Curs Engleza Drept - Anul II - 2015-2016

Universitatea Nicolae Titulescu
nvmnt la Distan
Facultatea de Drept
Anul al II-lea
LIMBA ENGLEZ
Lect.univ.dr. Camelia NEAGU
CUPRINS
Introducere pag. 5
Unitatea de nvare 1
The United States Constitution
1.1. Introducere
1.2. Obiective
1.3. Rezumat
1.4. Test de evaluare
1.5. Test de autoevaluare
1.6. Tem de control
1.7. Bibliografie specifica
1.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare
pag. 9
pag. 9
pag. 11
pag. 11
pag. 12
pag. 12
pag. 12
pag. 12
Unitatea de nvare 2
The Future Forms
2.1. Introducere
2.2. Obiective
2.3. Rezumat
2.6. Tem de control
pag. 13
pag. 13
pag. 18
pag. 18
pag. 19
pag. 19
pag. 20
pag. 20
Unitatea de nvare 3
The Constitution as Supreme Law
3.1. Introducere
3.2. Obiective
3.3. Rezumat
3.6. Tem de control
pag. 21
pag. 21
pag. 23
pag. 23
pag. 24
pag. 24
pag. 24
pag. 24
Unitatea de nvare 4
The Sequence of Tenses
4.1. Introducere
4.2. Obiective
4.3. Rezumat
pag. 25
pag. 25
pag. 26
pag. 27
pag. 27
4.6. Tem de control

pag. 28
pag. 29
pag. 29
Unitatea de nvare 5
The Legal System in the united States
5.1. Introducere
5.2. Obiective
5.3. Rezumat
5.6. Tem de control
pag. 30
pag. 30
pag. 32
pag. 33
pag. 34
pag. 34
pag. 35
pag. 35
Unitatea de nvare 6
The Conditional Sentences
6.1. Introducere
6.2. Obiective
6.3. Rezumat
6.6. Tem de control
pag. 36
pag. 36
pag. 38
pag. 39
pag. 40
pag. 40
pag. 41
pag. 41
Unitatea de nvare 7
The Trial in the United States
7.1. Introducere
7.2. Obiective
7.3. Rezumat
7.6. Tem de control
pag. 42
pag. 42
pag. 44
pag. 44
pag. 45
pag. 46
pag. 46
pag. 46
Unitatea de nvare 8
The Passive Voice
8.1. Introducere
8.2. Obiective
8.3. Rezumat
8.6. Tem de control
pag. 47
pag. 47
pag. 49
pag. 50
pag. 51
pag. 51
pag. 52
pag. 52
Unitatea de nvare 9
3
Offences against Person (I)

9.1. Introducere
9.2. Obiective
9.3. Rezumat
9.6. Tem de control
Unitatea de nvare 10
Nominative + Infinitive and its uses
10.1. Introducere
10.2. Obiective
10.3. Rezumat
10.6. Tem de control
10.8. Rspunsuri la testele de
autoevaluare
Offences against Person (II)
11.1. Introducere
11.2. Obiective
11.3. Rezumat
autoevaluare
Final Grammar Exercises
autoevaluare
Bibliografie selectiv
pag. 53
pag. 53
pag. 55
pag. 55
pag. 56
pag. 57
pag. 57
pag. 57
pag. 58
pag. 58
pag. 60
pag. 60
pag. 61
pag. 62
pag. 62
pag. 62
pag. 64
pag. 64
pag. 66
pag. 66
pag. 67
pag. 68
pag. 68
pag. 69
pag. 70
pag. 71
pag. 72
pag.72
pag.72
pag. 73
INTRODUCERE
Acest modul se adreseaz studenilor Facultii de Drept, forma de

nvmnt la distan, anul al II-lea.
Obiectivul
modulului
Competenele
generale
Modulul Limba englez are drept obiectiv nsuirea de ctre studeni a

unui set de termeni juridici de baz (pe care studenii s i poat folosi la
un interviu de angajare sau n vederea redactrii n limba englez a unor
eseuri/ referate/articole sau n traducerea unor texte juridice). Totodat,
studenii vor recapitula noiuni generale de gramatic a limbii engleze.
Deprinderea competenelor necesare utilizrii limbii engleze n mediul
juridic le va permite studenilor s utilizeze aceast limb strin n
vederea angajrii, n activitatea de cercetare (foarte multe cri de
specialitate fiind scrise n limba englez) i n vederea ndeplinirii
viitoarelor sarcinilor de serviciu.
Cunotinele dobndite n cadrul acestui modul vor putea fi folosite
alturi de cunotinele obinute prin studierea altor discipline din planul
de nvmnt al specializrii, contribuind mpreun cu acestea la
formarea unui specialist care s rspund cerinelor i exigenelor
angajatorilor din domeniu.
Prin nsuirea coninutului modulului, studenii vor dobndi urmtoarele
competene generale i specifice:
1. Competene instrumentale
- stpnirea unui set de termeni juridici de baz n limba englez
- capacitatea de a soluiona probleme profesionale care implic
folosirea limbii engleze
- capacitatea de a comunica n limba englez.
2. Competene interpersonale:
- capacitatea de evaluare i autoevaluare
- capacitatea de a lucra n echip
- capacitatea de a avea un comportament etic i de a respecta
regulile deontologiei profesionale.
3. Competene sistemice:
- capacitatea de a transpune n practic noiunile dobndite
- capacitatea de a nva
- capacitatea de a se adapta procesului de integrare european
- abilitatea de a lucra independent.
Competenele
specifice
1. Cunoatere i nelegere
sistematizarea i fundamentarea noiunilor de gramatic a limbii
engleze;
nsuirea de ctre studeni a cunotinelor necesare pentru redactarea
unui referat, articol etc. pe teme de specialitate,
achiziionarea de ctre studeni a unui numr ct mai mare de
termeni de specialitate;
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stimularea conversaiei spontane n vederea dobndirii unei fluene

convenabile n dialoguri pe teme de specialitate.
2. Explicare si interpretare
interpretarea corect a sensului unui text juridic, redactat n limba
englez i capacitatea de a explica n mod corect termenii juridici
folosii n textul respectiv.
3. Instrumental aplicative
dezvoltarea capacitii de a efectua corect traduceri din limba
englez n limba romn i de a redacta cu acuratee retroversiuni
din limba romn n limba englez, folosind termeni de specialitate.
4. Atitudinale
dezvoltarea abilitii de a gndi i interpreta n limba englez
noiunile juridice i gramaticale nvate;
dezvoltarea interesului pentru cunoaterea vocabularului juridic de
specialitate n limba englez.
Structura
modulului
(sem. I+II)
Acest modul este structurat n 12 uniti de nvare.

n primul semestru se vor studia primele 6 uniti de nvare, dup
cum urmeaz:
Unitatea de nvare 1 THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
(60 de minute) Acest capitol expune informaii cu caracter general cu
privire la istoria i cele mai importante prevederi ale Constituiei
Americii.
Unitatea de nvare 2 - THE FUTURE FORMS
(90 de minute) prezint noiunile de baz privind folosirea corect a
formelor de viitor existente n englez.
Unitatea de nvare 3 - THE CONSTITUTION AS SUPREME
LAW (60 de minute) prezint diferenelele semnificative
existente n ceea ce privete modul de separare a celor trei mari
puteri n statul american, sesiznd particularitile acestui sistem
prin comparaie cu cel romnesc.
Unitatea de nvare 4 - THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
(60 de minute) prezint regulile de folosire a concordanei timpurilor n
limba englez.
Unitatea de nvare 5 - THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED
STATES (60 de minute) prezint tipurile de instane judectoreti
din SUA.
Unitatea de nvare 6 - THE CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (60 de
minute) prezint regulile de folosire a timpurilor n cele trei tipuri
de condiionale din limba englez.
n al doilea semestru se vor studia ultimele 6 uniti de nvare, dup
cum urmeaz:
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Unitatea de nvare 7 THE TRIAL IN THE UNITED STATES (60

de minute) prezint participanii la proces n conformitate cu sistemul
judiciar american, rolul judectorului i al jurailor n instan.
Unitatea de nvare 8 THE PASSIVE VOICE (60 de minute)
recapituleaz regulile de folosire a diatezei pasive n limba englez.
Unitatea de nvare 9 OFFENCES AGAINST PERSON (I)
(90 de minute) enumer i definete cteva dintre cele mai importate
infraciuni ndreptate mpotriva persoanei.
Unitatea de nvare 10 NOMINATIVE + INFINITIVE AND ITS
USES (60 de minute) prezint regulile de folosire a construciilor
nominativ/acuzativ+infinitiv.
Unitatea de nvare 11 - OFFENCES AGAINST PERSON II (90 de
minute) prezint regulile de folosire a dou timpuri: trecutul perfect
simplu (past perfect simple) i trecutul perfect continuu (past
perfect continuous).
Unitatea de nvare 12 FINAL GRAMMAR EXERCISES
(45 de minute) conine exerciii recapitulative.
Pregtirea i
evaluarea
studenilor
(sem. I)
Pn la data primului tutorial din semestrul unu, studenii vor

parcurge unitile de nvare 1, 2, i 3. i vor nsui cunotinele
teoretice i vor rspunde la toate sarcinile incluse n acestea.
Rspunsurile la exerciii i referatele se vor redacta n scris (sunt
acceptate i n form electronic document Word) i vor fi transmise
tutorelui.
Pn la data celui de-al doilea tutorial, inclusiv, studenii vor parcurge
unitile de nvare 4, 5 i 6. i vor nsui cunotinele prezentate n
cadrul unitilor 4, 5 i 6 i vor rezolva temele de control.
Nivelul de pregtire al studenilor se apreciaz astfel:
Lucrare scris
o traduceri
o exerciii de completare a spaiilor libere
o ntrebri de verificare a cunotinelor acumulate
o exerciii de parafrazare (rephrasing)
o eseu/referat/articol
Evaluarea temelor de control.
Ponderea referatelor i lucrrilor de control este de 30%. Lucrarea scris
are o pondere de 70%.
Pregtirea i
evaluarea
studenilor
(sem. II)
Pn la data primului tutorial din semestrul doi, studenii vor

parcurge unitile de nvare 7, 8 i 9. i vor nsui cunotinele
teoretice i vor rspunde la toate sarcinile incluse n acestea.
Rspunsurile la exerciii i referatele se vor redacta n scris (sunt
acceptate i n form electronic document Word) i vor fi transmise
tutorelui.
Pn la data celui de-al doilea tutorial, inclusiv, studenii vor parcurge
unitile de nvare 10, 11 i 12.
i vor nsui noiunile expuse n unitile 10, 11 i 12 i vor rezolva
temele de control.
Nivelul de pregtire al studenilor se apreciaz astfel:
Lucrare scris
o traduceri
o exerciii de completare a spaiilor libere
o exerciii de reformulare (rephrasing)
o exerciii de transformare (de la diateza activ la diateza pasiv
sau de la vorbirea direct la vorbirea indirect)
o ntrebri de verificare a cunotinelor acumulate
o exerciii de parafrazare (rephrasing)
o eseu/referat/articol
Evaluarea temelor de control.
Ponderea referatelor i lucrrilor de control este de 30%. Lucrarea scris
are o pondere de 70%.
UNIT 1: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION
1.1.
Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia cteva date istorice generale
cu privire la Constituia SUA. Totodat, studenii vor afla informaii
privind principiile fundamentale care stau la baza Constituiei SUA.
1.2.
Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s ofere informaii cu caracter general cu privire la
istoricul Constituiei Americii
s ofere informaii cu caracter general cu privire la
principalele prevederi ale Constituiei Americii.
Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 de
minute.
CONINUTUL UNITII DE NVARE

The Constitution of the United States sets forth the nations fundamental laws. It establishes
the form of the national government and defines the rights and liberties of the American
people. The Constitution was written to organise a strong national government for the
American States. Previously, the nations leaders had established a national government
under the Articles of Confederation. But the Articles granted independence to each state.
They also lacked the authority to make the states work together to solve national problems.
After the states won independence, they had to enforce law and order, collect taxes, pay a
large public debt, and regulate trade among themselves. Leading statesmen, such as George
Hamilton and Alexander Hamilton, began to discuss the creation of a strong national
government under a new constitution.
A convention was called by Congress in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation. But a
majority of the delegates at the convention decided instead to write a new plan of government
the Constitution of the United States.
The Constitution they framed was ratified by all the States within a few years, but with
considerable opposition, which is still in force. The Constitution defines clearly the functions
and the powers of the national government. In addition, it establishes protection for the rights
of the states and of every individual.
The Constitution consists of a preamble, seven articles and 27 amendments. It sets up a
federal system by dividing powers between national and state governments. It also establishes
a balanced national government by dividing authority among three independent branches
9
00:30
the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The power is shared in such a way that each
branch has a certain authority over the others, a system called checks and balances.
The executive branch enforces the law, the legislative branch makes the law and the judicial
branch explains the law. The executive branch is represented by the President, the legislative
branch by Congress and the judicial branch by the Supreme Court.
Federal powers listed in the Constitution include the right to collect taxes, declare war and
regulate trade. In addition, the national government had implied powers (those reasonably
suggested by the Constitution). The implied powers enable the government to respond to the
changing needs of the nation.
For example, Congress has no delegated power to print money.
There are some powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government or to
the states. These reserved powers belong to the people or to other states.
State powers include the right to legislate on divorce, marriage and public schools. Powers
reserved for the people include the right to own property and to be tried by a jury.
In some cases, the national and state governments have concurrent powers that is, both
levels of the government may act. The national government has the supreme authority in case
of a conflict.
The Supreme Court has the final authority to explain the Constitution. It can set aside any law
federal, state or local that conflicts with any part of the Constitution.
The first 10 amendments known as the Bill of Rights were proposed on September, 1789, and
ratified on December, 1791. Originally, the amendments applied only to the federal
government. But the 14th Amendment declares that no state can deprive any person of life,
liberty or property without due process of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted those
words to mean that most of the Bill of Rights applies to the states as well.
Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:
The 27 amendments to the American Constitution are known under the
name of The Bill of Rights.
Federal powers enable the government to respond to the changing needs

of the nation.
The Articles of Confederation did not grant independence to each state.
S ne reamintim
Constituia SUA este legea fundamental a Statelor Unite ale Americii.
Legea suprem a SUA este cadrul legal pentru buna organizare a
Guvernului SUA. Constituia SUA reglementeaz relaiile dintre guvernul
federal i fiecare stat American, precum i dintre guvernul federal i
cetenii americani.
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1.3.
Rezumat
Constituia SUA a fost adoptat n data de 17 septembrie 1787.

nainte de a exista o Constituie American, statele americane erau guvernate n
conformitate cu prevederile Articolelor Confederaiei (the Articles of
Confederation).
n 1787, Articolele Confederaiei au fost nlocuite de textul complex al
Constituiei SUA.
1.4.
Tem de evaluare:
I. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the constitution of the U.S. set forth?
2. Does the U.S. have a written Constitution?
3. What had the nations leaders established?
4. For what purpose did they draw up an entirely new Constitution?
5. What does the Constitution clearly define?
6. What are the three branches sharing power under the Constitution?
7. What does each of them represent?
8. What do they mean by implied and reserved powers?
9. Who has the final authority to explain the Constitution?
10. What are the first ten amendments known as and what basic rights do they
set down?
II. Fill in the blanks in the text using the words and expressions in the list
below.
restatements
advisory opinions
opinions of (or for) the court
concurring opinion
e) dissenting opinion
f) justices
g) binding
h) case law
In the USA the (1) _______ of the Supreme Court deliver ruling also called
(2)_______. They are the opinions of the majority of the court (or the majority
opinions). The Court may also render a minority opinion in the decision of a law
case, in which some justice disagree with the majority opinion and explain why.
This ruling is called a (3) ______.
Some justices may agree with the majority opinion on the legal decision taken,
yet they might want to express diverging points of view on minor issues. This
ruling is called a (4)__________.
Some State Supreme Courts in the United States may deliver (5)_______ on a
point of law, a statute, a treaty etc. These opinions are merely persuasive, they are
not (6) _____.
Practitioners of the law, judges and law teachers have been working (within a
private organisation called the American Law Institute) on a systematic
compilation of (7) _______ in such areas as the Law of Contracts, Torts, Property
etc. The name of this compilation is (8) ________.
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1.5.
Tem de autoevaluare:
I. Make sentences of your own using the antonyms of the following words:
limited, silence, true, serious, permanent, relative.
II. Write a paragraph composition using the following:
lawyer, pleading, justice court, to lie, truth, accord, fact, exact, regarding, reality.
1.6.
Tem de control:
1.6.1.
Translate the following text into Romanian:
The Bill of Rights or the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution
and the Bill of Rights in the various states constitutions are in whole or in large
part made up of statements, common law rights, which are inborn, inherent and
inalienable and not granted by any Government, according to Anglo-Saxon and
American theory. Thus, the American Governments, national or state, are merely
added protection to the common law rights, which citizens already possess.
(Adapted from Concise Dictionary of American History)
1.6.2. Translate the following text into Romanian:
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for
that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the
United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be
convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit
under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and
subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
(The Constitution of the USA1)
1.7. Bibliografie specific
Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993
Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept, Ed.
Compania, 2004.
http://constitutionus.com/ - accessed on 1st September 2012.
1.8. Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare
I.
1. The judge has unlimited authority to pass the sentence to the trial. 2. The court
session was adjourned because of the noise in the hall. 3. The witness made a
false statement and, consequently, he was accused of perjury. 4. The culprit
received a lenient penalty because he committed a minor offence. 5. He will
remain in custody for a temporary period. 6. The aspiration to find absolute
truth has always been a human ideal.
II.
1
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html - accessed on 19th September 2015.
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The lawyer was pleading in the justice court making reference to every fact of
the case. He proved that the key witness lied when he swore to give the exact
description of the defendant. In reality, the latter had an accord with the witness,
i.e. to lie in exchange of a sum of money. Consequently, the judges attitude
regarding the facts of the case is now totally different. Finally, truth came out to
the relief of the victim.
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UNIT 2: THE FUTURE FORMS
Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, studenii vor dobndi noiunile de baz
privind folosirea corect a formelor de viitor n limba englez. Pentru a
nelege aa cum se cuvine diferitele modaliti de exprimare a viitorului
existente n limba englez, studentul trebuie s fie atent la modul n care
vorbitorul privete aciunea pe care o exprim: intenie, planificare,
aranjament, simplu fapt din viitor, predicie sigur/nesigur, ofert spontan
etc.
2.1.
2.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare

s foloseasc n mod corect formele de viitor existente n englez
s sesizeze diferenele de nuan dintre formele de viitor simplu,
perfect, continuu i perfect continuu
s identifice situaiile de folosire a timpului prezent (simplu i
continuu) pentru exprimarea viitorului, inclusiv n cadrul
subordonatelor de condiie/de timp.
minute.
There are several ways of expressing the future in English. The forms are listed below and
will be dealt with in order in which they are given.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The Simple present

Will + infinitive, used for intention
The Present continuous
The be going to form
The future simple will/shall + infinitive
The future continuous
The future perfect
The future perfect continuous
1. The SIMPLE PRESENT used for the future

This tense can be used with a time expression for a definite future arrangement:
The students start classes on October.
I leave tonight.
Our new branch opens next week.
My plane leaves at six.
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00:80
WILL + INFINITIVE used for intention

When we say that a form expresses future with intention we mean that it expresses a future
action, which will be undertaken by the speaker in accordance with his/her wishes. Will +
infinitive and the be going to form can be used in this way.
2.
Will + infinitive
eg.
is used to express intention at the moment of decision.
The phone is ringing. Ill answer it.

Mary (looking at a pile of letters): Ill answer them tonight.
Paul (who is getting fat and tired of paying parking fines): I know what to do. Ill sell
my car and buy a bike.
For unpremeditated actions as above, we must use will (contracted to ll). But note that if
after his/her decision the speaker mentions the action again, he/she will not use will, but be
going to or the present continuous.
For example:
Mary could say: Im going to answer these letters tonight. (She hasnt made any
arrangement with anybody);
Paul, similarly, could say: Im selling the car.
3. The PRESENT CONTINUOUS as a future form
a. The present continuous can express a definite arrangement in the near future:
Im taking an exam in September.
Implies that I have entered for it.
Bob and Bill are meeting tonight.
Implies that they have arranged this.
b. But with verbs of movement from one place to another, e.g. arrive, come, drive, fly,
go, leave, start, travel, verbs indicating position, e.g. stay, remain and the verbs do and
have (food or drink), the present continuous tense can be used more widely. It can
express a decision or plan without any definite arrangement.
What are you doing next Saturday?
Possible answers:
Im going to the seaside.
Im not doing anything. Im staying at home.
Im going to write letters.
c. This method of expressing the future cannot be used with verbs which are not
normally used in the continuous tenses. These verbs should be used into future
simple.
Im meeting him tonight but I shall know him tonight.
They are coming tomorrow but they will be here tomorrow.
Well think it over.
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4. The BE GOING TO form

Form: The present continuous tense of the verb to go + the full infinitive:
Im going to buy a new car.
Is he going to lecture in English?
She is not going to be there.
This form is used: a) for intention
b) for prediction
a. The be going to form used for intention
The be going to form expresses the subjects intention to perform a certain future action. This
intention is always premeditated and there is usually also idea that some preparation for the
action has already been made:
Be going to form can be used for the near future with a time of expression:
e.g. I am meeting Tom at the station at six becomes
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
This form can also be used with time clauses when we wish to emphasise the subjects
intention:
e.g. He is going to be a lawyer when he grows up.
What are you going to do when you get your degree?
b. The be going to form used for prediction
The be going to form can express the speakers feeling of certainty. The action is
expected to happen in the near or immediate future:
e.g. Look at those clouds! Its going to rain.
Listen to the wind. Were going to have a terrible thunderstorm.
It can be used in this way after such verbs as be sure/afraid, believe, think:
e.g. How pale that woman is! I/m sure/believe/I think she is going to faint.
5. THE FUTURE SIMPLE
Form:
will/shall + infinitive
There is no future tense in modern English but for convenience we often use the term future
simple to describe the form above.
Affirmative
I will/shall work (Ill)
You will work (youll)
work (hell/shell/itll)
Negative
I shall/will not work (I shant/wont)
You will not work (you wont)
He/she/it will not work (he, she, it wont)
We shall work (well)

You will work (youll)He/she/it will
They will work (theyll)
We shall not work (we shant)
You will not work (you wont)
They will not work (they wont)
Interrogative
Shall I work?
Shall we work?
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Will you work?

Will he, she, it work?
Will you work?

Will they work?
Negative interrogative
Will not/wont you work? Etc
Will is used for expressing intention:
I will wait you = I intend to wait you.
Shall is used when there is no intention,
i.e. for actions where the subjects wishes are not involved:
I shall be 25 next week.
We shall know the results next month.
I am sure I shant lose my way.
Shall, used above, is still found in formal English, but is no longer common in conversation.
Instead we normally use Will:
I will be 25 next week.
We will know the results next week.
I am sure I wont lose my way.
Shall, however, is still used in the interrogative, in questions tags, in suggestions, in requests
for orders or instructions:
Lets go, shall we?
Shall we take a taxi?
What shall we do with your mail?
Shall for determination
Sometimes public speakers feel that to express determination they need a heavier word (not
will) and so they say shall:
We shall fight and win.
Shall can be also used in ordinary conversation:
I shall be there, I promise you.
Uses of the future simple
To express the speakers opinion, assumptions, speculations about the future, after
such verbs as assume, be afraid, be/feel sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, know,
suppose, think, wonder:
Im sure hell come back.
I suppose hell sell the house.
Theyll probably wait for us.
It is used for habitual actions which we assume will take place:
Spring will come again.
People will make plans.
Birds will build nests.
17
6. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Form:
the future simple of to be + present participle
Affirmative
I/we will/shall be working
He/she/it/you/they will be working
Interrogative
Shall/will I/we be working?
Negative
I/we will/shall not be working
He/she/it/you/they will not be working
Negative interrogative
Wont he/she/it/they be working? Etc
Will he/she/it/you/they be working?

It is normally used with a point in time and expresses an action which starts before that time
and probably continues after it.
e.g. On Saturday there are no classes. The students will not be sitting in the classroom. They
will be doing other things. This time tomorrow they will be sitting in the cinema.
7. THE FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
AND
THE
FUTURE
PERFECT
TENSE
THE FUTURE PERFECT

Form:
Will/shall + perfect infinitive
It is normally used with a time expression beginning with by: by then, by that time, by the
24th.
e.g.
By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years.
By the end of the year Ill have saved 600.
8. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Form:
Will/shall have been + present participle
It is used for a continuous action:

e.g. By the end of the month he will have been working here for ten years.
1. This time tomorrow the judge will have passed the sentence.
2. By the end of the year the court will deliver at least 1,000 judgments.
3. The prosecutor will read the report on this case after he will collect all the
necessary information.
18
S ne reamintim
Pentru a folosi corect formele de viitor n limba englez, vorbitorul trebuie s
rein c, n aceast limb, intenia i planificarea/aranjamentul viitor se
exprim prin forme speciale: to be going to, respectiv prezentul continuu al
verbului de conjugat.
Pe de alt parte, spre deosebire de limba romn, n englez avem i o form
de viitor continuu (future continuous) i o form de viitor perfect continuu
(future perfect continuous).
2.3. Rezumat
n limba englez, viitorul se poate exprima n mai multe moduri, depinznd de
intenia vorbitorului de a comunica un simplu eveniment viitor
(shall/will+short infinitive), o intenie viitoare (to be going to), o aciune din
viitorul apropiat (to be going to+ infinitive, to be to + infinitive), o aciune
viitoare care este parte a unui program oficial (prezentul simplu), un
aranjament viitor/o programare viitoare (prezentul continuu), o aciune
viitoare care se va fi ncheiat nainte de un moment viitor sau de alt ac iune
viitoare (shall/will+have+past participle).
2.4. Tem de evaluare:
I. Use the be going to form in the following sentences:
1. You (miss) your train.
2. What you (do) with this room? I (paint) the walls in black and white
stripes.
3. Look at the clouds. It (rain).
4. He (grow) a beard when he leaves school.
5. I have seen the play. Now I (read) the book.
6. I dont like this macaroni. I (not finish) it.
7. We (make) a lot of money out of this.
8. They (try) him for manslaughter when he comes out of hospital.
9. I (stop) here for a moment to get some petrol.
10. Ive lent you my car once. I (not do) it again.
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the future
simple using the present continuous where possible:
1. I am sure that I (recognize) him.
2. They (lay) the foundation next week.
3. He (not write) to you unless you write to him.
4. I (believe) it when I see it.
5. You pay and I (owe) you the money.
6. Ive left the light on. It (matter?)
7. I (have) my car repainted next week.
8. You (understand) when you are older.
9. There (be) a big meeting here tomorrow.
10. If he doesnt work hard he (not pass) his exam.
19
00:40
2.5. Tem de autoevaluare:

Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous tense:
1. When you next see me, I (wear) my new dress.
2. I (wait) for you when you come out.
3. We have to do night duty here. I (do) mine next week.
4. This time next month I (sit) on a beach.
5. He (use) the car this afternoon.
6. Its a serious injury but he (walk) again in six weeks.
7. Wed better go out tomorrow because Mary (practise) the piano all day.
8. It wont be easy to get out of the country. The police (watch) all the
ports.
9. Stand there, they (change) the guard in a minute and youll get a good
view.
10. We (take off) in a few minutes. Please, fasten your safety belts.
I.
Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense:

1. In a fortnights time we (take) our exam.
2. I (accomplish) this task in twenty minutes.
3. By the end of the term I (read) all twelve volumes.
4. If we dont hurry the sun (rise) before we reach the top.
5. By the time we get to the party everything (be) eaten.
6. The train (leave) before we reach the station.
7. By next winter they (build) four houses in that field.
8. On 21 October they (be) married for twenty-five years.
9. After this performance I (see) Hamlet twenty-five times.
10. If I continue with my diet I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month.
II.
2.6. Tem de control:

2.6.1. Translate into English using a future form:
1. Vei veni la concert n seara aceasta? Dac vei veni, ne vom ntlni
acolo.
2. Patronii vor ncepe negocierile de ndat ce oamenii se vor ntoarce la
lucru.
3. Vei semna contractul mine, nu-i aa?
4. Ce ai de gnd sa faci cu toi banii acetia? i cheltui sau i depui la
banc.
5. M ntreb dac i va povesti i despre afacerea pe care o are de
ncheiat.
6. Voi fi foarte ncntat s-mi povesteti despre excursia fcut.
7. Am s te anun de ndat ce voi vorbi cu directorul.
8. Cnd ai de gnd s termini ce ai de fcut?
9. Ce ai de gnd s faci dup ce vei termina coala?
10. Voi ncerca s-l contactez mine.
2.6.2. Insert the right future form of the verbs given in the brackets:
1. We (to have) a meeting on 15th October. Nobody can be absent.
2. According to the program, the conference (start) at 9 am.
20
3. If the candidate answers correctly, he (be enrolled) in the practical exam.

4. As soon as the competition (start), no candidate may use the phone.
5. When we graduate, we (to be able) to apply for such a position.

Vianu, Lidia, English with a Key, Ed. Teora, 1996
Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V., A Practical English Grammar, Oxford
University Press, 2003.
I.
1. When you next see me, I will be wearing my new dress.
2. I will be waiting for you when you come out.
3. We have to do night duty here. I will be doing mine next week.
4. This time next month I will be sitting on a beach.
5. He will be using the car this afternoon.
6. Its a serious injury but he will be walking again in six weeks.
7. Wed better go out tomorrow because Mary will be practicing the
piano all day.
8. It wont be easy to get out of the country. The police will be watching
all the ports.
9. Stand there, they will be changing the guard in a minute and youll get
a good view.
10. We will be taking off in a few minutes. Please, fasten your safety
belts.
II.
1. In a fortnights time we will have taken our exam.
2. I will have accomplished this task in twenty minutes.
3. By the end of the term I will have read all twelve volumes.
4. If we dont hurry, the sun will have risen before we reach the top.
5. By the time we get to the party everything will have been eaten.
6. The train will have left before we reach the station.
7. By next winter they will have built four houses in that field.
8. On 21 October they will have been married for twenty-five years.
9. After this performance I will have seen Hamlet twenty-five times.
10. If I continue with my diet, I will have lost 10 kilos by the end of the
month.
21
UNIT 3: THE CONSTITUTION AS SUPREME LAW

3.1.
Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei dobndi noiuni de baz privind
principiile generale ale Constituiei SUA cu privire la guvernarea statului
american. n textul studiat se fac referiri la principiul separrii i mpririi
puterilor n statul american (principiul cunoscut sub numele de a system of
checks and balances), precum i la rolul i atribuiile preedintelui i
vicepreedintelui SUA. Totodat, textul conine informaii generale cu
privire la instanele americane federale i de stat.
3.2.
Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare

s sesizeze diferenele semnificative existente n ceea ce privete
modul de separare i mprire a celor trei mari puteri n statul
american, sesiznd particularitile acestui sistem prin comparaie cu
cel romnesc.
minute.
The U.S. Constitution calls itself the supreme law of the land. The Constitution is the
central instrument of American government. For 200 years it has guided the evolution of
governmental institutions and has provided the basis for political stability, individual
freedom, economic growth, and social progress.
The three main branches of government executive, legislative, juridical are separate and
distinct from one another. The powers given to each are balanced by the powers of the other
two. Each branch serves as a check on potential excesses of the others.
The President represents the country as Head of State but also has real political power.
Elections for President are held every four years and no President may own office for more
than two terms.
Presidential candidates are chosen by the political parties either through primaries (direct
elections) or at state conventions or caucuses (meetings of party representatives), depending
on the State.
The Vice President is also elected for a term of four years. He takes the place of the President
in case a substitute is needed. The Vice President acts as presiding officer of the Senate
without a vote except in case of a tie.
22
00:30
Congress meets once a year in December and continues in session for several months. It
consists of two houses: the Senate or the Upper House (to which each state elects two
senators for a period of six years) and the House of Representatives or the lower house,
which is composed of representatives elected for a term of two years. The number of
Representatives from each state is in proportion to the population.
A bill introduced into Congress must be passed by both Houses and signed by the President
before it can become law. The President has power to veto undesirable legislation. Bills must
not conflict with the constitution.
The Courts. Federal judges are appointed by the President and finally confirmed by the
Senate. The Supreme Court, which is the highest court, has the power to judge whether a law
passed by the government conforms to the constitution. The constitution does make provision
for the removal of a public official from office, in case of extreme misconduct, by the process
of impeachment.
Article II, Section 4 reads: The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery
or other high crimes and misdemeanors. As set forth in the Constitution, the House of
Representatives must bring charges of misconduct by voting a bill of impeachment. The
accused official is then tried in the Senate, with the chief justice of the Supreme Court
presiding at the trial. The next amendments deal with the system of justice.
1. In the USA elections for President are held every 5 years and no President
may own office for more than one term.
..
2. The Vice President cannot vote in case of a tie.
..
3. The process of impeachment refers to thr removal from office of a public
prosecutor.
..
S ne reamintim
De mai bine de 200 de ani, Constituia Americii a reprezentat cadrul legal
pentru guvernarea statului i buna organizare i funcionare a instituiilor
acestuia.
Conform prevederilor Constituiei, Statul American este organizat potrivit
principiului separaiei i echilibrului puterilor puterea legislativ, executiv
i judectoreasc.
23
3.3. Rezumat
Din textul inclus n aceast unitate de nvare aflm urmtoarele informaii:
- Preedintelui SUA este numit pentru un mandat de 4 ani
- O persoan aflat n postul de Preedinte al SUA poate avea cel mult dou
mandate
- Puterea politic a Preedintelui SUA este deosebit de mare ntruct eful
Statului este i eful Executivului
- Vicepreedintele SUA este i Preedintele Senatului
- Vicepreedintele SUA este obligat s i exercite dreptul de vot n Senat n
cazul n care exist egalitate de voturi
- proiectele de lege (bills) devin legi dup ce sunt aprobate de cele dou camere
ale Congresului (Senatul i Camera Reprezentanilor) i promulgate de
Preedintele SUA
- Curtea Suprem se exprim asupra constituionalitii/neconstituionalitii
legilor/tratatelor etc.
- orice nalt demnitar poate fi demis din funcie prin procedura de impeachment
dac este gsit vinovat.
3.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare:
1. What are the three main branches of government?
2. What does the President represent?
3. Does the President have any political power?
4. How many terms may a President own office?
5. Who chooses presidential candidates?
6. Who takes the place of the President in special situations?
7. Has the Vice President the right to vote in the Senate?
8. What are the houses of the Congress?
9. When can bills become law?
10. Who appoints federal judges?
11. What power has the Supreme Court concerning the President?
12. What power has the Supreme Court concerning a law passed by the
government?
II. Read the following text and then try to translate it without using a
dictionary. After that, look for the unknown words ad write them down:
Things are, of course, very different indeed in the United States. Law and
politics are interwoven in a great many ways. Generally, it is widely recognized
that law and especially constitutional law is in its very essence and nature
highly political. This is the main reason that the appointment of Supreme Court
justices is such a political process, and why Presidents look for judges with
whom they are in basic political agreement. Lawyers swarm all over the
political scene in the United States.
24
00:60
3.5. Tem de autoevaluare

I. Make sentences with 5 of the following antonyms:
reversible irreversible
abolishment enforcement
natural unnatural
to carry out to cease
legal illegal
II. Use the following words and expressions in the blank spaces:
drugs, murders, larceny, crime, handguns, auto thefts, rape, burglar, watch
a) When Americans are asked what they consider to be the most important
problems, they mention ________ first.
b) Inside the Americans houses there are many electronic ______ devices.
c) The escalating murder rate has been attributed to the _______.
d) _______ and _______ are almost always reported, whereas _______
and ______ may remain silent.
e) Many communities across USA have started their own campaigns
against ______.
f) Citizens participate in neighborhood _______ programs and organize
groups to patrol the streets.
3.6.1. Tem de control: Translate into Romanian:
Many of Americas presidents have been lawyers or trained as lawyers. For
many decades, about half the members of both houses of the US Congress have
been lawyers and lawyers still hold about 40% of the seats in Congress. State
legislatures have for long been dominated by lawyers, though this has been
changing for some time. Similarly, lawyers are to be found all over the
administration, not only in legal capacities, but also as heads and directors of
government agencies and other similar bodies. Many of these persons move to,
or from the bench. (Adapted from Introduction to Law and the Legal System)
3.6.2 Tem de control: write a documented paper about the steps that a law
graduate must take in Romania until he/she can be a lawyer.
Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept,
Ed. Compania, 2004.
I. 1. The decision adopted by the court is irreversible. 2. The enforcement of
this law will significantly reduce criminality committed by juveniles. 3. It is
not easy to succeed in apprehending an experienced offender. 4. Unnatural
offences are mostly due to the aggressors psychiatric problems. 5. It is illegal
to sell, buy or consume drugs.
II. a. drugs; b. burglar; c. handguns; d. murders; auto thefts; e. crime; f. watch.
25
UNIT 4: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
4.1.
Introducere
n aceast unitate de nvare, studenii vor dobndi /recapitula noiunile de
baz privind folosirea corect a concordanei timpurilor n limba englez.
Concordana timpurilor este un subiect de o importan fundamental pentru
orice persoan interesat de stpnirea corect a limbii engleze. Dificultatea
acestui subiect rezult din modul diferit n care vorbitorii de romn i cei de
englez coreleaz timpurile propoziiei principale cu timpurile
secundarei/secundarelor pentru a formula enunuri logice i corecte.
4.2.
Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare

s foloseasc n mod corect concordana timpurilor n limba
englez, semnalnd diferenele existente ntre englez i romn
s evite folosirea greit a timpurilor n fraze, respectnd regulile
de concordan studiate.
minute.
A sentence can contain a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Below you will
have examples containing the right tenses used in the main and subordinate clauses:
00:30
MAIN CLAUSE
THAT
AFTER
WHEN
I. PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
e.g. The judge thinks
Ive just told her
II. FUTURE TENSE
e.g. I shall post the letter

The clerk will weigh the parcel
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Any tense used in the subordinate clause.
that
that
she will finally confess.

Ive never been in that area.
I wasnt there when the crime occurred.
PRESENT (used for simultaneous actions in

future)
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (used for a
previous action in future)
when
after
26
I go to the Post Office.

he has wrapped it.
III. PAST TENSE
PAST TENSE (used for simultaneous actions

in past)
PAST PERFECT TENSE (used for actions
that happened before another action in past)
FUTURE IN-THE-PAST
that
I was already tired.
He saw
that
he had made a mistake.
I hoped
that
he would finish the report by tomorrow.
e.g. I worked so hard

The witness declared that he has not seen the alleged criminal at the crime
scene yesterday.
..
You swore that you will say only the truth and nothing but the truth.
..
As soon as we will receive the data from the laboratory, we will know the
DNA of the offender.
..
S ne reamintim
n limba englez, concordana timpurilor ne ajut s folosim n mod corect
timpurile dintr-o fraz. Necunoaterea regulilor concordanei timpurilor atrage
dup sine erori mari n vorbire.
4.3 Rezumat
Conform regulilor concordanei timpurilor, timpul din propoziia principal
dicteaz timpul din propoziia secundar dup cum urmeaz:
- dac predicatul propoziiei principale este la prezent, atunci n secundar se
poate folosi orice timp cerut de context;
- dac predicatul propoziiei principale este la trecut, atunci n secundar se pot
folosi numai timpuri trecute (trecut simplu pentru a arta faptul c aciunea
din principal se petrece n acelai timp cu aciunea din secundar; trecutul
perfect pentru a exprima anterioritatea fa de aciunea din principal; viitorul
n trecut pentru a indica faptul c aciunea din secundar urmeaz celei din
principal);
- dac predicatul propoziiei principale este la viitor, atunci n secundar putem
folosi fie timpuri prezente, fie forme de trecut, dar nu de viitor (aceast regul
se refer la subordonatele de timp i condiie).
27

I. Change the verbs in the main clause into the past tense. Make all the
necessary changes:
1. Everybody is sure that, after his fathers return, he will not lag behind and
will study much better.
2. I know that they have already been in the mountains.
3. She is going to find out whether other people want to spend their holidays in
the woods.
4. She says she bought this useful dictionary two days ago.
5. I dont think they have already come back from the railway station.
6. It is sure it is going to rain.
7. They say they will ring up when they reach Constanta.
8. I dont think we have ever met before.
9. George says he will not come to the appointment.
10. She says that she will go for a walk after she has finished her homework.
II. Put the verbs in the required tense:
1.They asked me where you (to be), and I told them you (to go) for a walk
along the river.
2.They said they (to wait) till you (to come) back.
3.She was born here and before she met me, she (to leave) never the place.
4.We were doing what we could to help them but they (to listen to) never us.
5.I wanted to ask him what (to happen) but I knew beforehand what answer he
(to give).
6.Tom (to know) Mary a long time before he finally (to get) married.
7.When we (to go) to see them last night, they (to do) grammar exercises; they
(to say) they (to do) that since six oclock.
8.You never (to understand) what I (to explain) to you! Why you (not to listen)
while I (speak) to you?
9.I never (to read) a book that (to interest) me so much as the one I (to read) last
week.
10.By the end of last year he (to read) four Shakespeare plays , and by next
year he (to read) two more. I (not see) him since last week, but I (to believe) he
(to write) on essay on King Lear at present.
4.5. Tem propus pentru autoevaluare:
I. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense according to the rule of the
sequence of tenses.
1. A caf in England (to be) a place where light meals but not beer, wine etc.
may be had.
2. So far no agreement (to reach) by the committee of our company.
3. I am confident such mistakes (to avoid) in the future.
4. This method (to use) for many years, it (to be improved).
5. She (to say) that these old buildings soon (pull down).
6. Solar eruptions (to notice) at astronomical stations for many years.
7. Since 1973 this phenomenon (to study) by scientists all over the world.
28
00:30
8. He (to tell) me that he always (to have) trouble with his car these days.
9. I (to do) some last-minute shopping before I went to the airport.
10. The letter (to arrive) while I (to have) breakfast.
II. Complete with the appropriate verb:
1. The writer____ a few lines, but we didnt understand a word.
a) reads; b) read; c) is reading; d) reading
2. Tom lent me a book. I ____ a book from Tom.
a) lent; b) borrowed; c) took; d) stole
3. John is in Italy. How long _________ there?
a) is he; b) has he been; c) has he; d) was he
4. He drops in on everyone in the street. He _____ everyone.
a) shouts at; b) calls; c) cries out as; d) visits
5. The thieves wanted to ____ the diamonds.
a) rob; b) steal; c) take from; d) take to
6. I looked for my bag. I ____ it.
a) tried to look after; b) tried to look at; c) tried to find; d) tried to see
7. Our bookcase is kept in the living room. Thats where we ___ it
a) kept; b) have kept; c) are keeping; d) keep
8. I will enjoy my stay here. It will ____me.
a) amuse; b) enjoy; c) laugh at; d) please
9. She ___ out of the window and saw it was raining.
a) looked; b) saw; c) remarked; d) watched
10. No parking means ______
a) dont leave your car here; b) without parking; c) dont stop; d) theres
no room to park here.
4.6.1. Tem de control: translate into English:
1.Eu cred c ea nu se va ntoarce n ar pn la sfritul lunii august.
2. Mi-a spus ieri c a vrut s trimit prinilor si o scrisoare recomandat.
3. Mi-a spus c i-a plcut cartea pe care i-am mprumutat-o i i-o va da i
soului ei ca s-o citeasc.
4. Spune c are de gnd s fac o excursie n Spania dar pentru moment nu are
banii necesari.
5. Directorul ne-a comunicat c nu intenioneaz s anuleze ntrunirea de la
ora dou.
6. A sperat c te va putea vedea astzi dar n-a tiut c vei ntrzia aa de mult
i nu te-a mai putut atepta.
7. Mi-a spus c n-a fost niciodat n China dar acum s-a hotrt s mearg
acolo pentru o lun.
8. Dup ce se va ntoarce de la cursurile de var, sper c va termina i articolul
pentru revist.
9. Nu i-a putut aminti unde i pusese ochelarii.
10. Nu-mi imaginez ce va spune cnd o s-i dau aceste veti neplcute.
11. Ai de gnd s-o atepi pn se ntoarce?
12. Traducerea era deja terminat cnd a venit colegul meu de birou s i-o
duc directorului.
29
4.6.2. Tem de control: translate into Romanian:

1. They have been trying for ages to settle this matter.
2. The prisoner hoped that his lawyer would find a solution for him to be
released earlier.
3. As a young man, he used to be kind-hearted, considerate and helpful.
4. This time tomorrow we will be solving the semester test paper.
5. We could have avoided the crash, if we had driven slowlier.
4.7. Bibliografie specific:
University Press, 2003
I.
1. is; 2. has been reached; 3. will be avoided; 4. has been used; has
been improved; 5. says; will be pulled down OR said; would be
pulled down; 6. have been noticed; 7. has been studied; 8. Has told;
is always having; 9. had done; 10. arrived; was having.
II.
1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. d; 5. b; 6. c; 7. d; 8. d; 9. a; 10. a.
30
UNIT 5: THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES
5.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei dobndi noiuni de baz privind sistemul
judiciar american. Studenii gsesc n aceast unitate de nvare informaii cu
caracter general cu privire la instanele de stat i cele federale, precum i cu
privire la statutul judectorilor din SUA. Parcurgnd acest text, studenii de la
facultatea de drept vor recapitula termeni juridici uzuali, folosii n limba
englez pentru a face referire la activitatea judectoreasc. Totodat, studenii
vor fi ncurajai s sesizeze diferenele majore existente ntre sistemul judiciar
romnesc i cel american.
5.2.Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
s enumere tipurile de instane judectoreti din SUA
s sesizeze diferenele generale existente ntre sistemul judiciar
american i cel romnesc
s foloseasc n mod corect termenii de specialitate studiai n
aceast unitate de nvare.
minute.

The judiciary is the safeguard of our liberty and of our property under the Constitution
Charles Evans Hughes, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Speech at New York, 1907.
00:30
This third branch of the government consists of a system of courts spread throughout the
country, headed by the Supreme Court of the U.S.
From the beginning has evolved the present structure: the Supreme Court, 13 courts of
appeal, 94 district courts and two courts of special jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States and cannot be appealed to any
other court. Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court. The nine
Supreme Court judges, who are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, can
be removed from the office only by impeachment. There is no requirement that judges be
lawyers, although, in fact, all federal judges and Supreme Court justices have been members
of the bar.
The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.
31
The Chief justice is the executive officer of the Court but, in deciding cases, has only one
vote, as do the associate justices.
A significant amount of the work of the Supreme Court consists of determining whether
legislation or executive acts conform to the Constitution.
FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS. There are two kinds of courts in the U.S.
1. Federal courts which are established by the U.S. government. There are some 1.500 federal
court judges who are appointed for life by the President. About one million cases are brought
each year in federal courts. About 80% of these cases are bankruptcy filings and
approximately 10% are minor criminal cases.
2. State Courts are established by a state or by a county or city within the State. There are
almost 30.000 state court judges. The cases individual citizens are most likely to be involved
in include robberies, traffic violations, broken contracts and family disputes. State judges
hold office for ten years and are usually elected, or confirmed in office by election.
TYPES OF FEDERAL COURTS
There are three types of federal courts: District courts, Courts of Appeal, the Supreme Court.
DISTRICT COURTS. Congress has divided the country into 94 federal judicial districts,
each with its own U.S. district court. These are federal courts where cases are tried, witnesses
testify and juries serve.
COURTS OF APPEAL Congress has grouped the districts into 12 regions called circuits,
each with a court of appeals. There is also a federal circuit, which covers the entire county. If
a person loses a trial in district court, that person can appeal the case to the court of appeals to
see if the district court judge applied the law correctly. The courts of appeals also review
cases decided by some federal agencies, such as the National Labor Relation Board.
THE SUPREME COURT in Washington D.C. is the most famous federal court. Cases from
court of appeals in each circuit and from the state supreme courts can be appealed to the
Supreme Court.
FEDERAL COURT CASES
JURISDICTION refers to the kind of cases a court is authorized to hear. Federal
court jurisdiction is limited to the kinds of cases listed in the Constitution (Article III,
Section 2). Federal Courts hear cases involving the Constitution, laws passed by
congress, cases in which the United States is a party, cases involving foreign
diplomats and some special kind of cases, such as incidents at sea and bankruptcy
cases. Federal courts also hear cases that are based on state laws but involve parties
from different states.
CIVIL CASES. A party, in a civil case, can be a person or a corporation, but, in
either situation, a civil involves a claim by one party (the plaintiff) that another party
(the defendant) failed to carry out a legal duty (the duty not to harm others through
carelessness or the duty to honor the terms of a contract). In case the defendant failed
to carry out a legal duty, the court may order the defendant to pay compensation to
the plaintiff to make up for the harm. Most federal court cases are civil cases, such as
32
equal employment claims, claims for benefits, and suits against companies that may
have violated federal antitrust laws.
CRIMINAL CASES. In a criminal case, a party (the defendant) is accused of
committing a crime an action considered to be harmful to society as a whole, not
just to a specific person. Most crimes concern matters that the constitution leaves to
the states. Federal criminal laws, for example, deal with robbing banks, importing
drugs illegally into the country, or using the U.S. mail to swindle consumers.
In our next unit we shall discuss about bringing a case, even if it is civil or
criminal, in federal court.
1. The American Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and nine associate
justices.
..
2. The Supreme Court judges, who are appointed by the president and
approved by the Senate, can be removed from the office by an ordinary
procedure.
..
3. Most federal court cases are criminal cases.
...
S ne reamintim
n Statele Unite ale Americii exist o Curte Suprem de Justiie, 13
curi de apel, 94 de curi de district i dou curi cu jurisdicie special.
Curtea Suprem are 9 judectori (Preedintele Curii Supreme i 8
judectori asociai), numii de Preedinte i aprobai de Senat, care nu pot fi
demii din funcie dect prin procedura de impeachment.
Numrul judectorilor din Curtea Suprem de Justiie este stabilit de
Senat.
5.3. Rezumat
Sistemul judiciar din SUA are trei grade de jurisdicie. La baza
acestuia se afl tribunalele de prim instan, urmate de curi de apel i curtea
suprem.
n SUA, numrul judectorilor federali este de 1 500. Acetia sunt
numii de preedinte i aprobai de Senat i se bucur de inamovibilitate (life
tenure). Anual, intanele federale judec aproximativ un milion de cazuri
(majoritatea fiind cazuri de bancrut).
n SUA, numrul judectorilor din tribunalele statale este de 30 000.
Aceti judectori dein un mandat de 10 ani.
Sistemul judiciar federal este structurat pe trei niveluri:
- curile de district (n cadrul crora se judec att cauze civile,
comerciale, administrative, ct i penale),
- curile federale de apel, ale cror hotrri nu pot fi atacate dect la
Curtea Suprem de Justiie a SUA,
- Curtea Suprem de Justiie a SUA (compus din preedinte i 8
judectori asociai).
33
5.4. Tem de evaluare:

00:60
1. What is the structure of the judiciary in the USA?

2. Which is the highest court of the United States?
3. How many Supreme Courts judges are there in the U.S. and by whom are they
appointed?
4. Which are the two kinds of courts in the US?
5. How long do federal judges hold office?
6. What cases do state judges hear?
7. Which are the types of federal courts?
8. What do district courts hear?
9. When can a person appeal a case?
10. What does a civil case involve?
11. What is the defendant accused of in a criminal case?
12. Give examples of federal criminal laws.
II. A contract of employment comes into existence as soon as a job offer is
accepted whether that offer is oral or in writing. It is easier for both parties
if the offer of employment is in writing to prevent disputes at a later date.
Below is an extract from a skeleton contract of employment for a full time
employee. Complete the text using the words/phrases listed in the box:
commencing salary, date of commencement, duties and responsibilities,
grievance, holiday entitlement, position, probationary service, terms and
conditions, exhaustive, pension
1. You have been appointed to the position of administrative assistant.
2. Your______ will be as detailed in the attached job description, but this Job
Description should not be regarded as exclusive or ________. There will be other
occasional duties and requirements associated with your appointment.
3. Your specific ________________ of your continuous service with this
company is 1st January 2004.
4. Your specific _____ are contained in the Employees Handbook issued by the
company, as well as, in existing collective agreements negotiated by the
company.
5. Confirmation of your appointment will be subject to your satisfactory
completion of 3 months___________.
6. Your ___________ is 20,000 per annum, paid monthly. Overtime is not
payable.
7. Your ________ entitlement is 30 days in any calendar year.
8. Your position with regard to ________ is set out in the explanatory booklet
attached.
9. If you have a ____________ relating to your employment, you should refer to
the complaints procedure outlined in the booklet attached.
34
5.5. Tem de autoevaluare

I. Fill in the blanks with the missing words:
disputants, conciliation, employment conditions, settlement, employers,
arbitrators, arbitration, providing, legislation, ensuring, associations, employees,
negotiating (X2), demanding
1. Britains trade unions are voluntary ____ of ___ to protect their interests.
2. They do this by ______ wages and other terms of employment with _____
organizations but also by ______ and influencing _______ and by _______
certain benefits.
3. As regards the _____ of disputes, the _____ may call in independent
conciliators or ____________, either by some special ________ or by asking the
Secretary of State for ________ some help.
4. The role of the State is limited to providing a __________ and _________
service and to __________ minimum wages for employees.
II. Use the following words and phrases in sentences of your own:
1. to appeal
2. to be removed from the office
3. to be impeached
4. bankruptcy filings
5. robberies
6. traffic violations
7. broken contracts
8. family disputes
9. to apply the law correctly
10. the plaintiff/ the defendant.
5.6.1. Tem de control:

Translate the following text into Romanian:
Mapp vs. Ohio case (1961)
Suspicious that Dollree Mapp might be hiding a person suspected in a
bombing, the police went to her home in Cleveland, Ohio. They knocked on her
door and demanded entrance, but Mapp refused to let them in because they did
not have a warrant. After observing her house for several hours, the police
forced their way into Mapp's house, holding up a piece of paper when Mapp
demanded to see their search warrant. As a result of their search, the police
found a trunk containing pornographic materials. They arrested Mapp and
charged her with violating an Ohio law against the possession of obscene
materials. At the trial the police officers did not show Mapp and her attorney the
alleged search warrant or explain why they refused to do so. Nevertheless, the
court found Mapp guilty and sentenced her to jail. After losing an appeal to the
Ohio Supreme Court, Mapp took her case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court
determined that evidence obtained through a search that violates the Fourth
Amendment is inadmissible in state courts.
(the text is a summary of the Mapp vs. Ohio Case, 1961, as presented by
http://www.streetlaw.org//en/Case.7.aspx)
5.6.2. Tem de control: write a summary of the Romanian system of courts using
information from the Romanian Constitution and Law no. 304/2004.
35
00:30

Compania, 2004.
http://www.streetlaw.org//en/Case.7.aspx- accessed on 5th September 2013.
I. 1. associations, employees; 2. negotiating, employers, negotiating, employment
conditions, demanding; 3. settlement, disputants, arbitrators, arbitration,
providing;
4. - legislation, conciliation, ensuring.
II. (possible examples)
1. to appeal
2. to be removed from the office
3. to be impeached
4. bankruptcy filings
5. robberies
6. traffic violations
7. broken contracts
8. family disputes
9. to apply the law correctly
10. the plaintiff/ the defendant.
1. He appealed against the decision passed by the court of first instance.
2. The judge will be removed from office if he is found guilty of corruption.
3. The high official will be impeached if the Senate votes for this procedure to be
implemented.
4. Bankruptcy filings are frequently judged in federal courts.
5. In the USA, criminals accused of three robberies may spend all their life in
prison according to the three strikes law.
6. Traffic violations can be reduced only if the law is applied correctly and
sanctions are significantly increased.
7. Broken contracts can lead to a lot of problems if large sums of money are
involved in their fulfilment.
8. Family disputes are basically settled in courts of first instance.
9. Any judge is bound to apply the law correclty no matter who is judged and what
for.
10. The main participants in a civil case are the plaintiff and the defendant.
36
UNIT 6: THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
6.1. Introducere
n limba englez putem vorbi despre condiionale de tip 0, de tipul 1, 2 i 3.
Condiionala de tipul 0 mai este cunoscut i sub numele de condiionala
fals, ntruct aceasta nu exprim o condiie de care depinde realizarea
aciunii din principal, ci este mai mult o constatare a unei realiti date. n
schimb, aa cum vom vedea n aceast unitate de nvare, condiionalele de
tipul 1, 2 i 3 exprim condiii reale/imaginare, prezente/viitoare/trecute, de
care depinde realizarea aciunii din propoziia principal.
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti de nvare, vei dobndi noiuni de baz
privind privind folosirea corect a timpurilor n propoziiile condiionale i
n principalele acestora.
s enumere tipurile de condiionale existente n limba englez,
semnalnd diferenele existente ntre englez i romn (insistnd
asupra traducerii lor corecte n romn)
s foloseasc n mod corect timpurile n propoziia principal i n
secundara de condiie
s foloseasc n mod corect formele de condiional mixt.
minute.

Conditional sentences have two parts: the main clause and the if clause.
The if- clause may be also introduced by even if (chiar dac), whether, unless (dac nu),
otherwise (altfel), provided (that) (cu condiia ca), supposing/suppose (presupunnd c), in
case (n cazul c), if only (numai dac).
There are three kinds of conditional sentences. Each kind contains a different pair of tenses.
Main clause
TYPE 1
Future Tense
Present Tense
He will get there in time
Va ajunge acolo la timp
Subordinate clause
If
if
Present Tense
he catches the bus.
dac
va prinde autobuzul.
37
00:60
You can translate this article
you know English well.
if
Poi traduce acest articol
dac
TYPE 2
Present Conditional Tense
Would + infinitive
(could, might)
I would tell the police
Past Tense
To be = were
someone tried to blackmail me.
if
A spune la poliie
dac
You could translate this article
cineva m-ar antaja.

you knew English well.
if
Ai putea traduce acest articol dac
ai ti engleza bine.
I would go to that party

A merge la acea petrecere
ti engleza bine.
I were you.
if
dac
TYPE 3
Past Conditional Tense
Would + have + past participle
I would have gone there
a fi n locul tu.
Past Perfect Tense
had + past participle
you had come with me.
if
A fi mers acolo
He could have got a job
dac
Ar fi obinut o slujb
dac
ai fi venit cu mine.
he had had a diploma.
if
ar fi avut o diplom.
Some other examples:

Unless + affirmative verbs
I. Unless you start at once youll be late (Dac nu pleci imediat, vei ntrzia).
Otherwise
II. We must be back before midnight ; otherwise well be locked out (Trebuie s ne
ntoarcem pn la miezul nopii; altminteri vom rmne pe afar).
Provided (that)
III. You can camp here provided you leave no mess (Putei campa aici cu condiia s nu
lsai murdar).
In case
IV.
Ill come tomorrow in case Ann wants me (Voi veni mine dac Ann va vrea).
If only
a)
V.
if only + present tense (expresses hope)

If only he comes in time (Dac ar veni la timp).
38
b)
VI.
if only + past/past perfect (expresses regret)

If only he didnt smoke! (Dac n-ar mai fuma, ar fi foarte bine).
Whether..or
VII. You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not (Trebuie s vii mine chiar dac
eti gata sau nu).
If + were and inversion of subject and auxiliary
If I were you, I wouldnt wait a bit (Dac a fi n locul tu, n-a atepta de loc).
Were I Tom, I would refuse (Dac a fi n locul lui Tom, a refuza).
1. The driver had not paid this huge fine if he had complied with the traffic
rules.
..
2. The Supreme Court judges would have been removed from office if he has
been found guilty of traffic pending.
..
3. The drug dealer stayed longer in prison unless he had cooperated with the
police.
...
S ne reamintim
n limba englez, exist trei tipuri de subordonate condiionale, la care se
adaug i subordonata condiional de tip 0, care, de fapt, exprim o condiie
fals. Este vorba de situaiile n care vorbitorul exprim un enun pe care l
consider un adevr general valabil: If a policeman notices that you excced the
speed limit, you pay a fine. Condiionala de tip 0 se recunoate uor att dac
inem cont de faptul c ea exprim un adevr general valabil despre o
persoan/societate, ct i de faptul c ea permite substituirea conjunciei
subordonatoare if cu whenever:
If/whenever a policeman notices that you excced the speed limit, you pay a
fine.
Condiionalele de tipul I, II i III pot fi nelese uor dac vorbitorul de limba
romn este atent la faptul c fiecare din aceste condiionale reprezint o
condiie real (prezent/din viitorul apropiat) sau imaginar (din prezent/viitorul
apropiat condiionalul II sau din trecut condiionalul III).
6.3. Rezumat
Condiionalul I exprim o condiie real, prezent/viitoare:
I. If I study, I will pass the exam. (dac studiez, voi trece examenul)
ATENIE LA TIMPURILE FOLOSITE N SECUNDAR I PRINCIPAL!
39
II. Condiionalul II exprim o condiie imaginar, prezent sau viitoare:

If I had a Polish nationality, I could/would vote in Poland. (dac a avea
cetenie polonez, a putea vota/a vota n Polonia) ATENIE LA
TIMPURILE FOLOSITE N SECUNDAR I PRINCIPAL!
III. Condiionalul III exprim o condiie imaginar din trecut:
If I had been there yesterday, I would have been on your side. (dac a fi fost
ieri acolo, a fi fost de partea ta) ATENIE LA TIMPURILE FOLOSITE N
SECUNDAR I PRINCIPAL!
Type 1
I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
1. If I see him I (give) him a lift.
2. If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once.
3. If he (read) in bad light he will ruin his eyes.
4. Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.
5. She will be absolutely furious if she (hear) about this.
6. If he (go) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says.
7. Unless I have a quiet room I (not to be able) to do any work.
8. Unless you are more careful you (have) an accident.
9. If he (like) the house, will he buy it?
10. Unless he (sell) more he wont get much commission.
Type 2
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
1. If I (know) his address Id give it to you.
2. I shouldnt drink wine if I (be) you.
3. More tourists would come to this county if it (have) a better climate.
4. What would you do if you (find) a burglar in your house?
5. If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come).
6. I (be) ruined if I bought her everything she asked for.
7. Id go and see him more often if he (live) on a bus route.
8. If you (paint) the walls white the room would be much brighter.
9. He might get fat if he (stop) smoking.
10. If I were sent to prison you (visit) me?
Type 3
III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
1. If I (know) that you were coming Id have baked a cake.
2. If I (realize) what a bad driver you were I wouldnt have come with you.
40
00:60
3. If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.

4. If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street.
5. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money.
6. If he had asked you, you (accept)?
7. I wouldnt have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes.
8. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop).
9. If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
10. She had a headache; otherwise she (come) with us.
I. Mixed types
Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses
1. If he had taken my advice, now he ____________
2. We would send for the doctor if _________
3. If we leave before breakfast, we might _________
4. He would lend it to you if you ___________
5. If you had asked permission, now you _________
6. Her life might be saved if she _____
7. If Tom rings while Im out, would you __________?
8. If she had practiced more, she _______________
9. Unless you study hard, how ______________
10. Id wear a warm coat now if _________.
II. Put the verbs in the brackets in the right tense:
1. If I .. (be) more experienced, I'd help you with this case.
2. If we'd seen the author of the crime, we (testify) now.
3. If we (meet) him tomorrow, we'll talk to him about the new clue we have
in this difficult case.
4. He would have been found guilty if the lawyer (not find) the
discriminating evidence.
5. If you make this statement, you (make) a lot of enemies.
6. If I hadn't studied, I (not have a chance) to pass the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to the university by bus if I (have) a driving license.
8. I (not go) to London unless I get a cheap flight.
9. We'd be stupid if we (inform) him about our secret.
10. The court clerk wouldnt have been able to write down all the words uttered
by the offender if the latter (not be ask) to speak louder and more slowly.
Translate into English paying attention to the rules of if-clauses:
1. Nimeni nu va ti niciodat dac acesta este sau nu adevrul.
2. Chiar dac era ora 10 a.m., John dormea nc n ciuda zgomotului din strad.
3. Dac l-a fi vzut n timpul ederii sale aici, ar fi fost o ocazie bun s-i
amintesc de promisiunea pe care a fcut-o cndva.
4. S-a schimbat att de mult n ultimul timp nct nu l-a fi recunoscut dac nu
41
mi-ai fi spus tu cine este.

5. Sunt sigur c nu s-ar fi dat jos din pat dac ar fi fost att de bolnav.
6. Dac ar fi vorba de oricine altcineva a fi de acord cu tine, dar dup cum tii,
de la Tom te poi atepta la orice.
7. Dac nu vei putea s m gseti la birou, ncearc s telefonezi ctre prnz la
numrul acesta.
8. A vrea s te interesezi la Facultate dac va mai avea loc un examen de
admitere n toamn; m-am hotrt s ncerc dar nu tiu dac nu este prea trziu.
9. Chiar dac va veni la ntlnirea de mine, eu cred c va fi prea trziu.
10. Crezi c va vorbi cu mine cteva minute dac va veni la var n Romnia?
Ar fi foarte folositor pentru lucrarea mea.
6.6.2. Tem de control: mention the conditions depending on which a judge
may remit a penalty for an imprisoned person.
I.
1. If he had taken my advice, now he would not be in this situation.
2. We would send for the doctor if you had hurt yourself badly.
3. If we leave before breakfast, we might arrive in time.
4. He would lend it to you if you had asked him politely.
5. If you had asked permission, now you could leave.
6. Her life might be saved if she had not had such a terrible accident.
7. If Tom rings while Im out, would you inform him that I return in 1 hour?
8. If she had practiced more, she would play better now.
9. Unless you study hard, how could you pass the exam for the National
Institute of Magistracy?
10. Id wear a warm coat now if I had been told that it is so cold here.
II.
1. If I was/were more experienced, I'd help you with this case.
2. If we'd seen the author of the crime, we would testify now.
3. If we meet him tomorrow, we'll talk to him about the new clue we have in
this difficult case.
4. He would have been found guilty if the lawyer had not found the
discriminating evidence.
5. If you make this statement, you will have a lot of enemies.
6. If I hadn't studied, I would not have a chance to pass the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to the university by bus if I had a driving license.
8. I wont go to London unless I get a cheap flight.
9. We'd be stupid if we informed him about our secret.
10. The court clerk wouldnt have been able to write down all the words uttered
by the offender if the latter hadnt been asked to speak louder and more
42
slowly.
43
UNIT 7: THE TRIAL IN THE UNITED STATES
7.1. Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti de nvare, studenii vor dobndi un set de
termeni juridici de baz, cu ajutorul crora acetia vor putea enumera i
descrie participanii la un proces n SUA.
Studenii romni nscrii la facultatea de drept vor remarca faptul c, spre
deosebire de sistemul judiciar din Romnia, n SUA procesele penale (cu
precdere) i civile sunt judecate n prezena juriului, al crui verdict este
hotrtor n ceea ce privete rostirea sentinei de ctre judector.
s enumere participanii la proces
s foloseasc n mod corect oral i n scris termenii noi studiai n
acest capitol
s explice atribuiile care i revin judectorului n instana de
judecat
s precizeze rolul i componena juriului n SUA.
minute.

Although there is an absolute right to trial in both civil and criminal cases, trials are often
enough expensive, and a person may not wish to exercise the right to trial. If the court grants
a summary judgment to either party or decides to dismiss the case, no trial is held. Thus, over
90% all civil cases never come to trial and about 80% of criminal defendants plead guilty and
are sentenced without trial.
THE JURY
For federal criminal cases there are 12 jurors but for federal civil cases the number varies
between 6 and 12.
Before each trial, prospective jurors are asked questions to help the judge and lawyers
determine whether the jurors can be impartial in deciding the particular case. The lawyers
have the right to reject a certain number of jurors without giving any justification.
THE JUDGE
Federal appellate judges and district judges are appointed by the President with the approval
of the Senate. They can be removed only by Congress through a process called impeachment.
44
00:60
Bankruptcy judges and magistrates judges assist the district judges. They do not have life
tenure, but serve for an appointed term.
Role of judge and jury. If the parties choose a jury trial, the jury must determine the facts
over which parties disagree. If the parties leave it to the judge, the trial is called bench trial.
In either kind of trial, the judge decides what legal standards apply and whether the evidence
is illegal or improper. The judge also conducts the proceedings and sees that the order is
maintained.
THE LAWYERS In criminal cases, the lawyer who prosecutes the claim is the U.S. attorney
(or an assistant). The attorney is selected by the President, with the approval of the Senate.
The judge appoints lawyers to represent criminal defendant who cannot afford to hire a
lawyer.
The parties
Defendants in criminal cases have a constitutional right to be present. Parties in civil cases
may be present if they wish.
The witnesses
Witnesses are individuals who testify under oath about the facts in dispute. They are often
referred to as plaintiffs witnesses or defense witnesses.
In a criminal case, the defendant can be convicted if the jury or judge believes that the
government has proven guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. A jury verdict must be
unanimous.
In civil cases, the jury or the judge decides for the plaintiff if a preponderance of the evidence
shows that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty.
Sentencing
The judge sets a date for sentencing hearing for criminal defendants who plead guilty or are
found guilty.
Before the sentencing hearing, a federal probation officer prepares a report to help the judge
determine the proper sentence.
1. Parties in civil cases are bound to be present in court while the case they are
involved in is tried.
..
2. In a bench trial, the verdict is passed by the jury.
.............................
3. In the USA the number of jurors is the same in both civil and criminal
cases.
...
S ne reamintim
n SUA, spre deosebire de ara noastr, la proces iau parte nu doar judectorul,
procurorul, avocatul aprrii, avocatul acuzrii i martorii, ci i juriul (juraii),
45
care sunt prezeni mai ales cnd sunt judecate cauze penale.
n SUA, numrul jurailor variaz n funcie de cauza judecat n instan.
ntr-un proces penal, numrul jurailor este de 12. ntr-un proces civil, numrul
acestora variaz ntre 6 i 12.
7.3. Rezumat
Terminologia juridic din textul inclus n aceast unitate de nvare include, cu
siguran, termeni noi, dificil, uneori, de tradus de studentul romn nscris la
facultatea de drept.
Ne referim n special la urmtorii termeni:
- magistrate judges judectori ai instanelor inferioare (Magistrates Courts)
- district judges judectori ai curilor de district
- federal appellate judges judectori ai curii de apel.
n privina traducerii termenului bankruptcy judge recomandm varianta
judector-sindic. n privina traducerii termenului probation officer
recomandm varianta ofier de probaiune.
Reamintim studenilor s nu confunde terminologia folosit pentru a desemna
prile implicate ntr-un proces civil (plaintiff reclamantul i defendant prtul), respectiv ntr-un proces penal (prosecutor procurorul i defendant acuzatul).
Ne reamintim din anul I faptul c, ntr-un proces de divor, terminologia se
modific: petitioner (reclamantul) i respondent (prtul).
1. Is there any right to trial in both civil and criminal cases in the U.S.?
2. How many of the civil and criminal cases never come to trial?
3. How many jurors are there in the jury for criminal and civil cases?
4. What is the task of a judge in a trial?
5. What do they mean by jury trial and bench trial?
6. How are the lawyers called in the U.S.?
7. Who are the witnesses and what do they do?
8. When can a defendant be convicted in a criminal case?
9. What does the jury or the judge decide in a civil case?
10. What does the federal probation officer prepare before sentencing?
II. Find the English words in the article that correspond to the Romanian
words below:
a. a fi eliberat condiionat
b. h.persoane eliberate condiionat
c. reducerea pedepsei
d. nchisoare pe via
e. a ispi o pedeaps
f. j. pedeapsa cu nchisoare
g. pedeaps
h. k. pedeapsa cu moartea
46
00:60
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
nchisori de maxim securitate

l. inut n arest preventiv
pedeapsa cea mai grea
m. cnd se d pedeapsa cea mai grea
arip a nchisorii pentru cei aflai n arest preventiv
The most serious form of punishment, besides capital punishment, is a prison

sentence. When such a sentence is handed down, the judge must sign a committal
warrant before the defendant is taken to prison to serve his or her sentence.
Habitual offenders are sent to maximum-security prisons and the heaviest sentence
they can get is life imprisonment. A prisoner may not serve his or her full sentence
and may be granted a remission of sentence for good behavior in jail. Prisoners
having served one third of their sentence may be released on parole. They are then
called parolees. Of course, prisoners may also be offenders who have been
remanded in custody waiting for trial. They are usually kept in the remand wing of
a prison.
I. Put the following steps in the civil proceedings into their logical order
1. The trial is opened by the plaintiffs counsel
2. Each counsel makes a closing address
3. A copy of the writ is issued and served by sending it to the usual address of the
defendant
4. The plaintiffs counsel calls his/her witnesses
5. The judge gives judgment and awards costs and damages
6. The plaintiff obtain a writ of summons
7. The plaintiffs witnesses are cross-examined by the defence.
8. The defendant decides to contest the claim
9. The plaintiff endorses the nature of his claim against the defendant on the writ
(statement of claim)
10. The defendants counsel proceeds in the same way.
II. Below are some typical legal phrases. What preposition do you use with
the following phrases?
1. To accuse someone _____ something
2. To be liable ______ something
3. To sentence someone ____ a punishment
4. To claim damages ____ something
5. To be entitled ____ compensation
6. To bring a case _____ someone
7. To be guilty ____ an offence
8. To fine someone ____ something
Make-up sentences of your own with the above given phrases.
47

Translate the following text into Romanian: Amendment VI in all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public
trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have
been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted
with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in his favor, and to have assistance of counsel for his defense.
(The Bill of Rights, The Constitution of the United States)
7.6.1. Tem de control: write a concise presentation of a famous Romanian

case.
Ed. Compania, 2004.
http://www.ratical.com/co-globalize/BillOfRights.html - accessed 1st October
2012
I.
6. The plaintiff obtains a writ of summons.
9. The plaintiff endorses the nature of his claim against the defendant on the
writ (statement of claim).
3. A copy of the writ is issued and served by sending it to the usual address of
the defendant.
8. The defendant decides to contest the claim.
1. The trial is opened by the plaintiffs counsel.
4. The plaintiffs counsel calls his/her witnesses.
7. The plaintiffs witnesses are cross-examined by the defense.
10. The defendants counsel proceeds in the same way.
2. Each counsel makes a closing address.
5. The judge gives judgment and awards costs and damages.
II.
1. To accuse someone of something
2. To be liable for something
3. To sentence someone to a punishment
4. To claim damages for something
5. To be entitled to compensation
6. To bring a case against someone
7. To be guilty of an offence
8. To fine someone for something.
48
UNIT 8: THE PASSIVE VOICE
8.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti de nvare, studenii vor
recapitula/dobndi cunotinele necesare pentru a folosi corect diateza
pasiv n limba englez. Pentru a evita comiterea greelilor frecvente de
transformare de la diateza activ la cea pasiv, recomandm vorbitorilor de
limba romn s acorde o atenie deosebit aspectului verbal folosit (simplu,
continuu sau perfect).
s foloseasc n mod corect diateza pasiv n limba englez,
semnalnd asemnrile i diferenele existente ntre englez i
romn
s identifice formele speciale ale diatezei pasive din limba
englez n funcie de aspectele timpurilor folosite (simplu,
perfect sau continuu).
minute.

FORM
The verb to be in Present/Past/Future Tense + past participle of the

verb
The subject of the active verb becomes the agent of the passive verb.
The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by BY and placed
at the end of the clause:
E.g. This judgment was delivered by Judge George Smith.
Present Tense Simple:
I am seen
You are seen
He, she is seen etc.
Present Tense Continuous
I am being seen
You are being seen
He, she is being seen etc.
I have been seen
Present Perfect Tense:
49
00:60
You have been seen

She, he has been seen etc.
Past Tense Simple:
I was seen
You were seen
He, she was seenetc
Past Tense Continuous
I was being seen

You were being seen
He, she was being seen etc.
I had been seen
You had been seen .etc
Past Perfect Tense:

Future Tense Simple:
I shall be seen
You will be seen
He, she will be seen etc.
Future Perfect:
I will have been seen

You will have been seen
He, she will have been seen etc.
Present Conditional:
I would be seen
You would be seen
He, she would be seen etc
Perfect Conditional:
I, you, he would have been seen etc.
In colloquial speech get is sometimes used instead of be:

E.g. The windows got (were) broken.
In sentences containing a direct and an indirect object, we could have two passive
forms:
E.g.
Somebody gave her some flowers.

She was given some flowers.
Some flowers were given to her.
Uses of the passive

The passive is used when it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action:
o E.g. The rubbish hasnt been collected.
o Your hand will be X-rayed.
It is also used when the subject of the active verb would be people:
o E.g. He is suspected of receiving stolen goods (People suspect him of )
o They are supposed to be living in New York (People suppose that )
When we are more interested in the action than the person who does it:
o E.g. A new public library is being built (by our local council)
o The house next door has been bought (by a Mr. Jones).
50
The passive may be used to avoid awkward or ungrammatical sentence. This is

usually done by avoiding a change of subject:
o E.g. When he arrived home a detective arrested him.
Would be better expressed:
o When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective).
Prepositions with passive verbs
When a verb + preposition + object combination is put into the passive, the preposition will
remain immediately after the verb:
e.g.
We must write to him
They threw away the old newspapers
He looked after the children well
He must be written to.

The old newspapers were thrown away.
The children were looked after.

1. Recently a large number of cases have solved by the first instance courts.
..
2. So far many students are asked to hand in the test papers because they did not
comply with the examination rules mentioned at the beginning of the semestrial
test.
.............................
3. At the moment the bankruptcy file is analyzed by the specialists.
...
S ne reamintim
n limba englez, diateza pasiv se construiete cu ajutorul verbului to be i
participiul verbului de conjugat.
Studenii trebuie s fie ateni, atunci cnd efectueaz transformarea de la diateza
activ la cea pasiv, s pstreze ntocmai aspectul verbului din exemplele date.
7.3. Rezumat
TENSE
ACTIVE
Prez. simplu
The judge hears the The witness is heard.

witness.
The judge heard the The witness was heard.
witness.
The judge will hear the wi
ness.
The witness will be heard.
Trecut
simplu
Viitor simplu
Prez.
continuu
Trecut
continuu
PASSIVE
They are analysing the The evidence is being

evidence.
analysed.
They were analysing the The evidence was being
evidence.
analysed.
51
Prezent
perfect
Trecut
perfect
Viitor perfect
We have cross-examined
the witness.
We had cross-examined
the witness.
We will have crossexamined the witness.
Condiional
prezent
I
would
sign
this
document
on
one
condition.
I would have signed the
document
on
one
condition.
Condiional
perfect
The witness has been

cross-exmanied.
The witness had been
cross-exmanied.
The witness will have been
cross-exmanied.
This document would be
signed on one condition.
The document would have
been signed by me on one
condition.

I. Put the following into the passive voice. The agent should not be
mentioned:
1. We use this room only on special occasions.
2. They are pulling down the old theatre.
3. Someone switched on a light and opened the door.
4. The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the crime.
5. Someone will serve refreshments.
6. The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door.
7. No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.
8. The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine.
9. People must not leave bicycles in the hall.
10. The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were
not returning books.
II. Turn the following sentences into the active voice. Where no agent is
mentioned one must be supplied:
e.g.
School notice: This door must be kept shut.

Students must keep shut this door.
1. This speed limit is to be introduced gradually.

2. Someone will have to be found to take her place.
3. Your money could be put to good use instead of being left in bank.
4. This scientific theory has now proved to be false.
5. This copy hasnt been read. The pages havent been cut.
6. For a long time the earth was believed to be flat.
7. The stones were thrown by a student who was afterwards led away by the
police.
8. This excellent opportunity was taken advantage of immediately.
9. If I am offered this job I shall, of course, accept it.
10. We have not been taught to deal with such problems.
52
00:60

I. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense:
1. Under these conditions the experiment (not to carry out).
2. Can English (to learn) well in six months?
3. Must this work (to do) at once?
4. Paper that absorbs ink (to call) blotting paper.
5. The atomic structure (to study) since the end of the last century.
6. Paintings from many countries (to show) in a special exhibition next month.
7. Many houses in our town (to be demolished) this year.
8. The new design (to be looked into) by an expert.
9. During the fair many foreigners can (to see) in our town.
10. A number of books (to publish) on this subject in the last few years.
II. Answer the questions using a Passive form of the verbs in brackets,
together with a suitable adverbial particle (off, on, in, out, up, down etc):
Example:
What generally happens to houses that are unfit to live in? (pull)
They are generally pulled down.
1. What should happen if mistakes appear in a students work? (point)

2. What must be done with a bad tooth? (pull)
3. What might happen if you crossed a busy road without looking? (knock)
4. What has to be done with dirty dishes and cutlery at the end of a meal?
(wash)
5. What would happen to a lighted candle if there were a sudden gust of wind?
(blow)
6. What often happens to negotiations that looked like being unsuccessful?
(break)
7. What must be done if a plan or an idea proves unworkable? (give)
8. A notice has disappeared from a notice board. What must have happened?
(take)
9. I dropped a coin in the street, and cant find it. What could have happened to
it? (pick)
10. What may happen to a man who has committed his first offence? (let)
1. Ni s-au spus multe lucruri interesante n legtur cu acest subiect.
2. Ni se vor da amnunte mai trziu.
3. Li s-a cerut s fie punctuali.
4. Ne vor comunica rezultatele pn mine.
5. Au fost ntmpinai cu entuziasm.
6. Li s-a spus s atepte profesorul n clas.
7. Crile ne-au fost trimise prin pot.
8. Au fost sftuii s viziteze oraul.
9. Turitilor le-au fost artate monumentele istorice mai importante din
capital.
10. S-a constatat c toate condiiile au fost ndeplinite.
53
8.6.2. Tem de control: make up sentences in the passive voice using each of
the following terms in one sentence: application, claimant, plaintiff, petitioner,
impeachment, infringement, remission, social peril.
Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V., A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University
Press, 2003
I.
1. Under these conditions the experiment will not be carried out.
2. Can English be learned well in six months?
3. Must this work be done at once?
4. Paper that absorbs ink is called blotting paper.
5. The atomic structure has been studied since the end of the last century.
6. Paintings from many countries are shown in a special exhibition next month.
7. Many houses in our town have been demolished this year.
8. The new design has been looked into by an expert.
9. During the fair many foreigners can be seen in our town.
10. A number of books have been published on this subject in the last few years.
II.
1. They should be pointed out.
2. It must be pulled out.
3. You might be knocked over.
4. They have to be washed up.
5. It would be blown out.
6. They are broken off.
7. It must be given up.
8. It must have been taken down.
9. It could have been picked up.
10. He may be let off.
54
UNIT 9: OFFENCES AGAINST PERSON (I)
9.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea enumera i defini cteva dintre cele
mai importante infraciuni ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt acestea
prevzute de legislaia american n vigoare.
Totodat, unitatea de nvare nr. 9 ncurajeaz studentul s consulte i Codul
Penal Romn tradus n limba englez, pentru a-i nsui ct mai muli termeni
de specialitate i pentru a observa modul diferit n care infraciunile la care se
face referire n unitatea de nvare nr. 9 (definite conform legislaiei americane)
sunt ncadrate de Codul Penal Romn.
9.2.Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare
s enumere cteva dintre cele mai importate infraciuni ndreptate
mpotriva persoanei
s defineasc infraciunile enumerate n aceast unitate de nvare
s dobndeasc un numr important de termeni juridici/expresii
juridice, folosite n traducerea din romn n englez a articolelor
referitoare la infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, conform
prevederilor Codului Penal Romn.
minute.

According to the American Criminal Law, the main offences against person are:
00:60
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
HOMICIDE
INFANTICIDE
RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL OFFENCES
UNNATURAL OFFENCES
INDECENCY
PROSTITUTION
ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS
I. HOMICIDE Means the killing of a human being. It may be culpable or non-culpable

(lawful or unlawful) or excusable. It depends on the circumstances in which the act of
homicide takes place.
55
1. Culpable homicide can be:

a. Murder means the unlawful killing of a person by another. Murder is committed when
the killer acts with malice aforethought. The punishment for murder is life imprisonment.
b. Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought. It
may be voluntary (death results from an assault made under provocation) or involuntary
(death results from an accident or from an unlawful act).
c. Causing death by dangerous driving.
d. Causing death by careless driving.
e. Causing death by aggravated taking of mechanically vehicle.
2. Non culpable homicide
a. Justifiable: The lawful action of a criminal or a killing person who results or prevents a
constable in the execution of his duty.
b. Excusable: like accidents, reasonable self-defence in a sudden conflict.
3. Genocide: is a deliberate destruction of a national racial, religious or ethnic group defined
by exterminators as undesirable.
4. Aiding and abetting suicide: is an arrestable offence for a person to aid, abet or counsel
for suicide.
5. Child destruction: when a person with intention destroys the life of a child capable to be
born alive, punishable with life imprisonment.
6. Abortion: the premature expulsion of the child before his birth.
II. INFANTICIDE appears when a woman, by any willful act or omission, causes the
death of her child.
III. RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL OFFENCES ARE:
a. Unlawful sexual intercourse: when a man has sexual intercourse with a woman who is
under the age of 16, mentally defected or a blood relative.
b. Rape: is an arrestable offence for a man to rape. The punishment for such an offence is life
imprisonment.
c. Defilement: when a man has unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under 13.
d. Seduction or prostitution: when a person having custody or care of a girl under 16 years
old causes and encourages her seduction or prostitution. He shall be punished with two years
imprisonment.
56
e. Incest: appears when a man has sexual intercourse with a woman whom he knows to be his
daughter, granddaughter or mother; or when a girl of 16 allows a man she knows to be her
grandfather, father, brother or son to have sexual intercourse. Stepbrothers and sisters are not
blood relations.
(The information in this unit is completed in UNIT XI)
1. Infanticide refers to the defilement of a child.
..
2. Manslaughter is similar to first degree murder.
.............................
3. Abortion is permitted in all states and it is now regarded as a religiously and
politically settled matter.
...
S ne reamintim
Aceast unitate de nvare ne ofer cteva informaii cu caracter general
despre o parte din infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt
acestea definite de legea penal american: HOMICIDE, INFANTICIDE,
RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL OFFENCES, UNNATURAL OFFENCES,
INDECENCY, PROSTITUTION, ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS.
9.3. Rezumat
n aceast unitate de nvare, studentul trebuie s i nsueasc n mod corect
terminologia de specialitate n limba englez, pentru a putea defini o cteva
dintre infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei.
Textul unitii de nvare face referire la urmtoarele infraciuni: HOMICIDE
(omorul), INFANTICIDE (pruncuciderea), RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL
OFFENCES (violul i alte infraciuni referitoare la viaa sexual),
UNNATURAL
OFFENCES
(perversiuni
sexuale),
INDECENCY
(exhibitionismul, publicarea de materiale obscene), PROSTITUTION
(prostituia), ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS (lovirile i rnirile).
1. What is the meaning of homicide?

2. How many types of homicide do you know?
3. When is a murder committed?
4. What do you mean by manslaughter?
57
5. What is the meaning of genocide?

6. What do you understand by infanticide?
7. What is the difference between rape and defilement?
8. Is incest ever permitted?
II. Match the crime on the left with its definition on the right:
1. arson
2. assault and
battery
3. petty theft
4. burglary
5. gross
indecency
6. rape
7. manslaughter
8. hijacking
9. smuggling
10. bribery
A. Using force or threatening force to take control of an aircraft during

flight
B. Taking people or things illegally into a country or place
C. An illegal sexual act that falls short of sexual intercourse
D. Intentional damage to property by setting fire to it
E. Sexual intercourse with another person without his or her consent
F. An attempt to influence an official by offering him or her some kind of
reward
G. Stealing objects of little value
H. Entering a place of habitation with the intention of stealing
I. Intentional physical harm inflicted on a person without his or her
consent
J. Murder that is either unintentional or else has mitigating
circumstances.

I. Match each description of a crime (1-5) to the term by which it is known
(A-E)
A. assault
B. grievous bodily harm
C.
D. shoplifting
E. vandalism
murder with extenuating
circumstances
1. A woman kills her husband after finding him in compromising circumstances

with another woman.
2. A schoolboy smashes a shop window and causes damage in the shop after a
football match.
3. A group of young men take an old ladys handbag after threatening her with
physical violence.
4. A lady slips a small piece of jewelry into her handbag in a department store.
5. A man attacks another man and injures him so badly that the victim has to
undergo an operation.
II. Make the logical correspondence between the following terms:
culpable homicide
genocide
premature expulsion
personal violence
58
mentally disturbed
rape
two years imprisonment
abortion
daughter
defilement
excusable
incest
girl under 13
infanticide
exterminator
manslaughter
deception
seduction

Give a real example of genocide and explain in not more than 250 words the
characteristics of the group of exterminators, as well as the causes for that
genocide.
Read three articles provided by the Romanian Criminal Law on the offences
committed against the person. Translate them.
Compania, 2004
The Romanian Criminal Code http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1695/file/c1cc95d23be999
896581124f9dd8.htm/preview - accessed on 7th September 2013.
I.
1. C; 2. E; 3. A; 4. D; 5. B.
II.
culpable homicide
genocide
mentally disturbed
rape
two years imprisonment
excusable
abortion
daughter
defilement
infanticide
exterminator
deception
personal violence
seduction
manslaughter
premature expulsion
incest
girl under 13
59
UNIT 10: NOMINATIVE + INFINITIVE AND ITS USES
10.1.Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea folosi n mod corect
construciile infinitivale cu acuzativul i nominativul, care sunt extrem de
uzuale n limba englez.
Buna cunoatere a regulilor de folosire a acestor construcii ne ajut
s putem traduce corect n egnelz expresii impersonale (reflexiv-pasive) de
tipul: se tie, se crede, se presupune, se zice, se spune etc.
Totodat, aceast unitate de nvare presupune recapitularea
formelor de infinitiv existente n limba englez, fapt care va ajuta stundentul
s poat efectua corect traduceri cu un grad sporit de dificultate.
10.2.Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare
s foloseasc n corect construciile infinitivale cu nominativul
s identifice situaiile de folosire a acestor construcii n vorbirea
curent (mai ales dup verbe la pasiv)
minute.
The nominative with the infinitive represents a combination of:
a Nounor Pronoun in the Nominative case + an infinitive
00:60
There are no such constructions in Romanian, we generally translate the construction by

means of clauses. The nominative with infinitive is a complex subject.
Examples:
He is known to be a good student.
Se tie c este un student bun.
He was said to have made an oral confession.
Se spunea c ar fi fcut o mrturisire.
He is said to be a good doctor.
Se spune c este un doctor bun
He is said to have won the gold cup.
Se spune c ar fi ctigat cupa de aur.
60
The construction is used:

1. With the following verbs in the passive voice: verbs expressing perception to hear, to see,
to fell, to watch, to notice, to perceive; verbs expressing mental activities to consider, to
think, to suppose, to find, to feel, to understand; the verb to say and to report.
Mention can be made that most of these verbs are also used in the accusative with infinitive
construction.
Examples to be compared:
I heard him sing (Acc + inf)/He was heard to sing (Nom. + inf)
A fost auzit cntnd/ A fost auzit n timp ce cnta.
They knew you to be right (Acc+inf)
Se tia (de ctre ei) c ai dreptate.
You were known to be right (Nom. + inf)
Se tia c ai dreptate.
I expect you to come (Acc+inf)

M atept s vii./Te atept s vii (ton imperativ).
You were expected to come (Nom. + inf)
Trebuia s vii.
2. With the verbs to seem, to appear, to happen, to prove, to turn out:

e.g.
I happen to know them.

Se ntmpl s-i cunosc/ ntmpltor i cunosc.
The boy proved to be very good at mathematics.
Biatul se dovedi a fi foarte bun la matematic.
The deal turned out to have been a failure.
Afacerea s-a dovedit a fi fost un eec.
3. With the word-groups to be likely, to be sure/certain.

E.g. He is sure to learn the rule.
Va nva regula negreit.
They are likely to attend the conference.
E probabil ca ei s asiste la conferin/ Dup toate probabilitile, vor asista la conferin.
!!! A characteristic feature of the nominative with infinitive is that it may be extended into a
clause introduced by IT.
E.g. He is known to be a good lawyer. =>> It is known that he is a good lawyer.
I happen to remember them. =>> It happened that I remember them.
He is likely to be late. =>> It is probable that he will be late.
61

1. I happen rememberingthis person.
..
2. Manslaughter is thought not being as serious a crime as murder.
.............................
3. She turned out being the most important witness at the trial.
...
S ne reamintim
Aceast unitate de nvare prezint o tem important n gramatica
limbii engleze: folosirea corect a formelor de infinitiv (scurt, lung, perfect,
continuu) dup anumite verbe/prepoziii/n cadrul unor fraze + o form de
nominativ/acuzativ.
n limba englez, aa cum am spus mai sus, putem vorbi despre mai
multe forme de infinitiv:
- infinitivul scurt (fr to): commit, prosecute, seize etc.
- infinitivul lung (cu particula to): to commit, to prosecute, to seize etc.
- infinitivul perfect: to have committed, to have prosecuted, to have seized etc.
- infinitivul perfect pasiv: to have been committed, to have been prosecuted, to
have been seized etc.
- infinitivul continuu: to be committing, to be prosecuting, to be seizing etc.
10.3. Rezumat
Construciile infinitivale cu nominativul apar n special dup/pe lng:
- o form verbal la diateza pasiv (infinitivul lung)
- expresii de tipul: to be likely, to be unlikely, to be sure, to be certain etc.
- verbe de tipul: seem, appear, turn out, prove (infinitivul lung).
Construciile infinitivale cu acuzativul apar dup:
- verbe precum: advise, recommend
-verbe de percepie: see, hear, notice etc.
- prepoziiile corelative for ... to.
I. Transform the following sentences using the nominative with infinitive
constructions:
Model:
a. It seemed that she was worrying
a. I asked him to leave
a. It seemed that they had come
together
1.
2.
3.
4.
b. She seemed to be worrying

b. He was asked to leave
b. They seemed to have come
together
It happened that I knew him.

It happened that we had met before.
Susan believed her husband to be greatest actor in the world.
It chanced that her brother was present.
62
00:60
5. We determined the man to tell the truth.

6. It is known that water boils at 1000C.
7. The Browns asked Jim to have dinner with them.
8. Why didnt you allow the boy to play in the garden?
9. It was reported that he had found his death two days ago.
10. I persuaded him to come to the pictures with me.
II. Make the following sentences into one, using accusative with infinitive:
Model:
a. I asked him
I asked him to bring me the book
b. He brought me the book
a. George saw his sister
George saw his sister open the door
b. She opened the door
1. I expected him
He came by plane
2. Ralph wanted Barbara
Barbara lent Richard her dictionary.
3. We noticed the sky.
It turned dark.
4. They prevailed upon the man.
He came to the meeting.
5. Did Mr. Thomas persuade him?
He went to Bath.
6. I heard the little birds.
They sang early in the morning.
7. We saw Mrs. Brown
She went out.
8. The boys helped their little brother.
He passed over the bridge.
I. Replace the group of words underlined by an infinitive or an infinitive
construction:
Model:
It is important that he should understand this.
It is important for him to understand this.
He was the first man who arrived.
He was the first man to arrive.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.

It is necessary that everyone should know the truth.
It seems that crime was committed by a left-handed man.
It is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight.
It is said that he was a brilliant scientist.
It is advisable that we should leave the house separately.
It is said that the murderer is hiding in the woods near the house.
Is it likely that he will arrive before six?
It is said that she has a frightful temper.
63
10. They believe that he is honest.

11. It is better that he should hear it from you.
12. The strikers decided that the strike should continue.
II. Translate into English
1. Se presupune c el a fost martor la accident.
2. Se tie c houl a furat maina n timpul nopii.
3. S-a raportat c ea este n via.
4. El s-a dovedit a fi un martor mincinos..
5. Se crede c a intrat n ar ilegal.
6. Se spune c cei doi tineri au jefuit o banc.
7. Se ateapt de la tine s depui mrturie.
8. Se consider de ctre instan c el este vinovat de crim.
9. Sunt sigur c argumentele mele o vor face s se rzgndeasc.
10. L-am sftuit s renune la slujba aceea.
11. Se gndete s participe la acest concurs.
12. Ei au insistat s m duc acolo n seara aceea.
10.6.1. Tema de control: put the verbs in brackets into the correct form
making any necessary changes:
I (sit) in my office the other day when I (tell) that someone (want) (see) me. It
was Ana Radulescu, an old friend of mine. My personal assistant (invite) her in
and (ask) us what we (want) to drink. After she (bring) us coffee and water she
(leave) us alone. When I (ask) Ana how she (be), she (tell) me a rather sad story.
She told me that she (have) to close down her business because of financial
difficulties and that she look for a job. She (add) that she (be) in such situation
because she (not listen) to those who (advise) her to hire a good accountant. If
she (not find) a job quickly, she (be) in serious trouble. She (ask) me whether I
(can) (do) anything (help) her (find) something interesting. I (assure) her (do)
my best and (ask) her (call) me in a few days.
10.6.2. Tema de control: rephrase the following sentences using a
Nominative + Infinitive construction:
1. It is supposed that they are living at the same address.
2. It is unlikely for our client to have a remission of the penalty.
3. It is said that he is a good judge.
4. It is thought that the author of the crime is left-handed.
5. It is certain that the team will collaborate well.
64

I.
1. I was astonished to hear that he had left the country.
2. It is necessary for everyone to know the truth.
3. The crime seems to have been committed by a left-handed man.
4. He is expected to broadcast a statement tonight.
5. He is said to have been a brilliant scientist.
6. It is advisable for us to leave the house separately.
7. The murderer is said to be hiding in the woods near the house.
8. Is it likely for him to arrive before six?
9. She is said to have a frightful temper.
10. He is believed to be honest.
11. It is better for him to hear it from you.
12. The strikers decided to continue the strike.
II.
1. He is supposed to have witnessed the accident.
2. The thief is known to have stolen the car during the night.
3. She is reported to be alive.
4. He proved to be a false witness.
5. She is believed to have entered the country illegally.
6. The two young men are said to have robbed a bank.
7. You are expected to testify.
8. He is thought to be guilty of crime by the court.
9. I am sure that my arguments will make her change her mind.
10. I advised him to give up that job.
11. He is thinking of taking part in that competition. (taking = gerund required
by the preposition that precedes it: of)
12. The insisted that I should go there that evening.
65
UNIT 11: OFFENCES AGAINST PERSON II
11.1. Introducere
Dup parcurgerea acestei uniti, vei putea enumera i defini cteva
dintre cele mai importante infraciuni ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum
sunt acestea prevzute de legislaia american n vigoare.
Totodat, unitatea de nvare nr. 9 ncurajeaz studentul s consulte i
Codul Penal Romn tradus n limba englez, pentru a-i nsui ct mai muli
termeni de specialitate i pentru a observa modul diferit n care infraciunile la
care se face referire n unitatea de nvare nr. 9 sunt ncadrate de Codul Penal
Romn.
11.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare
s enumere i s defineasc o parte dintre cele mai frecvente tipuri
de infraciuni comise mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt acestea
definite de legea penal american
s enumere i s defineasc o parte dintre cele mai frecvente tipuri
de infraciuni comise mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt acestea
definite de Codul Penal Romn.
minute.

UNNATURAL OFFENCES
00:60
a) Gross indecency appears when a male person commits an act of gross indecency with
another male person. It is punishable of two to five years.
b) Persistently soliciting in a public place for immoral purposes is also an arrestable
offence.
c) Homosexual acts are not offences when they are committed in private, with both
parties consent, and they have attained the age of 21 years. Any homosexual act
committed outside the scope of the above provisions is an offence.
INDECENCY
a) Indecent language or behaviour is gross outrage on public decency and represents a
common law misdemeanour.
b) Indecency with children means committing an act of gross indecency with or towards a
child under 14 years or determining such a child do such an act with him or any other
person.
66
c) Abduction means to take away by force or fraud. Here we include abduction of a

woman by force or for the sake of her property; abduction of an unmarried girl under
the age of 18.
PROSTITUTION
A prostitute is a person who, for rewards offers his or body for sexual connection.
Loitering or soliciting for the purpose of prostitution. It is an offence for a common
prostitute to loiter or solicit in a street or public place for the purposes of prostitution.
The police can arrest without warrant anyone he suspects to be a prostitute in the street
or public place.
a)
b) Trading in prostitution is an offence of any man living wholly or in part of the earning
of prostitution. It is an arrestable offence punishable with seven years of imprisonment.
c) Habitual uses of premises for prostitution.
ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS
Assaults are intentional or reckless acts causing another person unlawful personal
violence. Justifiable assaults happen under the following circumstances: administrating
lawful correction (parents punishing their children); self-defence, defence of a member
of the family; defence of property.
a)
There are more kinds of assaults:
Common assault (beating a person);

Aggravated assault (by violence);
Assault with intent to resist arrest;
Assaults on police.
b)
Woundings are of two kinds:
Grievous bodily harms are unlawful and malicious woundings; it is an arrestable

offence, punished with five years imprisonment;
Grievous bodily harms with intent are unlawful and malicious woundings; the penalty
is life imprisonment.
1. Gross indecency is punished with 1 year imprisonment in the USA.
..
2. The police cannot arrest without warrant anyone he suspects to be a
prostitute in the street or public place.
.............................
3. Grievous bodily harm is punished with 3 years imprisonment in the USA.
.
67
S ne reamintim
Aceast unitate de nvare ne ofer cteva informaii cu caracter general
despre o parte din infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei, aa cum sunt
acestea definite de legea penal american: UNNATURAL OFFENCES,
INDECENCY, PROSTITUTION, ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS.
11.3. Rezumat
n aceast unitate de nvare, studentul trebuie s i nsueasc n mod corect
terminologia de specialitate n limba englez, pentru a putea defini o cteva
dintre infraciunile ndreptate mpotriva persoanei.
Textul unitii de nvare face referire la urmtoarele infraciuni:
UNNATURAL
OFFENCES
(perversiuni
sexuale),
INDECENCY
(exhibitionismul, limbajul obscen, publicarea de materiale obscene),
PROSTITUTION (prostituia), ASSAULTS AND WOUNDINGS (lovirile i
rnirile).
1. When does gross indecency appear?
2. Are homosexual acts arrestable offences?
3. What do you mean by abduction?
4. What is a prostitute?
5. What is the punishment for trading in prostitution?
6. What are intention assaults?
7. What do you mean by justifiable assaults?
8. What kinds of assaults do you know?
9. What types of woundings do you know?
10. Give some examples of assaults and woundings.
II. A crime is any act or omission (of an act) that violates the law and is
punishable by the state. Crimes are considered injurious to society or the
community. They include both felonies (more serious offences like
murder or rape) and misdemeanours (like petty theft or speeding).
A criminal is someone who commits a crime. Below are 12 phrases
using the word criminal. Link each phrase to its definition.
Phrase
1. Court of Criminal
Appeal
2. Criminal contempt
3. Criminal negligence
4. Criminal court
Definition
a. Barrister or solicitor who specialises in felonies
and misdemeanours.
b. A person charged with or convicted of crimes
against humanity.
c. Previous crimes of which an individual has been
convicted.
d. Rules governing the investigation of crimes, the
arrest charging, and trial of accused criminals; and
68
00:60
5. Criminal law
6. Criminal lawyer
7. Criminal procedure
8. Criminal record
9. Habitual criminal
10. Criminal liability
11. War criminal
the sentencing of those convicted (found guilty of

a crime).
e. One of the higher courts of law which hears
cases sent up for review.
f. Disorderly behaviour, disrespect, or
disobedience of a judges orders, particularly
during a trial.
g. A person who repeatedly commits offences.
h. Where an individual fails to exercise a duty of
care and the resulting action leads to the
commission of a crime.
i. The branch of law which deals with felonies and
misdemeanours.
k. A court with jurisdiction to hear felonies and
misdemeanours.
l. Responsibility for committing a crime (excluded
persons include minors and insane).
11.5. Tem propus pentru autoevaluare

I. Below are 14 crimes. Firstly, link each crime to its definition and then
classify each crime as violent (V) or non-violent (NV):
Name of crime
a. Assault
b. Drug dealing
c. Money
laundering
d. Battery
e. Homicide
f. Manslaughter
g. Fraud
h. Murder
i. Armed robbery
j. Sexual assault
k. Burglary
l. Theft
m. Parking
n. Speeding
Definition of crime
1. A generic term for the killing of another person
2. Any instance in which one party deceives or takes
unfair advantage of another
3. Attempt to use illegal force on another person
4. Attempt to use illegal force on another person in the
absence of consent to sexual relations
5. Attempt to transform illegally acquired money into
apparently legitimate money
6. Driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit
7. Leaving ones vehicle in an area or for duration in
contravention of the law
8. Possession of and/or trading illegal substances
9. Taking the property of another without right or
permission
10. The actual use of illegal force on another person
11. The crime of breaking into a private home with
the intention of committing a felony
12. The unlawful killing of a person with intent
13. The unlawful killing of a person without malicious
intent and therefore without premeditation
14. The unlawful taking of anothers property using a
dangerous weapon.
69
II. Below are some words and phrases derived from appeal. Link each item to its
definition.
1. to appeal
2. Appellate
3. Appealable
4. Leave to
appeal
5. Appellant
6. Court of
appeal
7. Appellee
8. Appeal bond
a. Permission of the court to institute appeal proceedings from a single

judge or lower court to a full court or higher court respectively
b. The person against whom an appeal is taken (usually, but not always,
the winner in the lower court)
c. To ask more senior court or person to review a decision of a
subordinate court or person
d. A court to which appeals are made on points of law resulting from the
judgement of a lower court
e. Describes a judgement which can be appealed against
f. Money put up by someone appealing a courts decision. This money is
to pay the other sides costs in case the person appealing fails to go
forward with an honest appeal
g. A party who appeals against a judicial decision which is not in that
partys favour
h. Refers to a higher court that can hear appeals from a lower court
11.6.1. Tem de control: complete the following text about appellate

procedure using the words/expressions above:
_______ procedure consists of the rules and practices by which a _______
reviews trial court judgements. The procedure focuses on several main
themes:
What judgements are ______________;
How an __________ is to be brought before the court,
What will be required for a reversal of the lower courts;
What procedures the parties must follow.
Often an ________ will be requested by the _______, who is seeking a review

of the decision of a subordinate court or person. The other party, the _____, is
usually, but not always, the winner in the lower court.
11.6.2. Tem de control: read three articles in the Romanian Criminal Code
on three types of offences committed against the person and translate them,
paying particular attention to the penalties applied to them.
11.7.
Bibliografie specific

Ed. Compania, 2004
The Romanian Criminal Code http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1695/file/c1cc95d23be
999896581124f9dd8.htm/preview - accessed on the 7th September 2013.
70
11.8 .
Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare
I.
Name of crime
Assault
Drug dealing
Money
laundering
Battery
Homicide
Manslaughter
Fraud
Murder
Armed robbery
Sexual assault
Burglary
Theft
Parking
Speeding
Definition of crime
Attempt to use illegal force on another person
Possession of and/or trading illegal substances
Attempt to transform illegally acquired money into
apparently legitimate money
The actual use of illegal force on another person
A generic term for the killing of another person
The unlawful killing of a person without malicious
intent and therefore without premeditation
Any instance in which one party deceives or takes
unfair advantage of another
The unlawful killing of a person with intent
The unlawful taking of anothers property using a
dangerous weapon
Attempt to use illegal force on another person in the
absence of consent to sexual relations
The crime of breaking into a private home with the
intention of committing a felony
Taking the property of another without right or
permission
Leaving ones vehicle in an area or for duration in
contravention of the law
Driving a vehicle in excess of the permitted limit
II.
1. c.; 2. h; 3. e; 4. a; 5. g; 6. d; 7. b; 8. f.
71
UNIT 12: FINAL GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Which is correct?
00:60
1. All her dreams have _____ true

a). become; b). come; c). gone; d). Taken
2. I got your name and address from a friend of _______
a). me; b). mine; c). my ; d). Myself
3. They all shake hands and said How do you do! to _________
a). another; b). each other; c). one another; d). Themselves
4. Do you want ______?
a). me going; b). me to go; c). my going; d). that I go
5. He suggested ______ the house together
a). that you should search; b). for them to search; c). to their searching; d). to
them to search
6. We look forward ________ you here.
a). at having; b). having; c). to have; d). to having
7. Instead ______ the car, he mowed the lawn.
a). of repairing; b). repairing; c). that he repaired; d). o repair
8. The ring was nowhere to _____.
a). be found; b). being found; c). find; d). Found
9. There were no decent flats _______ in those day
a). for having; b). to be had; c). to have; d). to have had
10. Im sure youll find lots of pleasant things _______ here in London
a). for doing; b). to be done; c). to do; d). to doing.
II. Memorise the quotations. Note the way the verbs say, tell, speak
and talk are used:
SPEAK:
Speak a foreign language

Speak loudly, well, fast
Speak to somebody (with somebody, about something)
Speak at a meeting, conference, in debate
TALK:
Talk a great deal, a lot, loudly

Talk to (with) somebody (about something)
Talk politics, talk sports etc
SAY:
Say something
Say that
Say a few words about something
He said to me that: ___
He is said to be a good doctor
TELL:
Tell somebody something

Tell somebody about something
72
Tell somebody to do something

Tell a lie/ the truth/a story
Make-up sentences of your own using the verbs mentioned above.
E.g. Speak well of your friends, of your enemies say nothing. (Proverb)
12.2.
Tem propus pentru autoevaluare:
I. Insert deny, refuse or give up:

1. The doctor told me I must _______ smoking.
2. Will you do me a little favour?
I can _______you nothing. I am ready to do anything for you.
3. If you wish to achieve good results, you must sometimes ________ yourself
some pleasures.
4. I hope you wont ______ the money. I offer it as a friend.
5. Dont ______ me the privilege of being in your company.
6. Are you ready to ____ your friend if I ask you to?
7. He ________ to take the job he was offered.
8. Even when Mary found out the truth about the bridegroom she didnt ___ him
___.
9. Are you ready to ______ everything that is dear to you?
10. Dont ____ me the pleasure of seeing you home.
II. Fill in the blanks by using one of the following prepositional phrases:
In support of = n ajutorul, n spijinul

In the center of/in the heart of = n centrul, n mijlocul
For lack of/for want of = din lips de
In consideration of/in recognition of = ca rsplata pentru, ca recunoatere
a
In danger of = n pericol de
In the employ of/in the pay of/in the service = n slujba, n plata, n
serviciul
In the center of / in the thick of = n centrul
Under the command of/under the order of = sub ordinele
In accordance with/in compliance with = n conformitate cu / n
nelegere cu
In the eyes, in the sight of = n ochii
Out of keeping with = n contrast, n opoziie, n dezacord cu
In spite of = n ciuda
1. His work couldnt be finished ______ information.

2. Our plans were ____ being given up.
3. The scenery was ___ the atmosphere play.
4. The two friends have always been _____ all disputes.
5. The troops are ______ the best of our generals.
6. We are called to solve this matter _______ the needs of our theatre.
73
7. He is guilty _____ the court.

8. Our trip wasnt cancelled ___ the bad weather.
9. Our home is placed _____ the town.
10. The trial found the officer ______ a foreign power.
11. My friend was promoted _____ his merits.
12. This is a new reason ____ my proposal.
12.3. 1. Tem de control: translate into English:
1. Sper s fiu consultat n aceast problem.
2. Instruciunile dumneavoastr vor fi respectate.
3. Oaspeii vor fi ntmpinai la gar, nu-i aa?
4. Sunt sigur c aceast investigaie a fost fcut cu cea mai mare grij.
5. S-a insistat foarte mult asupra ultimului aspect al problemei.
1. Este regretabil c ele n-au putut veni.
2. Nu li s-a permis s ia bagaje prea multe n avion.
3. Li s-au artat planurile i li s-au dat toate explicaiile necesare.
4. Am auzit c prietenului tu i s-a acordat un mare premiu la olimpiad.
5. Trebuie s facem ceva s ne ajutm colegul; este ntr-o situaie foarte grea.
12.4.
Bibliografie specific
Ed. Compania, 2004
University Press, 200.
12.5.
Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare
I.
1. give up; 2. refuse; 3. deny; 4. refuse; 5. deny; 6. give up/refuse; 7. refused; 8.
give him up; 9. give up; 10. deny.
II.
1. for lack of; 2. in danger of; 3. out of keeping with; 4. in the centre/thick of; 5.
under the command of; 6. in accordance with; 7. in the eyes of; 8. in spite of; 9.
in the centre of/in the heart of; 10. in support of; 11. in recognition of.
74
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Beizadea, Coziana Marina,
English for Law, Ed. Lumina LEX, Bucuresti, 2001
Brokes, M, Holden, D, Hutchinson

W.,
Brookes, M, Treutenaere, Ch.,
Engleza pentru juriti, Ed. Teora, Bucureti, 1999
Gleanu-Frnoag, Giorgiana,
Sinteze de gramatic englez, Ed. Albatros, Bucureti,

1990
Hulban, H, Lctuu, T.,

Goglniceanu, G.,
Competen i performan, Exerciii i teste de limba

englez, Ed. tiinific i enciclopedic, Bucureti,
1983
Manga, V., Calciu, R.,
Dicionar juridic E-R i R-E; Ed. Lumina LEX,

Bucureti, 1995
Merealbe, E.,
Limba englez pentru juriti, Ed. Eficient, Bucureti,

1998
Molnar Oprea, Nicoleta, Mateescu

Marinela, Carmen, Suciu, Cosmin
Curs de limba englez pentru studenii facultilor cu

profil juridic, Ed. ALL Educational, 2000, Bucureti
Oprescu, Simona,
Limba englez pentru studenii facultilor de drept i

pentru juriti, Ed. Oscar Print, Bucureti, 1999
Powel, R.,
Law Today, Longman, U.K., 1993
Pucheanu, M, L.,
Dicionar juridic englez-romn, Ed. Lumina LEX,

Bucureti, 1994-1995
Russel, F, Locke, C.,
English and Language, Cassel, London, 1992
Turcu Fulvia, Nstsescu, Violeta,
Engleza de afaceri, Ed. Uranus, Bucureti, 1995
Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V.,
A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University

Press, 2003
1000 de cuvinte cheie n drept, Ed. Compania,

Bucureti, 2002
The United States Constitution
75
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UNO Department of Public

Information, 1998
Vian, Monica,
Exerciii - Metod de nvare rapid a limbii engleze,

Ed. Paco, 1994
***
Vocabulary for Law, Peter Collin Publishing, U.K.,

1996
***
The Romanian Criminal Code http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1695/file/c1cc95d23be999896581124f

9dd8.htm/preview
The US Constitution
http://constitutionus.com/ - accessed 1st September 2012
Real Cases
http://www.streetlaw.org//en/Case.7.aspx - accessed 5th September 2013
The Bill of Rights
http://www.ratical.com/co-globalize/BillOfRights.html - accessed 1st October 2012
The Romanian Criminal Code http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1695/file/c1cc95d23be999896581124f
9dd8.htm/preview - accessed on the 7th September 2013.
76

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Universitatea Nicolae Titulescu

Lect.univ.dr. Camelia NEAGU

4.6. Tem de control

Offences against Person (I)

Acest modul se adreseaz studenilor Facultii de Drept, forma de

Modulul Limba englez are drept obiectiv nsuirea de ctre studeni a

stimularea conversaiei spontane n vederea dobndirii unei fluene

Acest modul este structurat n 12 uniti de nvare.

Unitatea de nvare 7 THE TRIAL IN THE UNITED STATES (60

Pn la data primului tutorial din semestrul unu, studenii vor

Pn la data primului tutorial din semestrul doi, studenii vor

UNIT 1: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

CONINUTUL UNITII DE NVARE

Federal powers enable the government to respond to the changing needs

The Articles of Confederation did not grant independence to each state.

Constituia SUA a fost adoptat n data de 17 septembrie 1787.

I. Answer the following questions:

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html - accessed on 19th September 2015.

UNIT 2: THE FUTURE FORMS

2.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare

The Simple present

1. The SIMPLE PRESENT used for the future

WILL + INFINITIVE used for intention

is used to express intention at the moment of decision.

The phone is ringing. Ill answer it.

4. The BE GOING TO form

We shall work (well)

Will you work?

Will you work?

6. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS

the future simple of to be + present participle

Will he/she/it/you/they be working?

THE FUTURE PERFECT

Will/shall + perfect infinitive

Will/shall have been + present participle

It is used for a continuous action:

2.5. Tem de autoevaluare:

Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense:

2.6. Tem de control:

3. If the candidate answers correctly, he (be enrolled) in the practical exam.

2.7. Bibliografie specific

UNIT 3: THE CONSTITUTION AS SUPREME LAW

Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

3.5. Tem de autoevaluare

UNIT 4: THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

II. FUTURE TENSE

e.g. I shall post the letter

she will finally confess.

PRESENT (used for simultaneous actions in

I go to the Post Office.

III. PAST TENSE

PAST TENSE (used for simultaneous actions

I was already tired.

he had made a mistake.

he would finish the report by tomorrow.

e.g. I worked so hard

Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:

4.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare: