NR a
TBR b
Storage stability b
Penetration difference
EN 13399
EN 1426
0.1 mm
NR a
TBR b
13
19
Plasticity range
26
a) NR. No requirements can be used inthecase where there are no national requirements for agiven property atthelocation ofits intended use.
b) Storage conditions for polymer-modified bitumen should be indicated by thesupplier. Homogeneity isrequired for polymer-modified bitumens.
The inclination ofpolymer-modified bitumens constituents toseparate can be evaluated through thedetermination ofstorage stability (see EN 13399).
If theproduct fails tomeet therequirements ofTable 3, classes from 2 to5, thesupplier should state what should be thestorage method for polymer-modified bitumen inorder toavoid theseparation ofits components and ensure product homogeneity.
Annexes ZA toEN 12591:2009 and EN 14023:2010 establish therequirements for CE marking. Annexes ZA
also provide theprocedure for bituminous binder conformity assessment and thedivision ofresponsibilities
between the manufacturer and the notified body, and contain a chapter on certification and declaration
ofperformance (formerly declaration ofconformity 1), CE marking and labelling.
Bituminous binders for road construction and surface dressing are covered by theconformity assessment system
2+. Under thesystem, themanufacturer isrequired toestablish, document and maintain theFactory Production
Control system, confirmed by theFPC Certificate (issued by thenotified body). Inaddition, themanufacturer
should have inplace thesample testing plan and perform type examination for each product. TheFPC system
should comprise procedures, regular inspections and tests and/or assessments, and theresults should be used
for thefinished product quality assessment. Numbers ofFPC Certificates for production units oftheORLEN
Asfalt Group are provided inChapter 1.
The assessment of bituminous binder properties conformity with the requirements of the standards under
consideration and thevalues they establish (including grades) should be demonstrated by:
performance ofan initial type examination ofeach type ofbitumen,
implementation and operation oftheFactory Production Control (FPC).
1) The effective Regulation No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council, repealing the Construction Products
Directive (89/106/EEC), changes thename declaration ofconformity into declaration ofperformance, and provides theinformation itmust contain.
48
Figure 3.2. shows example information accompanying theCE marking ofpaving-grade bitumen 50/70 manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt in2013.
1434
ORLEN Asfaltsp.zo.o.
PRODUKCJA POCK
PRODUCTION PLOCK
09-411 Pock, ul. Chemikw 7
Poland
13
3/CPR/2013
PN-EN 12591:2010
Penetracja w25C
(Penetration at25C).............................................. 50-700,1mm
Temperatura miknienia
(Softening Point R&B)...............................46 54C
Odporno nastarzenie w163C (EN 12607-1)
(Resistance tohardening at163C (EN 12607-1))
Pozostaa penetracja w25C po starzeniu
(Retained penetration at25C after RTFOT)....50%
Wzrost temperatury miknienia po starzeniu
(Increasing ofSoftening Point R&B after RTFOT).9C
Zmiana masy po starzeniu
(Change ofmass after RTFOT)...........................0,5%
Temperatura zaponu
(Flash point (COC))......................................... 230C
Zawarto skadnikw rozpuszczalnych
(Solubility intoluene)..............................99,0% m/m
Lepko dynamiczna w60C
(Dynamic viscosity at60C )..................... 145 Pa*s
Temperatura amliwoci
(Fraass breaking point)...................................... -8C
Indeks penetracji
(Penetration Index).............................................. NR
Lepko kinematyczna w135C
(Kinematic viscosity at135C............................... NR
Figure 3.2. CE marking for paving-grade bitumen 50/70 manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt in2013
49
Chapter 4
Legend:
85
80
75
65
60
35/50
55
50
50/70
20/30
70
45
70/100
100/150
40
160/220
35
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Figure 4.1. Schematic comparison ofPaving Grade Bitumens acc. to EN 12591:2009 asafunction ofpenetration
at25C and softening point TR&B
50
4.2. Properties
Subsequent sections ofthis chapter discuss all properties ofpaving-grade bitumens asper EN 12591, including
additional details based ontheAmerican Superpave (Performance Grade system). This chapter also provides
approximate process temperatures for bitumen application inbituminous mixtures, viscosity data and viscosity
dependence ontemperature.
The classification ofpaving-grade bitumens intended for vehicle traffic onthebasis oftheMSCR test provided
inthis Chapter 4 isdiscussed inChapter 7.
Property
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
20 30
EN 1427
55 63
EN 12593
NR
EN ISO 2592
240
EN 12592
% (m/m)
99.0
EN 12607-1
% (m/m)
0.5
EN 12607-1
EN 1426
55
EN 12607-1
EN 1427
EN 12595
mm2/s
530
EN 12596
Pa*s
440
Flash point
Solubility
Test method
51
Table 4.2. Results oftheprimary properties ofbitumen 20/30: penetration at25C, R&B softening point and Fraass
breaking point from 2011-2013
Property
2011
2012
2013
27.8 (1.5)
27.9 (1.7)
28.0 (1.2)
61.8 (1.1)
62.4 (0.6)
62.0 (0.6)
-7.5 (1.8)
-7.5 (1.5)
-8.6 (2.3)
Table 4.3. Means of bitumen 20/30 primary parameters after RTFOT acc. to EN 12607-1 for penetration at 25C,
R&B softening point and Fraass breaking point. Data from 2013.
Property
Arithmetic means
from tests conducted once per month
(standard deviations inparentheses)
2013
Penetration at25C, 0.1 mm acc. EN 1426 after RTFOT
19.8 (1.7)
68.8 (1.5)
-7.1 (2.1)
T(S)60 = -14.7C
T(m)60 = -8.1C
S(T)-16 = 370.5 MPa
64C
0.169
0.185
Jnr, diff
9.7
R 0.1 kPa
33.4
R 3.2 kPa
28.9
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic
(at thetest temperature) acc.to themost recent PG classification
52
13
E
(Extreme)
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 4.2. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for Paving Grade Bitumen 20/30
Table 4.4. Example results of viscosity tests on bitumen 20/30 manufactured in 20122013. Tests conducted by
ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
Unit
Test
temperature
Example
test result for
viscosity
vacuum capillary
EN 12596
Pa*s
60C
3 313
90C
70.80
135C
2.06
160C
0.43
90C
after RTFOT
135C
after RTFOT
160C
after RTFOT
209.00
135C
1 655
spindle
No 21, 29
dynamic
Brookfield rotary
viscometer
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
kinematic
BS/IP/RF
viscometer
Pa*s
EN 12595
Pa*s
mm2/s
Test method
Viscosity type
3.23
0.73
Process temperatures
At laboratory
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
155160C
At mixing plant
Bitumen pumping temperature
Temperature ofbitumen for bituminous mixture production
>145C
175185C
<230C
<240C
Note: itis recommended for MA production touse additives toreduce theprocess temperature (mixing with aggregate
and placement) so that themastic asphalt production takes place atatemperature below 200C
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
165C
53
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to10 days)
185C
Paving-grade bitumen 35/50 can be used for asphalt concrete inbase and binder courses for light, medium
and heavy traffic roads. Bitumen 35/50 should not be used for wearing courses.
Property
Test method
Unit
Requirement
EN 1426
0.1 mm
35 50
EN 1427
50 58
EN 12593
-5
Penetration at25C
Flash point
EN ISO 2592
240
EN 12592
% (m/m)
99.0
EN 12607-1
% (m/m)
0.5
EN 12607-1
EN 1426
53
EN 12607-1
EN 1427
EN 12595
mm2/s
370
EN 12596
Pa*s
225
Solubility
54
Properties asperSuperpave
Bitumen 35/50 properties acc. to Superpave (tests conducted in20092012).
classification acc. to AASHTO MP 1: PG 70-16
T(S)60 = -15.4C
T(m)60 = -11.5C
S(T)-16 = 338.5 MPa
64C
0.882
1.004
Jnr diff
13.8
R 0.1 kPa
12.5
R 3.2 kPa
5.9
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic
(at thetest temperature) acc. to themost recent PG classification
53
V
(Very Heavy)
Process temperatures
At laboratory
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
140145C
At mixing plant
Bitumen pumping temperature
Temperature ofbitumen for bituminous mixture production
>140C
165175C
<230C
<240C
Note: itis recommended for MA production touse additives toreduce theprocess temperature (mixing with aggregate
and placement) so that themastic asphalt production takes place atatemperature below 200C
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
150C
55
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 4.3. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for Paving Grade Bitumen 35/50
Table 4.6. Example results of viscosity tests on bitumen 35/50 manufactured in 2012-2013. Tests conducted by
ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
Unit
Test
temperature
Example
test result for
viscosity
vacuum capillary
EN 12596
Pa*s
60C
758
90C
23.91
135C
0.82
160C
0.25
90C
after RTFOT
135C
after RTFOT
160C
after RTFOT
55.00
135C
856
spindle
No 21, 29
dynamic
Brookfield rotary
viscometer
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
kinematic
BS/IP/RF
viscometer
Pa*s
EN 12595
Pa*s
mm2/s
1.42
0.38
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to10 days)
recommended bitumen storage temperature:
185C
56
In the case of excessive bitumen ageing, the procedure for controlled product disposal should be initiated
(FPC procedure compliant with EN 13108-21).
Property
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
50 70
EN 1427
46 54
EN 12593
-8
EN ISO 2592
230
EN 12592
% (m/m)
99.0
EN 12607-1
% (m/m)
0.5
EN 12607-1
EN 1426
50
EN 12607-1
EN 1427
EN 12595
mm2/s
295
EN 12596
Pa*s
145
Flash point
Solubility
Test method
Properties asperSuperpave
Bitumen 50/70 properties acc. to Superpave (tests conducted in2009-2012).
classification asper AASHTO MP 1: PG 64-22
Tcrit = 67.7C
Tcrit = 67.8C
Tcrit = 20.5C
57
T(S)60 = -16.6C
T(m)60 = -15.0C
S(T)-16 = 294 MPa
58C
64C
0.730
2.280
0.810
2.588
Jnr diff
11.0
13.5
R 0.1 kPa
11.5
4.5
R 3.2 kPa
4.0
0.5
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic
(at thetest temperature) acc. to themost recent PG classification
66
89
V
(Very Heavy)
S
(Standard)
Process temperatures
At laboratory
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
135140C
At mixing plant
Bitumen pumping temperature
>130C
155165C
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
145C
100000000
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 4.4. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for Paving Grade Bitumen 50/70
58
180
190
200
210
Table 4.8. Example results of viscosity tests on bitumen 50/70 manufactured in 20122013. Tests conducted by
ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
Unit
Test
temperature
Example
test result for
viscosity
vacuum capillary
EN 12596
Pa*s
60C
292
90C
9.50
135C
0.46
160C
0.17
90C
after RTFOT
135C
after RTFOT
160C
after RTFOT
22.59
135C
505
spindle
No 21
dynamic
Brookfield rotary
viscometer
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
kinematic
BS/IP/RF
viscometer
Pa*s
EN 12595
Pa*s
mm2/s
0.81
0.24
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to10 days)
recommended bitumen storage temperature:
185C
In the case of excessive bitumen ageing, the procedure for controlled product disposal should be initiated
(FPC procedure compliant with EN 13108-21).
59
Test method
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
70 100
EN 1427
43 51
EN 12593
-10
EN ISO 2592
230
EN 12592
% (m/m)
99.0
EN 12607-1
% (m/m)
0.8
EN 12607-1
EN 1426
46
EN 12607-1
EN 1427
EN 12595
mm2/s
230
EN 12596
Pa*s
90
Flash point
Solubility
Tcrit = 63.4C
Tcrit = 63.6C
Tcrit = 19.1C
T(S)60 = -16.9C
T(m)60 = -16.2C
S(T)-16 = 285 MPa
58C
64C
1.965
4.070
2.273
4.560
Jnr diff
15.7
12.0
R 0.1 kPa
2.7
1.7
R 3.2 kPa
0.5
0.0
R diff
81
100
S
(Standard)
not classified
60
Process temperatures
At laboratory
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
130135C
At mixing plant
Bitumen pumping temperature
>130C
150160C
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
140C
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 4.5. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for Paving Grade Bitumen 70/100
Table 4.10. Example results ofviscosity tests onbitumen 70/100 manufactured in20122013. Tests conducted by
ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
Unit
Test
temperature
Example
test result for
viscosity
vacuum capillary
EN 12596
Pa*s
60C
149
90C
7.47
135C
0.41
160C
0.15
90C
after RTFOT
135C
after RTFOT
160C
after RTFOT
17.53
135C
372
spindle
No 21
dynamic
Brookfield rotary
viscometer
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
kinematic
BS/IP/RF
viscometer
Pa*s
EN 12595
Pa*s
mm2/s
0.64
0.21
61
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to10 days)
180C
Paving Grade Bitumen 100/150 is a binder intended primarily for the production of asphalt emulsion for
various applications.
Property
Test method
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
100 150
EN 1427
39 47
EN 12593
-12
EN ISO 2592
230
EN 12592
% (m/m)
99.0
EN 12607-1
% (m/m)
0.8
EN 12607-1
EN 1426
43
EN 12607-1
EN 1427
10
EN 12595
mm2/s
175
EN 12596
Pa*s
55
Flash point
Solubility
62
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 4.6. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for Paving Grade Bitumen 100/150
Table 4.12. Example results of viscosity tests on bitumen 100/150 manufactured in 20122013. Tests conducted
by ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
Unit
Test
temperature
Example
test result for
viscosity
vacuum capillary
EN 12596
Pa*s
60C
86.5
90C
4.03
135C
0.26
160C
0.11
90C
after RTFOT
135C
after RTFOT
160C
after RTFOT
6.90
135C
302
spindle
No 18, 21
dynamic
Brookfield rotary
viscometer
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 21
kinematic
BS/IP/RF
viscometer
Pa*s
EN 12595
Pa*s
mm2/s
Test method
0.37
0.13
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to10 days)
recommended bitumen storage temperature:
180C
63
Property
Test method
Unit
Requirement
EN 1426
0.1 mm
160 220
EN 1427
35 43
EN 12593
-15
Penetration at25C
Flash point
EN ISO 2592
220
EN 12592
% (m/m)
99.0
EN 12607-1
% (m/m)
1.0
EN 12607-1
EN 1426
37
EN 12607-1
EN 1427
11
EN 12595
mm2/s
135
EN 12596
Pa*s
30
Solubility
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 4.7. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for Paving Grade Bitumen 160/220
64
190
200
210
Table 4.14. Example results of viscosity tests on bitumen 160/220 manufactured in 20122013. Tests conducted
by ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
Unit
Test
temperature
Example
test result for
viscosity
vacuum capillary
EN 12596
Pa*s
60C
70.0
90C
2.66
135C
0.20
160C
0.08
90C
after RTFOT
135C
after RTFOT
160C
after RTFOT
4.35
135C
233
spindle
No 21
dynamic
Brookfield rotary
viscometer
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 21
kinematic
BS/IP/RF
viscometer
Pa*s
EN 12595
Pa*s
mm2/s
0.27
0.11
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to10 days)
recommended bitumen storage temperature:
180C
65
Chapter 5
This Handbook discusses ORBITON modified bitumens manufactured acc. to PN-EN 14023:2011 and designed for use inroad construction inPoland. ORLEN Asfalt also manufactures ORBITON modified bitumens
acc.to therequirements indicated intherelevant National Annexes toEN 14023:2010 (e.g. for Romania,
Lithuania, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, etc.). Thetypes ofbitumens wemanufacture
are shown inTable 5.1.
Table 5.1. Types ofmodified bitumens manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt
10/40-65
25/55-60
45/80-55
45/80-65
65/105-60
25/55-55 EXP *)
25/55-60 EXP *)
25/55-65 EXP *)
45/80-55 EXP
This Handbook discusses all types ofORBITON modified bitumens manufactured acc. to thePolish National
Annex toPN-EN 14023:2011 (revision 2014) and ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP for Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian
markets.
Asphalt pavements where modified bitumen isused are more durable ascompared topaving-grade bitumen
pavements. Key differences between paving-grade bitumens and modified bitumens for the two primary
binder parameters, namely penetration and Softening Point R&B, are schematically presented onFigure 5.1.
66
Legend:
85
80
75
70
10/40-65
25/55-60
35/50
55
65/105-60
45/80-55
45/80-55 EXP
20/30
60
50
50/70
65
45/80-65
45
70/100
100/150
40
160/220
35
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Figure 5.1. Schematic comparison of paving-grade bitumens and modified bitumens discussed in this Handbook
interms ofpenetration at25C and softening point TR&B
ORBITON modified bitumens represent agroup ofmodern binders intended for use inpavements carrying heavy
and very heavy traffic. Well-designed bituminous mixtures using those bitumens demonstrate better properties
ascompared with their counterparts having similar hardness (paving-grade and multigrade paving bitumen).
The range of applications for modified bitumens is very broad, both in terms of bituminous mixture type
and road traffic category. Theonly limitation intheapplication ofmodified bitumens istheir cost efficiency.
5.3. Properties
Subsequent sections ofthis chapter discuss all properties ofmodified bitumens acc. to EN 14023, including details
based on the American Superpave (Performance Grade system). This chapter also provides approximate process
temperatures for bitumen application inbituminous mixtures, viscosity data and viscosity dependence ontemperature.
TheMSCR-based classification isprovided inChapter 7.
1) WMS designation isused inPoland todenote high modulus asphalt concrete (EME inFrance, HMB intheUK).
67
Property
Test method
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
1040
EN 1427
65
EN 13398
60
EN 12593
-5
EN ISO 2592
235
EN 13589
EN 13703
J/cm2
2 at10C
EN 12607-1
0.5
EN 1427
EN 1426
60
EN 12607-1,
EN 13398
50
Storage stability:
Difference in softening point
EN 13399,
EN 1427
Storage stability:
Difference inpenetration at25C
EN 13399,
EN 1427
0.1 mm
NR b
EN 14023
Subsection 5.2.8.4
NR b
EN 12607-1,
EN 1427
TBR a
Flash Point
Force ductility
(low tension rate)
Change ofmass after RTFOT
Plasticity range
Drop in softening point after RTFOT
a
b
TBR To Be Reported
NR No Requirement
68
Tcrit = 88.5C
Tcrit = 83.8C
Tcrit = 19.5C
T(S)60 = -17.2C
T(m)60 = -8.6C
S(T)-16 = 271.5 MPa
64C
0.106
0.140
Jnr diff
31.9
R 0.1 kPa
68.6
R 3.2 kPa
62.5
9
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic (at thetest temperature)
as per themost recent PG classification
E
(Extreme)
Process temperatures
At laboratory:
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
150155C
At mixing plant:
Bitumen pumping temperature
>150C
180190C
<230C
<240C
Note: itis recommended for MA production touse additives toreduce theprocess temperature (mixing with aggregate and placement) so that themastic asphalt production takes place atatemperature below 200C.
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
160C
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 5.2. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for modified bitumen ORBITON 10/40-65
69
Table 5.3. Example results ofviscosity tests onbitumen ORBITON 10/40-65. Tests conducted by ORLEN Laboratoriumsp.zo.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
spindle
No 21
dynamic
Brookfield
rotary
viscometer
Unit
Pa*s
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
Pa*s
Test temperature
Example test
result
for viscosity
90C
130.00
135C
2.52
160C
0.68
202.00
3.76
0.98
Microstructure
polymer dispersion code acc. to EN 13632:
B/H/S/r or B/H/S/o
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to7 days)
160180C
7 days
It isrecommended toconduct basic inspection tests for modified bitumen properties after five days inorder
to make sure that the product has not lost its properties due to the stability loss of the bitumen-polymer
combination caused by component separation. The test should be conducted after 5 days of storage and
every subsequent 2 days (7th day, 9th day, etc.) or inother time intervals, depending ontheactual needs:
penetration at25C, EN 1426
Softening Point R&B, EN 1427
elastic recovery at25C, EN 13398
If the mixing plant is fitted with tanks with agitators, bitumen should be periodically mixed in the tank.
Circulation can be used for that purpose.
70
Property
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
2555
EN 1427
60
EN 13398
60
EN 12593
-10
EN ISO 2592
235
EN 13589
EN 13703
J/cm2
2 at10C
EN 12607-1
0.5
EN 1427
EN 1426
60
EN 12607-1,
EN 13398
50
Storage stability:
Difference in softening point
EN 13399,
EN 1427
Storage stability:
Difference inpenetration at25C
EN 13399,
EN 1427
0.1 mm
NR b
EN 14023
Subsection 5.2.8.4
NR b
EN 12607-1,
EN 1427
TBR a
Flash Point
Force ductility
(low tension rate)
Change ofmass after RTFOT
Plasticity range
Drop in softening point after RTFOT
a
b
Test method
TBR To Be Reported
NR No Requirement
71
T(S)60 = -16.9C
T(m)60 = -13.8C
S(T)-16 = 278 MPa
58C
64C
70C
0.070
0.180
0.360
0.070
0.208
0.440
15.5
22.2
Jnr diff
R 0.1 kPa
68.3
63.8
58.2
R 3.2 kPa
68.3
59.8
51.1
12
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic (at thetest
temperature) asper themost recent PG classification
Process temperatures
At laboratory:
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
145150C
At mixing plant:
Bitumen pumping temperature
>150C
175185C
<230C
<240C
Note: itis recommended for MA production touse additives toreduce theprocess temperature
(mixing with aggregate and placement) so that themastic asphalt production takes place atatemperature below 200C.
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
155C
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 5.3. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for modified bitumen ORBITON 25/55-60
72
210
Table 5.5. Example results ofviscosity tests onbitumen ORBITON 25/55-60. Tests conducted by ORLEN Laboratoriumsp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
Unit
spindle
No 27
dynamic
Brookfield
rotary
viscometer
Test temperature
Example test
result
for viscosity
90C
87.50
135C
1.97
160C
0.54
182.00
135C after
RTFOT
160C after
RTFOT
2.75
Pa*s
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
Pa*s
0.68
Microstructure
polymer dispersion code acc. to EN 13632:
B/H/S/r or B/H/S/o
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to7 days)
recommended bitumen storage temperature:
160180C
guaranteed period ofbitumen service life for asphalt production: 7 days
It is recommended to conduct basic inspection tests for modified bitumen properties after 5 days in order
to make sure that the product has not lost its properties due to the stability loss of the bitumen-polymer
combination caused by component separation. The test should be conducted after 5 days of storage and
every subsequent 2 days (7th day, 9th day, etc.) or inother time intervals, depending ontheactual needs:
penetration at25C, EN 1426
Softening Point R&B, EN 1427
elastic recovery at25C, EN 13398
If the mixing plant is fitted with tanks with agitators, bitumen should be periodically mixed in the tank.
Circulation can be used for that purpose.
73
Property
Test method
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
45 80
EN 1427
55
EN 13398
70
EN 12593
-15
EN ISO 2592
235
EN 13589
EN 13703
J/cm2
3 at5C
EN 12607-1
0.5
EN 1427
EN 1426
60
EN 12607-1,
EN 13398
50
Storage stability:
Difference in softening point
EN 13399,
EN 1427
Storage stability:
Difference inpenetration at25C
EN 13399,
EN 1427
0.1 mm
NR b
EN 14023
Subsection 5.2.8.4
NR b
EN 12607-1,
EN 1427
TBR a
Flash Point
Force ductility
(low tension rate)
Plasticity range
Drop in softening point after RTFOT
a
b
TBR To Be Reported
NR No Requirement
74
Tcrit = 74.5C
Tcrit = 72.9C
Tcrit = 17.7C
T(S)60 = -18.1C
T(m)60 = -16.9C
S(T)-16 = 242 MPa
58C
64C
70C
0.170
0.406
0.943
0.180
0.490
1.608
20.8
70.5
R 0.1 kPa
68.9
65.0
52.3
R 3.2 kPa
67.5
59.5
34.6
34
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
H
(Heavy)
Jnr diff
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic (at thetest
temperature) asper themost recent PG classification
Process temperatures
At laboratory:
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
145150C
At mixing plant:
Bitumen pumping temperature
>150C
175185C
<230C
<240C
Note: itis recommended for MA production touse additives toreduce theprocess temperature
(mixing with aggregate and placement) so that themastic asphalt production takes place atatemperature below 200C.
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
155C
100000000
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 5.4. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-55
75
Table 5.7. Example results ofviscosity tests onbitumen ORBITON 45/80-55. Tests conducted by ORLEN Laboratoriumsp.zo.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
spindle
No 27
dynamic
Brookfield
rotary
viscometer
Unit
Example test
result
for viscosity
90C
44.33
135C
1.12
160C
0.22
103.00
135C after
RTFOT
160C after
RTFOT
1.93
Pa*s
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
Test temperature
Pa*s
0.55
Microstructure
polymer dispersion code acc. to EN 13632:
B/H/S/r or B/H/S/o
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to7 days)
76
Property
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
45 80
EN 1427
55
EN 13398
50
EN 12593
-15
EN ISO 2592
235
EN 13589
EN 13703
J/cm2
2 at5C
EN 12607-1
0.5
EN 1427
EN 1426
60
EN 12607-1,
EN 13398
50
Storage stability:
Difference in softening point
EN 13399,
EN 1427
Storage stability:
Difference inpenetration at25C
EN 13399,
EN 1427
0.1 mm
EN 14023
Subsection 5.2.8.4
TBR a
EN 12607-1,
EN 1427
Flash Point
Force ductility
(low tension rate)
Change ofmass after RTFOT
Plasticity range
Drop in softening point after RTFOT
Test method
a) TBR To Be Reported
b) NR No Requirement
Tcrit = 74.7C
Tcrit = 70.6C
Tcrit = 14.4C
77
T(S)60 = -17.9C
T(m)60 = -18.0C
S(T)-16 = 242.3 MPa
64C
70C
0.568
1.180
0.682
1.729
Jnr diff
20.1
46.5
R 0.1 kPa
62.6
57.2
R 3.2 kPa
57.3
42.9
10
30
V
(Very Heavy)
H
(Heavy)
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic (at thetest
temperature) asper themost recent PG classification
Process temperatures
At laboratory:
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
145150C
At mixing plant:
>150C
175185C
<230C
<240C
Note: itis recommended for MA production touse additives toreduce theprocess temperature
(mixing with aggregate and placement) so that themastic asphalt production takes place atatemperature below 200C.
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
155C
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 5.5. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP
78
210
Table 5.9. Example results ofviscosity tests onbitumen ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP. Tests conducted by ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
spindle
No 21
dynamic
Brookfield
rotary
viscometer
Example test
result
for viscosity
90C
55.100
135C
1.260
160C
0.402
70.917
135C after
RTFOT
160C after
RTFOT
1.571
Pa*s
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 21
Test
temperature
Unit
Pa*s
0.453
Microstructure
polymer dispersion code acc. to EN 13632:
B/H/S/r or B/H/S/o
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to7 days)
recommended bitumen storage temperature:
guaranteed period ofbitumen service life for MMA production:
160180C
7 days
It is recommended to conduct basic inspection tests for modified bitumen properties after 5 days in order
to make sure that the product has not lost its properties due to the stability loss of the bitumen-polymer
combination caused by component separation. The test should be conducted after 5 days of storage and
every subsequent 2 days (7th day, 9th day, etc.) or inother time intervals, depending ontheactual needs:
penetration at25C, EN 1426
Softening Point R&B, EN 1427
elastic recovery at25C, EN 13398
If the mixing plant is fitted with tanks with agitators, bitumen should be periodically mixed in the tank.
Circulation can be used for that purpose.
79
Property
Unit
Requirement
Penetration at25C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
45 80
EN 1427
65
EN 13398
80
EN 12593
-15
EN ISO 2592
235
EN 13589
EN 13703
J/cm2
2 at10C
EN 12607-1
0.5
EN 1427
EN 1426
60
EN 12607-1,
EN 13398
60
Storage stability:
Difference in softening point
EN 13399,
EN 1427
Storage stability:
Difference inpenetration at25C
EN 13399,
EN 1427
0.1 mm
NPD b
EN 14023
Subsection 5.2.8.4
NR b
EN 12607-1,
EN 1427
TBR a
Flash Point
Force ductility
(low tension rate)
Test method
Plasticity range
Drop in softening point after RTFOT
a) TBR To Be Reported
b) NR No Requirement
80
Tcrit = 83.2C
Tcrit = 77.7C
Tcrit = 17.6C
T(S)60 = -18.3C
T(m)60 = -14.3C
S(T)-16 = 235 MPa
Temperature
64C
70C
0.114
0.271
0.135
0.377
Jnr diff
18.6
39.1
R 0.1 kPa
84.4
75.4
R 3.2 kPa
82.9
70.5
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic (at thetest
temperature) asper themost recent PG classification
Process temperatures
At laboratory:
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
150155C
At mixing plant:
Bitumen pumping temperature
>150C
175185C
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
160C
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 5.6. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-65
81
Table 5.11. Example results ofviscosity tests onbitumen ORBITON 45/80-65. Tests conducted by ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
spindle
No 21
dynamic
Brookfield
rotary
viscometer
Unit
Test temperature
Example test
result
for viscosity
90C
81.57
135C
1.54
160C
0.49
90C
after RTFOT
135C after
RTFOT
160C after
RTFOT
128.00
Pa*s
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
Pa*s
2.17
0.58
Microstructure
polymer dispersion code acc. to EN 13632:
B/H/S/r or B/H/S/o
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to7 days)
82
Property
Test method
Unit
Requirement
EN 1426
0.1 mm
65105
EN 1427
60
EN 13398
70
Penetration at25C
Flash Point
Force ductility
(low tension rate)
Change ofmass after RTFOT
Increase in softening point after RTFOT
Retained penetration after RTFOT
EN 12593
-15
EN ISO 2592
235
EN 13589
EN 13703
J/cm2
3 at5C
EN 12607-1
0.5
EN 1427
10
EN 1426
60
EN 12607-1,
EN 13398
60
Storage stability:
Difference in softening point
EN 13399,
EN 1427
Storage stability:
Difference inpenetration at25C
EN 13399,
EN 1427
0.1 mm
NR b
EN 14023
Subsection 5.2.8.4
NR b
EN 12607-1,
EN 1427
TBR a
Plasticity range
Drop in softening point after RTFOT
a
b
TBR To Be Reported
NR No Requirement
2) Here: themeasure ofinternal bitumen strength to; theductility method with force measurement acc. to PN-EN13589 isused
for polymer-modified bitumen.
83
Tcrit = 74.9C
Tcrit = 69.2C
Tcrit = 13.6C
T(S)60 = -20.5C
T(m)60 = -20.6C
S(T)-16 = 172 MPa
Temperature
64C
0.382
0.469
Jnr diff
22.9
R 0.1 kPa
79.3
R 3.2 kPa
76.1
4
R diff
Final classification ofsuitability for road traffic (at thetest
temperature) asper themost recent PG classification
E
(Extreme)
Process temperatures
At laboratory:
Sample compaction temperature (Marshall samples or samples compacted ingyratory press)
145150C
At mixing plant:
Bitumen pumping temperature
>150C
175185C
At site
Minimum temperature ofthesupplied bituminous mixture (spreaders hopper)
155C
10000000
1000000
100000
End of compaction
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
Temperature [C]
Before RTFOT
After RTFOT
Figure 5.7. Viscosity dependence ontemperature for modified bitumen ORBITON 65/105-60
84
210
Table 5.13. Example results ofviscosity tests onbitumen ORBITON 65/105-60. Tests conducted by ORLEN Laboratorium sp. z o.o.
Viscosity type
Test method
Reference
document
Equipment
parameters
spindle
No 21, 29
dynamic
Brookfield
rotary
viscometer
Unit
Pa*s
ASTM D4402
EN 13702-2
spindle
No 27
Pa*s
Test
temperature
Example test
result
for viscosity
90C
70.00
135C
1.23
160C
0.39
90C
after RTFOT
135C after
RTFOT
160C after
RTFOT
63.83
1.36
0.41
Microstructure
polymer dispersion code acc. to EN 13632:
B/H/S/r or B/H/S/o
Storage
Short-term storage athigh temperature (up to7 days)
recommended bitumen storage temperature:
160180C
guaranteed period ofbitumen service life for asphalt production: 7 days
It is recommended to conduct basic inspection tests for modified bitumen properties after 5 days in order
to make sure that the product has not lost its properties due to the stability loss of the bitumen-polymer
combination caused by component separation. The test should be conducted after 5 days of storage and
every subsequent 2 days (7th day, 9th day, etc.) or inother time intervals, depending ontheactual needs:
penetration at25C, EN 1426
Softening Point R&B, EN 1427
elastic recovery at25C, EN 13398
If the mixing plant is fitted with tanks with agitators, bitumen should be periodically mixed in the tank.
Circulation can be used for that purpose.
85
for samples with uniform dispersion of small polymer particles, with a markedly smaller
quantity ofmedium particles with non-uniform dispersion
for samples with the largest share of small polymer particles, with a markedly smaller quantity
of medium particles
for samples with particles in the form of elongated polymer clusters. The sample also contains
cylindrical (round) particles and/or particles with atendency tocluster
Polymer-modified
bitumen type
86
Phase description
Phase continuity
Phase description
Size description
Shape description
10/40-65
r/o
25/55-60
r/o
45/80-55 or EXP
r/o
45/80-65
r/o
65/105-60
r/o
Figure 5.8 shows an example image ofpolymer-modified bitumen microstructure captured inreflected light,
100x magnification (UV light).
Chapter 6
The above limitations to the concept of highly-modified bitumen for road engineering uses represented
achallenge not only for road binder manufacturers, but also for polymer suppliers. However, research work
ofthepolymer industry have produced positive outcomes, resulting inthemarket availability, for afew years
already, of a polymer which enables the production of highly-modified bitumen not having the downsides
referred toabove.
Bitumens ofthis type are referred toas HiMA Highly-Modified Asphalt.
88
SBS polymer
SBS
polymer
Bitumen
Bitumen
ORBITON HiMA
(continuous
polymer matrix)
Conventional
modied bitumen
continuous
bitumen matrix)
Figure 6.1. Volumetric proportions between bitumen and polymer inconventional polymer-modified bitumen and
highly-modified bitumen
The advantages ofacontinuous polymer network (polymer phase) inthebinder, acting inthebituminous mix
being asan elastic reinforcement, can be clearly demonstrated taking theexample oflimiting crack propagation
by highly-modified binders. Figure 6.2 shows schematic representations oftwo hypothetical cases:
Figure A: propagation ofcracks reflected through theasphalt course with aconventional modified bitumen
with non-continuous polymer network (marked with yellow dots) here, the crack can pass through
thecourse, finding weak spots inthebinder between thepolymer network sections,
Figure B: propagation ofcracks reflected through theasphalt course with HiMA with continuous polymer
network (marked with yellow lines) here, thecracks passing through thecourse ismore difficult, because
ofthebarrier formed by thepolymer network inthebinder.
Detail
enlargement 2
Detail
enlargement 2
Detail 1
Wearing course
with typical PMB
Binder course
Detail 2
Wearing course
with PMB HiMA
Binder course
Crack propagation
"upwards" from
the binder course
Figure 6.2. Crack propagation through asphalt courses, a) with conventional polymer-modified bitumen, b) with
highly-modified bitumen
89
Legend:
45/80-80 HiMA
85
Paving-grade bitumen
as per PN-EN 12591:2010.
80
25/55-80 HiMA
65/105-80 HiMA
75
10/40-65
65
25/55-60
50
45
45/80-55
45/80-55 EXP
35/50
55
65/105-60
50/70
60
45/80-65
20/30
70
Modied bitumen
as per PN-EN 14023:2011.
70/100
100/150
40
160/220
35
30
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Figure 6.3. Positioning ofORBITON HiMA relative topaving-grade bitumen, and conventional modified bitumens
90
Property
25/55-80
ORBITON HiMA
45/80-80
65/105-80
2555
4580
65105
80
80
80
EN 12593
-15
-18
-18
EN 13398
80
80
80
EN 13399,
EN 1427
EN 14023
Subsection 5.2.8.4.
95
95
100
25/55-80
ORBITON HiMA
45/80-80
65/105-80
Test method
Unit
Penetration at2C
EN 1426
0.1 mm
EN 1427
Property
Test method
PG classification
AASHTO MP 1
94-22
82-28
76-28
Classification based
on theMSCR (for traffic category) at64C
ASTM D 7405
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
Classification based
on theMSCR (for traffic category) at70C
ASTM D 7405
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
E
(Extreme)
The summary chart inFigure 6.4 presents theresults ofORBITON HiMA against theremaining road construction
binders. What isparticularly striking isexcellent elasticity ofHiMA binders athigh service temperatures.
100
Legend:
80
70
60
90
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
50
40
Recovery MSCR = 29.371*(Jnr at 3200Pa)-0.2633
30
Modied bitumen
20
Non-modied bitumen
10
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
91
ORBITON PMB
65/105-80 HiMA
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON PMB
45/80-80 HiMA
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON PMB
25/55-80 HiMA
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
20/30
Next tothetesting ofORBITON HiMA binders, tests have also been conducted onasphalt mixtures containing
those binders. Asphalt concrete AC 16S was used for thetests (comparative mixture asinChapter7) having
the same gradation size and varying binder types (for comparison). The results of the tests (TSRST method
acc. to EN 12697-46) is shown in Figure 6.5. To note, ORBITON HiMA perform better in comparison with
other binders having similar hardness.
-0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
Figure 6.5. Pavement cracking resistance test results, TSRST method EN 12697-46, AC 16S mix
High-temperature properties ofHiMA (rutting resistance) have also been tested. Thesame bituminous mixture
was used for thetests (AC 16S) conducted acc. to EN 12697-22 inasmall apparatus (method B), intheair,
at60C, with 10 000 loading cycles. Theresults are shown inFigure 6.6.
Comparison of rutting test results
EN 12697-22, small device, method B,
air, 60C, 10000 cycles.
Asphalt concrete AC 16 S EN 13108-1
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
ORBITON PMB
65/105-80 HiMA
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON PMB
45/80-80 HiMA
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON PMB
25/55-80 HiMA
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
20/30
0.00
Figure 6.6. Pavement rutting resistance test results, parameter WTSAIR, method EN 12697-22, small wheel tracker
(method B) intheair, at60C, with 10 000 loading cycles, AC 16S mix
92
Figure 6.7. Placement ofexperimental section with ORBITON 65/105-80 HiMA in2013.
6.6. Conclusion
Several years of research work to develop and launch for production a new group of highly-modified SBS
binders referred toas ORBITON HiMA ended in2013 with theplacement ofan experimental section inPoland.
Having analysed theresults from thebinder and asphalt mixture tests, aswell asconclusions from theplacement process, we are confident that binders of this type will soon become an important part of ORLEN
Asfalts offering.
93
Chapter 7
One of the key service parameters of asphalt mixtures is rutting resistance. The contribution of bituminous
binders of any type is never decisive in ensuring pavement resistance to rutting; however, careful selection
ofthebitumen type can support themineral aggregate skeleton ofthepavement structure. This chapter presents comparative test results for asphalt mixture rutting resistance, conducted by ORLEN Asfalt in20082013.
Thetests were conducted according toPN-EN 12697-22.
Particular test conditions included:
simulation ofrutting with theso-called small device,
testing intheair, procedure B,
test temperature of60C,
number ofsample loading cycles 10 000,
thickness oftheplate for rutting 60 mm,
AC 16 mixture, binder content of5.6% m/m (fixed content inall tests, regardless ofbitumen type).
A slightly higher-then-usual binder content (5.6%) was used intheAC16 mixture inorder toenable thecomparison oftheeffects ofabroad range ofbinders from very hard 20/30 tovery soft 70/100. Theapplication
of a drier AC 16 mix would cluster the results for all hard binders into a very narrow WTSAIR range from
0.01 to0.05 mm/1 000 cycles, which would frustrate thecomparison effort inpractical terms.
94
Test results presented inthis chapter apply toall types ofbituminous binders. Since theaxle load limit inPoland
is115 kN (11.5 tonnes), asmall device for rutting was used for thetests, inaccordance with theguidelines
of PN-EN 13108. Most Polish guidelines on asphalt mixtures provide the requirement for rutting resistance
only for WTSAIR , whereas for PRDAIR , report theresult option isused.
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
22.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
20/30
0.00
Figure 7.1. PRDAIR comparative tests for 10 bituminous binders manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt in2012 and 2013.
AC 16 asphalt mixture
95
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
20/30
0.00
Figure 7.2. WTSAIR comparative tests for 10 bituminous binders manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt in 2012. AC 16
asphalt mixture
What transpires is the dependence of rutting resistance on binder hardness and viscosity. Obviously, good
rutting resistance is achieved with very hard binders, such as paving-grade bitumen 20/30 or modified
bitumen ORBITON 10/40-65. In turn, softer binders showing relatively high viscosity perform much better
than paving-grade bitumen types, which applies inparticular tomodified bitumen types.
96
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
20/30
Figure 7.3. Results of comparative tests for rutting resistance (PRDAIR) of AC 16S between paving-grade bitumen
20/30 and modified bitumen ORBITON 10/40-65
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
20/30
Figure 7.4. Results of comparative tests for rutting resistance (WTSAIR) of AC 16S between paving-grade bitumen
20/30 and modified bitumen ORBITON 10/40-65
97
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
35/50
Figure 7.5. Results of comparative tests for rutting resistance (PRDAIR) of AC 16S between paving-grade bitumen
35/50 and modified bitumen ORBITON 25/55-60
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
35/50
Figure 7.6. Results ofcomparative tests for rutting resistance (WTSAIR) ofAC 16S between paving-grade bitumen35/50
and modified bitumen ORBITON 25/55-60
98
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
50/70
Figure 7.7. Results of comparative tests for rutting resistance (PRDAIR) of AC 16S between paving-grade bitumen
50/70 and modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-55
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
50/70
Figure 7.8. Results of comparative tests for rutting resistance (WTSAIR) of AC 16S between paving-grade
bitumen 50/70 and modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-55
99
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
ORBITON PMB 45/80-55
Figure 7.9. Results ofcomparative tests for rutting resistance (PRDAIR) ofAC 16S between modified bitumen ORBITON
45/80-55 and modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP
Comparison of rutting test results
EN 12697-22, small device, method B,
air, 60C, 10000 cycles.
Asphalt concrete AC16S as per EN 13108-1
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
ORBITON PMB 45/80-55
Figure 7.10. Results of comparative tests for rutting resistance (WTSAIR) of AC 16S between modified bitumen
ORBITON 45/80-55 and modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-55 EXP
100
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
50/70
Figure 7.11. Results ofcomparative tests for rutting resistance (PRDAIR) ofAC 16S between paving-grade bitumen
50/70 and modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-65
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
50/70
Figure 7.12. Results ofcomparative tests for rutting resistance (WTSAIR) ofAC 16S between paving-grade bitumen
50/70 and modified bitumen ORBITON 45/80-65
101
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
50/70
70/100
Figure 7.13. Results ofcomparative tests for rutting resistance (PRDAIR) ofAC 16S between paving-grade bitumens
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
50/70
70/100
Figure 7.14. Results ofcomparative tests for rutting resistance (WTSAIR) ofAC 16S between paving-grade bitumens
50/70 and 70/100 and modified bitumen ORBITON 65/105-60
102
Figures 7.15 and 7.16 show theeffect ofbituminous binders onasphalt concrete resistance tolow-temperature
cracking. Theresults, taking theform ofthefailure point Tfailure and failure stress failure are shown onseparate
charts. Thetests were conducted onthesame AC 16S asphalt mixture that was used for rutting tests.
Obviously, failure points provided onChart 7.15. are not expected tobe precisely replicated intheactual pavement.
Itmust be remembered that theTSRST gives aconventional failure point under specific testing conditions.
It very rarely takes place in reality that a temperature drop reaches 10C/hour. Itcan therefore be assumed
that theresults pertain toextreme conditions, and theactual failure point would be smaller, inparticular with
thecontribution ofasmaller temperature drop gradient. An additional aspect ofthecracking test evaluation
isthecontent ofthebinder inthetested AC 16S. Themixture contains relatively high binder content (5.6%),
and therefore itcannot be said tobe dry. On theother hand, however, itis not true that themore binder
wehave, thesmaller thefailure point will be. As with themajority ofasphalt mixtures, theoptimum quantity
ofthebinder inthemix also exists for this case. For practical reasons, certain assumptions for thecomparison
were adopted under ORLEN Asfalts long-term research programme, owing towhich wecan compare binders
in terms of their sensitivity to cracking under specific conditions. Let us therefore look at the bar sizes and
compare them rather than analyse thefailure point.
103
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
20/30
Figure 7.15. Results of comparative tests for the failure point Tfailure for AC 16S with 10 bituminous binders
manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt
6.000
5.500
5.000
4.500
4.000
3.500
failure
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
20/30
35/50
3.000
Legend:
5,5
5,0
4,5
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
4,0
Stress [N/mm2]
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
Temperature [C]
Figure 7.17. Results ofcomparative tests for thedifference inthetension stress inthecourse oftheTSRST depending
ontemperature
104
cry (T) for AC 16S with 10 bituminous binders manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt
7.4. Conclusions
This chapter presented separate comparative test results for rutting and low-temperature cracking. Some
ofthepresented tests were covered by theresearch programme examining performance properties ofbinders
manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt.
Already atthetime that road engineers started analysing high- and low-temperature properties ofbituminous
binders and their effect on pavement behaviour, it was known that it would be very difficult to come up
with a universal binder. Figure 7.18 shows the problem in detail. Binders with a very good contribution
topavement resistance torutting are not thebest solution if weexpected cold winters. Importantly, however,
wecan influence pavement cracking toasmaller degree than isthecase for rutting, and therefore itis worth
applying softer binders with good low-temperature resistance e.g. ORBITON 65/105-60. However, itrequires
hard work onthedevelopment ofthemineral skeleton inthemix toensuring therequired level ofresistance
tolasting deformations insummer.
Figure 7.18 presents asummary comparison ofall 10 binders covered by theresearch programme ofORLEN
Asfalt interms oftheir rutting resistance (parameter WTSAIR) and failure resistance (failure point Tfailure).
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
ORBITON PMB
65/105-60
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON PMB
45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON PMB
25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
0.10
20/30
0.80
-35
Figure 7.18. Comparative test results ofbituminous binders athigh and low temperatures. Comparison ofparameter
WTSAIR and failure point Tfailure. Bituminous mixture AC 16 S
105
Chapter 8
8.1. Superpave
A major research programme was launched intheUnited States in1987, referred toas theStrategic Highway
Research Program (SHRP). One ofits objectives was todevelop anew classification system for road pavements
focusing on the binders performance of specific functions in the pavement. The entire system, including
amethod for designing asphalt mixtures, was named Superpave (SUperior PERforming Asphalt PAVEments).
Following the introduction of the Superpave system, classical parameters, such as penetration, softening
point, etc. were abandoned intheUS. Thebasis for thebinder classification system according toSuperpave
istherange ofbitumen service temperatures, referred toas PG Performance Grade.
Binder performance grade isdesignated asPG X-Y, where:
x isthemaximum pavement temperature (high PG),
y istheminimum pavement temperature (low PG),
at which agiven bitumen type isable tooperate asrequired. Itcan therefore be argued that theperformance
grade isprimarily determined by theweather inthearea where theroad isconstructed. High and low PG are
selected from thelist, with intervals of6C, onthebasis ofbinder test results (Table 8.1)
Table 8.1. Performance grade series
106
PG 46-
PG 52-
PG 58-
PG 64-
PG 70-
PG 76-
PG 82-
The bituminous binder testing system for PG determination involves tests atvarious temperatures, since bitumen
is a thermoplastic material, and therefore its properties change as the temperature changes. The change
inthose properties translates into specific pavement damage types:
high bitumen temperature viscoplastic deformations,
low bitumen temperature low-temperature cracking,
intermediate bitumen temperature fatigue damage from vehicle traffic,
considering theimpact ofshort-term and long-term ageing onbitumen properties. Temperatures ofspecific
tests depend ontheexpected pavement temperature attheplacement location.
New testing equipment was also developed as a result of the work on the Superpave system, now used
toexamine bitumen properties. Table 8.2 lists those equipment items and their intended use.
Table 8.2. New testing equipment asper Superpave
Equipment item
Intended use
The Fraass breaking point test used inEurope has anumber ofweaknesses and iscriticised by many. IntheUS,
thebending beam rheometer (BBR) isprimarily used totest bitumen behaviour atlow temperatures.
In analysing theBBR test results, weevaluate thedegree ofbitumen stiffness atalow temperature. Too-high
bitumen stiffness atlow temperatures isdisadvantageous asitleads tocracking. TheSuperpave system assumes
that creep stiffness S(t) may not exceed 300 MPa, which should ensure theappropriate cracking resistance
(no binder over-stiffness). Thevalue ofparameter m should inturn be greater than 0.300, which isrelated
tothefact that bitumens with ahigh parameter m value demonstrate amore effective relaxation ofstresses
present inthebinder when temperatures drop [15].
Table 8.3 presents low-temperature property testing results for ORLEN Asfalt binders, with thetest carried out
by theBending Beam Rheometer (BBR), and thesamples aged inRTFOT and PAV. Test parameters:
Testing atfour temperatures:
-10, -16, -22, -28C.
Sample temperature control time:
60 min.
Values recorded after 60 s ofloading: S(60s) MPa, m(60s)
107
Table 8.3. Results of the BRR low-temperature test after ageing (RTFOT+PAV) (example critical temperatures
atS(60)=300 MPa, m(60) = 0.3 and bitumen stiffness S at-16C)
Bitumen type
Critical temperature at
S(60) = 300 MPa
T(S)60 [C]
Critical temperature at
m(60) = 0,3
T(m) 60 [C]
EN 14771
AASHTO PP 42
EN 14771
AASHTO PP 42
EN 14771
AASHTO PP 42
less = better
less = better
less = better
Paving-grade 20/30
-14.7
-8.1
370.5
Paving-grade 35/50
-15.4
-11.5
338.5
Paving-grade 50/70
-16.6
-15.0
294.0
Paving-grade 70/100
-16.9
-16.2
285.0
-17.2
-8.6
271.5
-16.9
-13.8
278.0
-18.1
-16.9
242.0
-17.9
-18.0
242.3
-18.3
-14.3
235.0
-20.5
-20.6
172.3
Certain types of road binders demonstrate too high creep stiffness values S(t) or too small parameter m
during theBBR test, and yet are resistant tolow-temperature cracking. Therefore, theBBR test alone isnot
the ultimate measure of binder suitability at low temperatures. To determine that, the Direct Tension Test
set was developed, determining thebinders capacity for elongation. No laboratory inPoland possesses that
piece ofequipment. Itis also rarely found inEurope.
108
Table 8.4 presents theDSR test results for therelevant properties. Test parameters:
complex stiffness modulus G* and angle phase of the bitumen prior to RTFOT to determine critical
temperature atG*/sin=1 kPa,
complex stiffness modulus G* and angle phase ofthebitumen after RTFOT todetermine critical temperature atG*/sin=2.2 kPa,
complex stiffness modulus G* and angle phase ofthebitumen after RTFOT+PAV todetermine critical
temperature atG*sin=5 000 kPa,
Table 8.4. DSR test results for therelevant properties. Bitumen testing values from 20092013
Critical temperature
at G*/sin=1 kPa
bitumen before ageing
Critical temperature
at G*/sin=2.2 kPa
bitumen after RTFOT
Critical temperature
at G*.sin=5 000 kPa
bitumen after RTFOT+PAV
AASHTO T 315
AASHTO T 315
AASHTO T 315
more = better
more = better
less = better
Paving-grade 20/30
83.7
84.7
26.0
Paving-grade 35/50
73.2
74.2
23.1
Paving-grade 50/70
67.7
67.8
20.5
Paving-grade 70/100
63.4
63.6
19.1
88.5
83.8
19.5
83.1
80.5
22.0
74.5
72.9
17.7
74.7
70.6
14.4
83.2
77.7
17.6
74.9
69.2
13.6
Type ofpaving-grade
bitumen type
Figure 8.1 shows theBlack curves for thetested bitumen types. They are used toevaluate thedependence
of the binders complex stiffness modulus G* on angle phase , and in particular to check the behaviour
ofthebinder intherange >60 that istherange ofviscous material behaviour.
Figures 8.28.3 present master curves of the complex stiffness modulus G* and angle phase depending
onfrequency. Thetest was conducted inthefrequency range of0.110 Hz for -10, 0, 10, 25, 40, 60, 70C,
and then, using thetemperature and frequency superposition, master curves for 25C were obtained.
106
105
104
103
102
Legend:
10
20/30
35/50
10
50/70
70/100
10-1
10 0
-2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Phase angle []
109
105
104
103
Legend:
10
101
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
0.1
0.63
6.28
10
Frequency
62.8
100 [Hz]
628 [rad/s]
Figure 8.2. Master curve ofthecomplex modulus G* depending onfrequency for bitumen before ageing. Sweep
inthefrequency range from 0.1 to10 Hz, superposition to25C
90
80
70
Phase angle []
60
50
40
30
Legend:
20
10
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
0.1
0.63
1
6.28
10
Frequency
62.8
100 [Hz]
628 [rad/s]
Figure 8.3. Master curve for phase angle as a function of frequency for bitumen before ageing. Sweep
inthefrequency range from 0.1 to10 Hz, superposition to25C
110
Of those parameters, Jnr3.2 kPa iscrucial for binder classification, asitis themeasure ofbinder resistance
to deformation the smaller Jnr3.2 kPa, the greater rutting resistance. R3.2 recovery, in turn, indicates
theeffectiveness ofbinder modification (if any).
Two indicators are calculated from theresults ofJnr0.1 kPa, Jnr3.2 kPa, R0.1 and R3.2:
Jnr,diff percentage indicator ofthedifference inJnr after thechange (increase) inthestress from 0.1 to3.2
kPa itis ameasure ofbinder sensitivity toload increase; theincrease must not be greater than 75%,
Rdiff percentage indicator of the difference in elastic recovery after the change (increase) in the stress
from 0.1 to3.2 kPa itis ameasure ofbinder elasticity under load increase conditions.
The American tests have specified experimentally theline separating modified bitumens from non-modified
ones or, in other words effectively modified bitumens from non-modified bitumens. The line is shown
inFigure 8.5.
In planning binder testing using theMSCR, itwas assumed that maximum pavement temperatures inPoland
do not exceed 5560C, and therefore all binders were tested at64C. Some binders were also tested at58
and 70C inorder toexamine how their behaviour changes with thechange oftemperature.
Figures 8.4 and 8.5 present test results for various bitumens manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt and tested by
MSCR at64C. Figure 8.5 shows theline separating modified bitumens (e.g. binders which meet therequirements for modified bitumens interms ofrecovery R3.2 correlated with Jnr3.2 kPa range).
111
100
90
Legend:
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Figure 8.4. Presentation ofbitumen results ontheMSCR chart: elastic deformation R asafunction ofJnr attheload
of0.1 kPa, at64C (the smaller Jnr thegreater rutting resistance, thegreater recovery, themore elastic thebinder)
100
90
Legend:
20/30
35/50
50/70
70/100
80
70
60
50
40
Recovery MSCR = 29,371*(Jnr at 3200Pa)-0,2633
30
Modied bitumen
20
Non-modied bitumen
10
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Figure 8.5. Presentation ofbitumen results ontheMSCR chart: elastic deformation R asafunction ofJnr attheload
of3.2 kPa, at64C (the smaller Jnr thegreater rutting resistance, thegreater recovery, themore elastic thebinder)
In theclassical PG system, theresults ofparameter G*sin 5 000 kPa critical temperature refer topavement
(with thetested binder) fatigue resistance after RTFOT + PAV. Inthenew PG System specification, thevalue
isincreased to6 000 kPa.
Since thevery determination ofthehigh PG limit does not guarantee that thepavement will not rut, thelatest
PG system, based ontheMSCR, introduces additional binder values, depending ontheroad traffic volume
(Table 8.5) onagiven pavement. Suitability for agiven traffic volume isassessed onthebasis ofJNr3.2.
112
Table 8.5. Binder designations and requirements relative totraffic volume and characteristics
Traffic designation
Loading (number
of standard equivalent
axles and traffic
conditions)
S standard
4.0
H heavy
2.0
V very heavy
1.0
E extreme
0.5
Jnr, diff =
75%
PG grade
AASHTO MP 1
Paving-grade 20/30
84-18
82-16
Paving-grade 35/50
74-21
70-16
Paving-grade 50/70
67-25
64-22
Paving-grade 70/100
63-26
58-22
83-18
82-16
80-23
76-22
72-26
70-22
70-27
70-22
77-24
76-22
69-30
64-28
Actual PG grade
(direct test results)
Bitumen type
Table 8.7 shows classification results ofall bitumens with reference totraffic load atthehigh PG temperature:
58C and 64C onthebasis ofJnr3.2 kPa with MSCR.
113
Table 8.7. Binder classification after the MSCR test by traffic load (testing of bitumens from 2012) on the basis
ofranges from Table 8.5
Bitumen type
58C
64C
Paving-grade 20/30
(E)
Paving-grade 35/50
No data
Paving-grade 50/70
Paving-grade 70/100
(E)
(E)
(E)
(E)
The results should be analysed with aproviso that they are from example tests and do not represent typical
values achieved over the entire (and each) production season. Obviously, the values are not guaranteed by
ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o.
Colour ll
Legend:
Tested, classication based
on test result
Extreme trafc
Heavy trafc
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
20/30
Standard trafc
Figure 8.6. Schematic presentation ofbinder classification by traffic load at58C, onthebasis ofdetails from Table 8.7
114
Colour ll
Legend:
Tested, classication based
on test result
Extreme trafc
Heavy trafc
ORBITON
PMB 65/105-60
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-65
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55 EXP
ORBITON
PMB 45/80-55
ORBITON
PMB 25/55-60
ORBITON
PMB 10/40-65
70/100
50/70
35/50
20/30
Standard trafc
Figure 8.7. Schematic presentation ofbinder classification by traffic load at64C, onthebasis ofdetails from Table 8.7
Chapter 9
In order todetermine thepumping and aggregate mixing temperatures, bitumen test results before ageing
are used, since those processes occur before the contact of a thin binder layer with hot aggregate surface
(before the main short-term ageing process starts). In order to determine the start and end temperature
of onsite asphalt mixture compaction, viscosity values obtained after ageing should rather be used (RTFOT
method). Intheactual asphalt mixture production process, wet mixing ofcomponents (aggregate and bitumen) isfollowed by hot mix storage inthesilo and its transport totheconstruction site. This stage typically
lasts from a few dozen minutes to a few hours. Over that time, bitumen spreads over hot aggregate and
ages lighter components evaporate and, ineffect, thebitumen hardens. Concurrently, its penetration drops,
its softening point and viscosity rises, and thebreaking point deteriorates. When themixture spreading and
compaction starts, the binder in the mix has already undergone short-term ageing. Therefore we suggest
taking theviscosity value measured after RTFOT todetermine thecompaction start and end temperatures.
Figure 9.1 shows paving-grade bitumen viscosity curves before ageing which help todetermine pumping and
aggregate and binder mixing temperatures. Figure 9.2 presents paving-grade bitumen post-ageing viscosity
curves which are useful for thedetermination ofcompaction start and end temperatures. Those curves are
provided inbitumen type sheets included inChapters 4 and 5.
116
Since bitumen viscosities largely depend on raw material properties (crude oil distillation vacuum residue),
it should be assumed that the process temperature to be determined may fluctuate over the production
season, depending ontheactual raw material properties.
100000000
10000000
20/30
1000000
35/50
50/70
100000 70/100
100/150
10000
1000
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Figure 9.1. Paving-grade bitumen viscosity curves before ageing (on the basis of test results obtained by ORLEN
Asfalt sp. z o.o.)
100000000
10000000
1000000
35/50
End of compaction
50/70
70/100
100/150
10000
Beginning of compaction
1000
20/30
100000
100
10
1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Temperature [C]
Figure 9.2. Paving-grade bitumen viscosity curves after RTFOT (on the basis of test results obtained by ORLEN
Asfalt sp. z o.o.)
In examination ofequivalent temperature values, particular attention should be paid totheappropriate selection
ofsample compaction temperatures atthelaboratory (according tothemethod chosen from EN 13108-20).
Asphalt mixture sample preparation temperatures should correspond totheactual conditions ontheconstruction
site. If the temperature adopted at the lab is too high, the volumetric density of the bituminous mixture
inthesamples will be high and thevoid content will beunderrated. Iftheconditions onthesite markedly
117
differ from those adopted atthelab, i.e. theasphalt mixture temperature inthecourse oflayer compaction
is significantly lower, this will in practical terms prevent the achievement of the required layer compaction
index. Conversely, if thetemperature adopted by thelab istoo low, compaction indexes inexcess of100%
will be achieved onthesite, and void content inthelayer will be too low, which will increase therisk ofrutting. That is why adopting the appropriate sample compaction temperature at the laboratory mix design
stage isso important.
118
Bituminous binders should be stored intanks designed specifically for that purpose. Bitumen intheworking
tank should be heated indirectly, using thetemperature control system, toensure that thespecified temperature with 5C tolerance isretained. This means that thetank should be fitted with precision instrumentation
systems with local or remote temperature reading, placed in the heating coil area and outside it, and be
easily removable for regular cleaning. The requirements of the standard on the Factory Production Control
ofasphalt mixtures, namely EN 13108-21 Bituminous mixtures Requirements Part 21: Factory Production
Control) provide that bitumen temperature should be recorded once per day.
Long-term storage ofbitumen batches attemperatures close tothemaximum storage temperature may cause
deposit buildup atthebottom ofthetanks after some time, formed by precipitation oftheheaviest bitumen
fractions (so-called coke). Theharder thebitumen, themore likely itis that coke will build up, and therefore
the tank should be periodically monitored for deposit buildup if paving-grade bitumen 20/30 and 35/50
isstored. If thetank isnot cleaned, over time thedeposit may get into thepipes, and block filters and pumps.
119
Figure 9.3. Modified-bitumen tanks, Pock site (photo by ORLEN Asfalt sp. z o.o.)
Paving-grade bitumen storage inatank may also entail ageing caused by bitumen oxidation and evaporation
of its lighter components. Bitumen ageing process in the tank is slow, because the contact area between
bitumen and air is small. Nevertheless, storing a small quantity of bitumen in tanks at high temperatures
may overheat the bitumen layer on the silo walls or heating coils. This causes an additional coke buildup
atthebottom ofthetank and deterioration ofbinder properties.
Reasons for
bitumen ageing inthesilo
Bitumen circulation
Tank structure
The most desirable situation iswhen theratio ofbitumen surface and its volume
in thetank issmall, and that iswhy storage tanks for bitumen should be vertical,
because then thesilo height-to-diameter ratio ishigh.
120
Other recommendations
Before changing thetype or grade ofbitumen inthetank, itshould be ensured that thetank isempty.
Different bitumen types should not be mixed, such aspaving-grade bitumens with polymer-modified bitumens.
Themixing would markedly downgrade thebinder and pavement performance.
The mixing of bitumen of the same type, but different grades, such as 50/70 with 70/100 is at the sole
responsibility of the contractor. The process requires an effective mixing system in the tank and laboratory
control. Binders from different manufacturers should not be mixed.
Multiple heating and cooling cycles for both ORBITON modified bitumen and paving-grade bitumen are not
recommended.
If bitumen istobe kept inthemixing plant tank over winter, thetemperature inthetank should be reduced
to ambient temperature. Bitumen can be stored for several months under such conditions. It should
beremembered, however, that theheating ofafew dozen tonnes ofbitumen may be lengthy inspring and
depend ontheefficiency and structure ofthetank heating system. Reheating polymer-modified bitumen may
be even more troublesome. Binder properties must be tested ineach case after heating.
Bitumen temperature inthecourse ofstorage should not exceed values indicated inTable 9.2.
The viscosity ofbitumen supplied tothehot mix plant should be low enough toenable its unloading from
theroad tanker. Since bitumen viscosity isstrictly related toits temperature, bitumen temperature intheroad
tanker should be monitored intransport incooler seasons. Itis assumed that theminimum pumping temperature isachieved if bitumen viscosity isabout 2 Pas.
In the course of bitumen mixing with aggregate, ageing processes accelerate rapidly (a very thin layer
ofbitumen over aggregate, very high temperature and oxygen supply), therefore wet mixing time should
be carefully selected.
The application for production ofabinder which istoo hot may have other adverse effects, notably inthecase
ofSMA mix or PA production, which will run ahigher risk ofbinder draindown. Insuch cases itis required
to increase the content of the stabiliser (e.g. cellulose fibres) and check drainage using the Schellenberg
method for increased production temperatures (description provided in EN 12697-18 Bituminous mixtures.
Test methods for hot mix asphalt Part 18: Binder drainage).
121
Overheating the asphalt mixture during production at the mixing plant will result in significant short-term
ageing ofthebitumen, and inconsequence downgrade theperformance ofthebituminous pavement. For
this reason, themaximum production temperature should never be exceeded, even toimprove theworkability
and compatibility ontheconstruction site.
Temperatures provided inTable 9.2 do not apply toasphalt mixtures supplemented by an agent for production
and placement temperature reduction.
The storage period inthetank ofafresh mixture should not cool itdown excessively, and depends onthefollowing
factors:
mixture production temperature,
mixture type and binder content and type (paving-grade bitumen, multigrade or modified bitumen),
presence ofadditives such asstabilisers, modifiers or adhesion agents,
tank condition and equipment (thermal insulation, heating systems),
asphalt mixture quantity inthetank.
Cargo compartments must be always covered by tarpaulin inthecourse ofasphalt mixture transport. Whenever
temperatures are low or other adverse weather factors operate, itis recommended touse vehicles with isolated
cargo compartments. If itis necessary towork under adverse weather conditions (low temperature, strong wind,
long travel distance), the use of intermediate equipment with an additional mixer and mixture heating (MTV,
shuttle buggy) between thepaver and themixture unloading vehicle should be considered. Thetransport work
should be arranged so astoensure thecontinuity ofdeliveries totheconstruction site (no paver stops).
Upon loading oftheasphalt mixture onthevehicle, its temperature should be inspected and visual assessment
performed. Thefollowing points should be considered [4]:
blue smoke raising over themixture indicates its excessive overheating inthecourse ofmixing with
aggregate (over 200C). Themixture isessentially destroyed (overburnt) and will ravel after placement and
fail todemonstrate resistance towater and frost,
mixture flows inthecargo compartment possible reasons:
a. bitumen feeder damage or too high bitumen content,
b. incorrect content ofthemineral mix either fraction missing, even if thebitumen content iscorrect,
c. incorrect recipe oftheasphalt mixtures thelaboratory design originally envisaged too much bitumen,
d. adhesion agent overdose,
after loading, the mixture forms a sharp cone, is matt and shows no gloss this may testify
tothemixtures temperature being too low, or tobitumen content being too small; ineffect, themixture
may not have the required workability and compatibility on the site; typically the mixture should form
adome-like shape after loading,
122
9.5. Placement
Asphalt concrete mixes with high stiffness modulus (AC WMS or AC EME, depending onthecountry) combined
with hard bitumens should have thethickest-permitted, inprocess and design terms, layer placed. This will
improve thetemperature aspect for compaction.
When mixtures are placed onthebase having an increased temperature (just-placed courses), thetemperature
at mid-thickness of the placed layer should be carefully controlled. Non-contact thermometers are not
recommended, unlike thermometers with asteel spindle allowing for immersion into thelayer. If thetemperature
oftheplaced mix isvery high (mixture cools down very slowly), rolling should not commence until thetemperature
drops tothepoint enabling thecompaction toproceed. Asimilar procedure applies if themixture isplaced
onahot base (previous course still hot). Theabove guidelines do not apply totheKompaktasphalt technology.
Mastic asphalt mix should not be placed manually due toits high viscosity. Mechanical equipment for mixture
placement isrecommended, along with additives toreduce theplacement temperature.
By their very name, sorbents are substances capable of absorbing other substances. They have found their
application inroad engineering, helping toclean oil or fuel spills onthesurface ofacourse/subgrade. Itis
important to remember that quick removal of such stains from the road is one of the preconditions for
future stability ofthebituminous pavement. Oil-based substances dissolve bitumen and penetrate into deeper
courses, causing permanent damage.
Sand or sawdust was formerly used to remove oil-based substances from the surface. Although sawdust
(cellulose sorbents: wood, paper) sorbents can be used toabsorb oil spills, their disadvantage islow density
they are relatively light, so their application islimited towindless weather due totheir sensitivity towind
gusts. Importantly, sorbents of this type also absorb water. There are also processed cellulose sorbents
onthemarket which no longer absorb water.
123
Polymer-modified bitumen
EN 12591, NA
Bitumen type
Bitumen
20/30
Bitumen
35/50
EN
14023:2010
EN 14023:2011, NA
Bitumen
50/70
ORBITON
10/40-65
ORBITON
25/55-60
EN 14023:2011, NA
ORBITON
ORBITON
ORBITON ORBITON
45/80-55 45/80-55 EXP 45/80-65 65/105-60
Temperature [C]
Laboratory
Marshall sample compaction
temperature/gyratory press
155-160
140-145
135-140
150-155
145-150
145-150
150-155
150-155
145-150
over
130C
over
130C
over
150C
over
150C
over
150C
over
150C
over
50C
over
150C
over
140C
up to185
max. 30
up to185 up to185
up to185 up to185 up to185
(200***)
(200***)
max. 30
max. 30
max. 30
up to185
up to185 up to185
max. 30
max. 30
max. 30
max. 30
max. 30
max. 185
max. 180
max. 175
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
SMA
max. 175
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
Porous concrete
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
max. 185
Mastic asphalt
<230*)
<230*)
<230**)
<230**)
150
145
140
160
150
150
160
155
150
>120
>115
>110
>125
>120
>120
>120
>125
>120
Temperature onsite
*) mastic asphalt residence time inthebitumen boiler ofup to12 h atthespecified temperature; higher temperature
of mastic asphalt, up to250C, ispermitted if boiler residence time does not exceed 5 h
**) mastic asphalt residence time inthebitumen boiler ofup to8 h, atthespecified temperature; higher temperature ofmastic
asphalt, up to250C, ispermitted if boiler residence time does not exceed 4 h
***) maximum temperature inthesilo equal to200C only inexceptional cases ofthedelivery ofbitumen atsuch temperatures
from therefinery.
124
Chapter 10
Bitumen type
Density at15C
as per EN ISO 3838 or EN 15326
[Mg/m3]
Paving-grade 20/30
1.035
Paving-grade 35/50
1.030
Paving-grade 50/70
1.024
Paving-grade 70/100
1.010
Paving-grade 100/150
1.022
Paving-grade 160/220
1.019
1.034
1.022
1.024
1.024
1.030
Bitumen densities provided inTable 10.1, column 2, apply totests at15C. If bitumens are tobe used
atother temperatures, theindicated density at15C should be converted into thedensity attheapplication
temperature using thefollowing equation:
where:
x density attheapplication temperature X
15 density at15C inMg/m3
t temperature difference (X 15), X 15,16200
125
Solubility inxylene
% m/m
Solubility
in tetrachloroethylene
% m/m
Solubility intoluene
% m/m
35/50
99.8
99.80
99.95
50/70
99.90
99.85
99.90
70/100
99.95
99.95
99.95
10/40-65
99.65
99.60
99.90
25/55-60
99.85
99.80
99.75
Bitumen type
Paving-grade
bitumen
Modified
bitumen
ORBITON
45/80-55
99.90
99.90
99.90
45/80-55 EXP
99.80
99.90
99.90
45/80-65
99.65
99.70
99.70
65/105-60
99.75
99.65
99.70
Penetration at25C
[0,1 mm]
ORBITON 25/55-60
40
62
ORBITON 45/80-55
60
57
35/50
45
54
50/70
65
48
Binder
126
Chapter 11
(A1-A2) 4R
127
a specific range for asingle limit (A1 or A2) isnot smaller than thedouble reproducibility R:
A1 2 R or A2 2 R
If theSpecification provides for requirements which fail tomeet those conditions, theresults will be uncertain
and their significance indetermining asamples compliance will be doubtful.
If thecondition (A1-A2) 4R isnot met, then thelimits oftherequirement should be extended or atesting
method with higher precision should be selected.
Y > A1 + 0.59 R
for thesingle lower limit A2:
Y < A2 0.59 R
for a double limit one of the requirement should be met (one, because a result beyond the lower
ORupper limit oftherequirement range istypically challenged).
Example:
The supplier manufactures paving-grade bitumen 35/50 and delivers ittotherecipient. Thelatter tests thedelivery
and obtains theresult Pen25=34 [01 mm] (below designated asW2). Can therecipient consider the35/50
bitumen compliant with EN 12591, or complain about theproduct (penetration too low)? Standardised limits
for 35/50 bitumen are A2=35 [0.1 mm] and A1=50 [0.1 mm], hence W2 isbelow thestandard lower limit.
The bitumen penetration test standard (EN 1426) specifies the methods reproducibility as 1 R=3 [0.1 mm].
Has thesupplier delivered bitumen compliant with thestandard? Let us make thecalculations:
128
35
50
W2
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
51.8
33.2
Compliance scope of penetration at 25C test result
with the RECIPIENTS standard requirements
(mandatory scope)
Figure 11.1. Example case ranges ofresult compliance with therequirements atthesupplier and recipient [4]
11.4. Disputes
If therecipient and thesupplier are unable toagree onthequality ofthedelivered product, theprocedure
for accepting and rejecting results inthecase ofadispute should be applied. This procedure isalso described
inEN ISO 4259 but will not be quoted here due toits considerable length.
Property
Test method
Reproducibility R
Penetration at25C
EN 1427:2007
EN 1427:2007
EN 12593:2007
R=6C
129
Chapter 12
Occupational safety
12.1. Introduction
General aspects ofoccupational health, safety and environment discussed below apply topetroleum-derived
bitumens used in road construction, manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt, whose standardised properties are
elaborated oninChapters 4 and 5 ofthis Guide.
Extensive ecological and toxicological information aswell ashazard identification, conduct inthecase offire
or inadvertent environmental release are all provided inMSDSs available from ORLEN Asfalt for all products.
Although bitumen is not classified as a hazardous substance, MSDSs for bitumen are broadly available for
bitumen users inorder toensure maximum application safety and full product information.
The format and content oftheMSDSs complies with EU regulations, namely theREACH regulation (Registration
Evaluation and Authorisation ofChemicals) and theCLP regulation (Classification, Labelling, Packaging). Valid
MSDSs for all bitumens manufactured by ORLEN Asfalt can be found onthecompanys website. This chapter
discusses only some aspects ofbroadly understood HSE asapplicable toworking with bitumens. Comprehensive
details are provided intheMSDSs referred toabove.
Bitumen transport isgoverned by international rules onhazardous substance transport. Bitumens are classified
as hazardous due to their high temperature in transport. The vast majority of ORLEN Asfalts products
is transported by road tankers. Road transport of dangerous goods in Europe is governed by international
agreement abbreviated asADR (LAccord europen relatif au transport international des marchandises Dangereuses
par Route), which introduces, among other things, specific marking for vehicles carrying bitumens.
It must be emphasised that themixing ofpaving-grade bitumens with other substances or additives (outside
thebitumen manufacturers plant) should be considered for theidentification ofhazards and risk assessment.
Such mixtures may generate additional hazards. However, itis themanufacturer ofthose mixtures that bears
responsibility for thechanges that may cause bitumen tobecome asubstance which isdangerous for human
health or environment.
Occupational safety
Potential health hazards intheproduction, storage, transport and application ofpaving-grade bitumens are
discussed below inthis chapter.
130
Personal protective equipment must be used atall times when working with hot bitumen, such ase.g.:
hard hat with face shield and neck protection. Itshould be remembered that safety glasses protect theeyes
only!
work clothing and footwear appropriate for high temperatures,
heat-resistant safety gloves (it must be ensured that hot bitumen cannot get into thegloves!)
(photo by H. Peciakowski)
12.3. Fire
Occupational safety
Paving-grade bitumens should not be stored attemperatures inexcess of220C. Any handling should proceed
at temperatures at least 30C below the flash point. Importantly, flash point (Cleveland open cup method)
ofpaving-grade bitumens discussed inthis Handbook isover 300C. Thecurrent bitumen standards do not
require Pensky-Martens closed cup flash point testing, but itcan be assumed tobe lower than theopen cup
flash point.
If bitumen inthetank isoverheated, flammable decomposition products are likely tooccur, which increases
therisk offire, or even explosion. According tothechemical safety report prepared by CONCAWE (Conservation
Of Clean Air And Water InEurope), bitumens assuch are not considered explosive onthebasis ofstructural
considerations and oxygen balance [5]. Inorder tominimise theproduction ofvapours, bitumen overheating
should be avoided, because then bitumen loses themanufacturer-declared product properties. An important
consideration for theoperation oftanks isthat deposits capable ofself-combustion may build up onthewalls
and decks oftanks, and self-combust if oxygen ispresent.
131
The primary rule inthecase ofany fire istouse appropriate fire extinguishing agents. Compact water streams
directed atthesurface ofliquid bitumen must not be used for extinguishing bitumen fire asitgenerates
ahazard ofabrupt splatters ofhot bitumen. Water can only be used for cooling down hot surfaces.
Appropriate extinguishing agents include carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, and sand.
Procedure tobe followed inthecase ofbitumen fire:
immediately call theFire Brigade,
if there isno hazard topersonal safety:
turn off bitumen heating,
shut off circulating pumps, etc.,
shut off thevalves, which may contribute tolimiting fire spread.
Occupational safety
It is recommended, in hot bitumen work, to avoid contact with the vapours and avoid inhaling vapours
ormist from thehot product. Long-term exposure tohigh concentrations ofvapours/smoke from hot bitumen
may irritate the respiratory track or eyes, or even cause breathing problems or nausea. Therefore, emission
ofbitumen vapours should be minimised.
132
Worker exposure to bitumen vapours/smoke should be minimised through the application of the so-called
best practices [11]:
keep process temperatures aslow aspossible,
work inwell-ventilated areas,
job rotation around thework site,
use personal protective equipment, notably inconfined spaces.
Whenever there are breathing problems caused by excessive inhalation ofbitumen vapours:
take theperson suffering from breathing problems from thehazard area tofresh air,
seek medical attention if problems with breathing persist.
Occupational safety
133
Literature
Literature
[1] Anderson R.M.; Walker D.E.; Turner P.A. Low-temperature evaluation ofKentucky performance-graded
70-22 asphalt binders. Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board No 78 (01/1999) 1999,
No 1661 pp. 6974.
[2] Bahia H. U. et al. Characterization of Modified Asphalt Binders in Superpave Mix Design. National
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[3] Bahia, H.U., and D.I. Hanson. Survey Report of Modified Asphalt Binder Users, Producers, and
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[4] Baejowski K., Styk S. Technologia warstw asfaltowych (Bituminous course technology). Wydawnictwa
Komunikacji i cznoci, 2004.
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[11] http://www.eurobitume.eu/hse
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wprocesach stosowania asfaltw (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inbitumen application processes),
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[17] Chemical Safety Report by CONCAWE. Part B. Oxidised bitumen and Distilled bitumen.
[18] Regulation oftheMinister ofLabour and Social Policy of29 November 2002 onmaximum permitted
concentrations and rates ofagents harmful tohealth inwork environments.
[19] Schramm G.: Reologia. Podstawy i zastosowania (Reology. Fundamentals and applications), Orodek
Wydawnictw Naukowych, Pozna 1998.
[20] Szadkowska-Staczyk I., Analiza wynikw bada epidemiologicznych dotyczcych ryzyka nowotworowego u pracownikw brany asfaltowej i przygotowanie opracowania uwzgldniajcego opublikowane
w 2009 roku przez Midzynarodow Agencj Bada nad Rakiem (IARC) wyniki bada w zakresie
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134
Company department atORLEN Asfalt within theproduction division. Active from thecompanys foundation
in 2003. The TRDD deals with production technology, tests and development research on bituminous
pavements, technical marketing and new product development. Italso offers technical consultancy tocustomers
ontheapplication ofbituminous binders manufactured by thecompany.
The TRDD achievements include patent applications, gold medal at the International Invention Exhibition
IWIS 2007, and theprize awarded by thePolish Minister ofScience and Higher Education for achievements
inthearea ofinventions.
Technical consultancy isavailable for thecompanys customers at: technology@orlen-asfalt.pl.
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