Hydrogen Energy Reconversion - 2011

Hydrogen Energy Technology
Hydrogen Reconversion
Course Renewable Energies 2011/12
praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

understanding reality facing challenges creating future
Hydrogen Reconversion - Content of the lecture

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.
5.1
5.2
6.
7.
8.
Introduction
The hydrogen energy system overview
The meaning of the hydrogen energy system
The Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems - main parts of the system
Characteristics of hydrogen
Thermal properties of ideal gases summary
Combustion of hydrogen
Low heating value LHVH2 and high heating value HHVH2 of hydrogen
Energy density of fuels
Heating value of gas mixtures
Minimal air consumption Lmin
Air fuel ratio
Low heating value of the air fuel mixture LHVAFM
Volumetric change at the reaction
Methane number of gases
Catalytic combustion of hydrogen
Catalytic burners
Use of catalytic burners in boilers
Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE)
Hydrogen as a fuel for gas turbines
Safe use of hydrogen
Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

1.1 Hydrogen Energy System - Overview

Renewable
Energies
Sun, Wind, Water
Photovoltaic
Installation
Windmill
Water Power Station
Electrical
Energy
Electrolyseur
Hydrogen prod.
from biomass
Electrical Energy
Fuel Cell
Power and Heat
Cogeneraton Plant
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Storage System
Hydrogen Reconversion
Thermal Energy
Boiler, Cooker,
Burner
Mechanical Energy
Gas Turbine,
Combustion Engine
Hydrogen Energy Reconversion

1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning

unlimited production of hydrogen by electrolysis (electrical energy
only from renewable energies) or biomass
reduction of emissions : CO2, CO, HC, NOX, SOX
substitution of fossil sources of energy - fossil sources of energy are
not unlimited available
high efficiency is possible (e.g. fuel cell, heat and power cogeneration plants)


safety of a hydrogen system is comparable with a natural gas system
hydrogen infrastructure is actual not present
o field tests and projects: ARGEMUC (Munich Airport Project),
CUTE (Clean Urban Transport for Europe), CEP (Clean-EnergyPartnership)
o hydrogen pipeline systems for chemical industry:
Linde (Leuna) 80 km, Air Liquide (Ruhr area) 240 km, also in
Belgium, France, USA, Canda
island systems for not grid connected areas are in developement
(wind-hydrogen, PV-hydrogen)
hydrogen storage systems for mobile applications are available



1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems
100 kW windmill
Ventis 20-100
10 kWp photovoltaik
installation

Electrolysis station with storage tank for compressed gaseous hydrogen

350 bar compressor (Hofer) for hydrogen
20 kW alcaline electrolyser (ELWATEC)

450 W experimental fuel cell from ZSW
2 kW power supply system with Ballard NEXA fuel cells

20 kW catalytic hydrogen burner (FSE) for a heating boiler

Experimental car with hydrogen engine (31 kW)
Cogeneration plant for hydrogen-natural gas

mixtures (30 kW)

2. Characteristics of hydrogen
hydrogen
petrol
0,02
0,24
min. ignition energy in air
mJ
ignition limits in air
Vol-%
4 - 75
18
laminar burning velocity (st.)
cm/s
ca. 190
ca. 40
stoichiometric mixture in air
Vol-%
29,53
1,76
heating value of the mixture

(st.)
kJ/m3
3240
3835

Flame temperatures of hydrogen-air mixtures
Source: Winter, Nietsch: Hydrogen as

an energy carrier, Springer Verlag 1988

Ignition limits of
hydrogen and methane
and there mixtures
Source:
Winter, Nietsch: Hydrogen
as an energy carrier,
Springer Verlag 1988

Minimal ignition energy for H2-air and CH4-air mixtures


Laminar burning velocity of hydrogen


Laminar flame velocity of different combustible gases


3. Thermal properties of ideal gases

standard conditions of gases
two standard conditions (Normal Temperature and Pressure) :
Physical standard conditions (DIN 1343)
p = 1,0133 bar
T = 0C = 273,15 K
Technical standard conditions (DIN 1945)
p = 0,981 bar
T = 20C = 293,15 K
Other standard conditions are possible e.g.
p = 1,013 bar
T = 0C = 273,15 K
Ideal Gas : molar volume Vm = 22,414 m3/kmol

4.2 Energy density of fuels
Source : VDI Berichte 1201:

W.Strobl, E.Heck;
Wasserstoff und mgliche
Zwischenschritte

4.2 Energy density of fuels
state of
aggregation
: gas
volume
: 2 x 60 dm3
max. pressure : 200 bar

max. capacity : 24 m3 NTP
material
: steel wrapped
with fibres
(Aramid)
Storage unit for hydrogen in an experimental car

4.3 Low Heating Value LHV and High Heating

Value HHV of gas mixtures
Low Heating Value : used heat from the combustion, if the exhaust
gases have the the same temperature like the fuel and air, the water
in the exhaust gas is only vapour
High Heating Value : used heat from the combustion, if the exhaust
gases have the the same temperature like the fuel and air, the water
vapour in the exhaust gas is completely condensed to liquid water
for gases:
CO + H2 + CHn + CmHm + H2S + O2 + SO2 + H2O = 1 [m3/m3]
LHV = 12600 CO + 10790 H2 + 35800 CH4 + 64300 C2H2 + ... [kJ/m3]
HHV = 12600 CO + 12800 H2 + 39900 CH4 + 70400 C2H2 + ... [kJ/m3]
for solid or liquid fuels:
c + h + s + o + n + w + a = 1 [kg/kg]
LHV = HHV 2500 kJ/kg * (9 h + w)

mole-ratio [-]
4.7 Volumetric change at the reaction for

hydrogen-air-combustion
internal mixture formation

external mixture formation
air-fuel-ratio [-]

5. Catalytic combustion of hydrogen
Catalytic heater at FH Stralsund


5. Catalytic combustion of hydrogen
Air
Water vapour
Hydrogen
Porous catalyst
Schematic model of a hydrogen burner

5.1 Catalytic burners
Burner stick
length 8 cm, diameter 1,7 cm

Porous surface of the burner stick


Characteristics of the catalytic burner for hydrogen:

Simple and robust design
Low combustion temperature (max. 800C) low NOX-emissions
Complete catalytic combustion at temperatures higher then 500C
No pre-mixing of hydrogen and air no explosive mixture
Gap of the pores : 10 m (extinguishing distance of H2 : 64 m, no
backfiering problems)
Material : mainly Nickel, doped with Platinum


5.1 Catalytic burners experimental results
Surface temperature of a burner stick at low power

Source : T. Panten Labor STL/STM

Temperature in the surroundings of a burner stick


Airflow around the (single) burner stick


Airflow around the (single) burner stick


5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers
Catalytic burner for hydrogen in operation outside of the combustion chamber


Schematic model of the condensing boiler for hydrogen



Condensing boiler
Manufacturer
Type
Year of production
Heat power output
Catalytic Burner
Manufacturer
Heat power output
H2-quality
H2-consumption
Device inlet pressure
Burner inlet pressure
O2-concentration
in dry exhaust gas
Max. temperature
: Buderus Heiztechnik GmbH

: SB 305 U-39
: 1995
: 39 kW (using natural gas)
: Fraunhofer Institut for Solar Energy Systems

: 21 kW
: > 99,0 %
: 120 l/min (standard conditions)
: 3 - 5 bar
: 18 - 20 mbar
: 13 - 15 Vol-%
: ca. 800C (at the surface of the burner)
5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers parts of

the burner system
1 - Ignition coil
2 - Air inlet control
3 - Gas valves
4 - Cables for thermocouples
5 - Pressure control unit
6 - Air deficiency switch
7 - Pressure control unit with safety valve
8 - Fan (radial)
9 - Air filter cover
10 - Automatic starter unit
5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers operating

behaviour
Start behaviour of a catalytic hydrogen burner



behaviour
Long time measurement on a catalytic hydrogen burner



behaviour
Long time measurement on a catalytic hydrogen burner calculation example


5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers safety system

1. Monitoring the combustion
Measuring of the temperature in the combustion chamber (3 points)
Measuring of a sudden temperature changes
2. Hydrogen sensor in the exhaust gas channel detects unburnt
hydrogen
3. Hydrogen sensor over the boiler detects leakages of hydrogen
4. Solenoid valves closes the hydrogen supply immediatly if a failure
appeares

5.2 Use of catalytic burners in boilers (cookers)
Autarchic cooker with catalytic hydrogen burner


6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion

engines (ICE)
Contents:

Introduction
External mixture formation for hydrogen operated engines
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort
Project : External hydrogen mixture formation for diesel engines
Internal mixture formation for hydrogen
Project : Internal mixture formation for hydrogen in a combustion
chamber
Summary

6. Hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines

(ICE)

production of hydrogen by electrolysis (electrical energy only from

renewable energies)
substitution of fossil sources of energy
reduction of emissions : CO2, CO, HC
spark ignition and self ignition is possible
external and internal mixture formation ist possible
high laminar burning velocity
wide ignition limits (in air)

specific mixture formation and combustion for hydrogen

safety systems are necessary


(ICE)
characteristics of hydrogen
unit
hydrogen
petrol
min. ignition energy in air
mJ
0,02
0,24
Vol-%
4 - 75
18
laminar burning velocity (st.)
cm/s
ca. 190
ca. 40
stoichiometric mixture in air
Vol-%
29,53
1,76
heating value of the mixture (st.)
kJ/m3
3240
3835
ignition limits in air


(ICE)
status up until now is the use of gaseous hydrogen in engines

liquid hydrogen only for storage - low temperatures cause problems
with the material of valves, pipes, pumps
internal mixture formation is in developement (until now only in
laboratory experiments)
spark ignition of hydrogen is without big problems, only water
deposits on spark plugs during cold start are problematic
self ignition until now only in laboratory experiments
external mixture formation is ready for serial production


(ICE)
Hydrogen operated Otto-engines - state of development

intensive research and developement for hydrogen operated Ottoengines started in germany in the 1970s
most important german automobile manufacturers with selfdeveloped engines are :
BMW (750hL, 12-cylinder Otto-engine, VH=5,4 dm3, P=150 kW)
Daimler-Benz 1985-1988 (MB310 Truck, 4-cylinder Otto-engine,
VH=2,3 dm3, P=75 kW)
MAN (SL202 Bus, 6-cylinder Otto-engine, VH=12 dm3, P=140
kW)


(ICE)
Fig. : BMW 750 hL (Photo : BMW AG)
Fig. : 6-cylinder Otto-engine for Hydrogen

on the testbed (Photo : BMW AG)
Fig. : MAN-Bus with H2-Otto engine (Photo : MAN AG)


(ICE)
Photos : BMW AG
BMW Hydrogen 7 (12 Cylinder), year 2006
Displacement: 6 dm3
Power: 191 kW
Torque: 390 Nm at 4300 rpm
Range: 200 km with H2 + 500 km with petrol
External mixture formation with:

> 2 at partial load (for Hydrogen)
= 1 at full load (for Hydrogen)

(ICE)
External mixture formation for combustion engines

external mixture formation
single point mixture formation
naturally aspirated engine
gas mixer
mixture-charged engine
single point injection
multi point mixture formation
air-charged engine
sequential multipoint injection


(ICE)
Hydrogen as fuel for Otto-engines - problems of mixture formation -

self-ignition of the mixture during the intake stroke by :

hot spots in the cylinder head
hot exhaust gases
glowing oil particles in the combustion chamber
backfiering into the intake pipes during the intake stroke
abnormal combustion (knocking problems)
NOX-emissions
lower power output by comparison to petrol


(ICE)
Measures for the elimination of the problems
use of lean mixtures (

1,8)
decreasing of the combustion temperatures (prevent
NOX-emission and self ignition)
cooling of hot spots in the cylinder head (prevent self
ignition)
increasing of the ignition energy (prevent self ignition and
abnormal combustion )
but it decreases the power output
avoidance of hydrogen accumulation in the intake manifold
(prevent backfiering)


(ICE)
Requirements to the mixture formation unit
supply to the engine with lean mixtures at 1,8

sequential multipoint injection for each cylinder only at the
intake stroke
prevention of leakages in the injectors


(ICE)
External mixture formation for hydrogen
Fig.:
cross-section through the
cylinder head of a BMW bifuel engine with intake
manifold (left); gasoline
injection valve (top); hydrogen
injection valve (bottom)
Picture: BMW


(ICE)
External mixture formation for hydrogen
Fig.:
cross-section of the hydrogen
engine with fuel injection valve
MAN H2866 UH
6-cylinde-4-stroke cycle
12 litres, 140 kW
Picture: MAN


(ICE)
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort


(ICE)
Storage unit for hydrogen
state of
Aggregation
: gas
volume
: 2 x 60 dm3
max. pressure : 200 bar

max. capacity : 24 m3 NTP
material
: steel wrapped with

fibres (Aramid)


(ICE)
Safety system
two solenoid valves close the main hydrogen pipe in case :

- if one of three gas sensors detects hydrogen
- if a mechanical shock is detected by a special sensor
- if voltage is not present
- if the crankshaft not turns


(ICE)
Gas detection system
Fig.: sensor for H2 over the driver seat
Fig.: sensor for H2 over the storage unit


(ICE)
Hydrogen gas system in the experimental car


(ICE)
Mixture formation unit for the experimental engine at FH Stralsund
Fig.: mixtur formation unit for hydrogen
Fig.: hydrogen injector


(ICE)
Fig.: hydrogen injector

Fig.: H2-control valve


(ICE)
Fig.: H2-experimental engine
Fig.: inlet pressure switch


(ICE)
Experimental engine at FH Stralsund
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort 1996/1997

Engine

manufacturer
type
dispacement
compression ratio
ignition timing
used air / fuel ratio
max. power
: Ford
: 4 cylinder - 4 stroke Otto engine
: 1400 cm3
: 9,5 : 1
: 10 BTDC
: 1,8 - 3,0
: 18 kW (n = 3900 min-1);
(previously 55 kW with petrol)


(ICE)
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort 2001/2002/2003

-
new free progammable engine control unit MOTEC M4

adaptation of new and additional sensors : engine temperatur, intake
air temperatur, camshaft position
adaption of wide band lambda sensor Bosch LSM 11
engine fine tuning (dynamometer Bosch FLA 206)
emission-analysis (Horiba EXSA 1500)
combustion pressure indication and work process of the engine


(ICE)
Project : Experimental hydrogen car Ford Escort 2001/2002/2003
Results after optimization
max. power

efficiency e
ignition timing
used air / fuel ratio
: 31 kW (n = 5000 min-1);
(previously 55 kW with petrol)
: max. 0,39
: 0 - 18 BTDC
: 1,8 - 2,0


(ICE)
Engine Control Unit


(ICE)
Sensors for combustion pressure indication and work process of the
engine
TC
CPS
Fig.: crank angle sensor
TC
Fig.:cylinder pressure sensor CPS with spark plug adaptor and

thermocouples TC for intake air and exhaust gas temperature


(ICE)
Pressure cycle in cylinder
pZ(VZ) at different ignition timings, n=2000 min-1, TP=40%, =1,8 (ZZP=IT) (TP=throttle position)


(ICE)
Knocking problems
pZ(VZ) at different ignition timings, n=2000 min-1, TP=40%, =1,8 (ZZP=IT) (TP=throttle position)


(ICE)
Knocking problems


(ICE)
Efficiency and Torque
Md(IT), e(IT) at different ignition timings, n=2000 min-1, TP=40%, =1,8, (ZZP=IT) (TP=throttle position)


(ICE)
Temperature and NOX-Emissions
Tproc(), Tex(), NOX() at different air-fuel-ratios, n=2000 min-1,Md=30 Nm, IT=5 BTDC


(ICE)
Torque Throttle Position
Torque Md at different engine speed and throttle position (DK=TP=throttle position)



(ICE)
Efficiency
Efficiency e at different engine speed and throttle position (DK=TP=throttle position)



(ICE)
Power Air Fuel Ratio at WOT
Tproc(), Tex(), NOX() at different air-fuel-ratios, n=2000 min-1,Md=30 Nm, IT=5 BTDC, WOT=Wide Open Throttle


(ICE)
Efficiency
Black: Efficiency e at different engine speed and load (DK=TP=throttle position - load)
Red: Efficiency e at different engine speed and load equivalent (DK* - load equivalent)


(ICE)
Project : External hydrogen mixture formation for diesel engines
Fischer-Panda AGT 30.000 PMS

Engine: YANMAR 4JH3E
Displacement: 1995 cm
Rated power: 35 kW (at 3000 min-1)


(ICE)
Mixture formation unit
H2+Air
Air
Exhaust gas
1 gas valve
2 safety valve
3 pressure regulator
4 max. pressure control switch
5 safety valve
6 min. pressure control switch
7 mass flow controller
8 air filter
9 hydrogen sensor
10 mixing chamber
11 pressure control switch backfiering


(ICE)
Efficiency
Efficiency for Diesel- and Dual-Fuel-Operation depending on diesel fuel mass flow


(ICE)
NOX-Emissions
NOX-emissions for Diesel- and Dual-Fuel-Operation depending on power output



(ICE)
Internal mixture formation for combustion engines
internal mixture formation
charged engine
exhaust turbocharger
mechanical charger
high pressure injection
common-rail
unit injection system
injection pump


(ICE)
Project : Internal mixture formation for hydrogen in a combustion chamber
main responsible persons:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. W. Beckmann
Dipl.-Ing. J. Brcker
carried out from 1996 - 2001 at FH Stralsund
engineering and design of a high pressure hydrogen injector
numerical simulation of the injection
testing the injector in a combustion chamber with constant volume


(ICE)
Testbed: constant volume combustion chamber
A Data acquisition system
MUSYCS
B Servo amplifier
C Exhaust gas analyzer
D Needle lift sensor
E Servo valve
F Hydraulic system
G Injection valve
H Combustion chamber
J Hydrogen system
K Air system and nitrogen purge
system


(ICE)
Testbed : combustion chamber with constant volume for internal
mixture formation
Research
project at FH
Stralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker


(ICE)
Combustion chamber with constant volume for internal mixture formation
Indices :
SN
pu,Tu
(u) - ambient conditions

(L) - conditions in the gas pipe
LHVH2,H2(L),pH2(L),
TH2(L)
(Bk) - cond. in the comb. chamber

conditions 1 = intake air conditions
conditions 2 = process conditions
V = const.
cond. 1
pAir(Bk)
TAir(Bk)
Air(Bk)
mAir(Bk)
cond. 2
p(Bk)=f(t)
T(Bk)=f(t)
m(Bk)=f(t)
mEx-gas(Bk)
Research
project at FH
Stralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker


(ICE)
Behaviour of the high pressure injector
Research
project at FH
Stralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker


(ICE)
Combustion process in the constant volume combustion chamber
Research
project at FH
Stralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker


(ICE)
Influence of the air-fuel-ratio on the combustion pressure profil
Research
project at FH
Stralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker


(ICE)
Influence of the ignition timing on the combustion pressure profil
Research
project at FH
Stralsund:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. W.
Beckmann,
Dipl.-Ing. J.
Brcker


(ICE)
Summary
internal combustion engines for hydrogen from some manufacturers

are ready for serial production
state of development is the engine with external mixture formation and
spark ignition
lower power output compared to petrol engines is the disadvantage
further developments with internal mixture formation and
supercharged engines for more power output are possible
improved hydrogen storage systems are necessary
to build up a hydrogen infrastructure is necessary
fuel cells with a higher efficiency then combustion engines can be a
alternative for the future


(ICE)
Emissions of a hydrogen engine
Engine: MAN H 2866 UH

Picture: MAN


(ICE)
NOX-emissions of different hydrogen engine types
Picture: Hydrogen as an
energy carrier
Winter, Nitsch; 1988

7. Hydrogen as a fuel for gas turbines

Hydrogen for aircraft engines (gas turbines)
German Russian cooperation project Cryoplane


Source: EADS

German Russian cooperation project Cryoplane participants :
Tupolev Moscow
Kusnetsov Samara
Daimler Chrysler
MAN
Max-Planck-Institut
Messer Griesheim
Allied Signal Aerospace
Uhde
Linde
Lufthansa
Airport Munich
Drger
BAM
Fachhochschule Aachen


Overview :
German Russian cooperation project Cryoplane started 1990
Target : use of cryogenic fuels (LNG, LH2) for aircraft engines
1990 1992 analysis of feasibility
Developement of components for the fuel system and for the aircraft
engines
Main part developemet of low-pollutant combustion chambers for
hydrogen

Latest activities :
Tests with special developed combustion chambers for hydrogen
Operation of gas turbine with hydrogen on a testbed
Planning of a hydrogen operated airplane


Air-H2-mixing chamber for

gas turbine GTCP 36-300
Source: Fachhochschule
Aachen


NOX-emissions depending
on load
Source: Fachhochschule
Aachen


Hydrogen injection nozzles

in the combustion chamber
NK 88
Source: H2-Cryoplane,
Airbus


Gas turbine P&W 4000

series
Airbus


NOX-Emissions of gas
turbines
Airbus


Advantage of liquid hydrogen as fuel for airplanes :
Storage of 3 times more fuel is possible or

Increasing 3 times the payload

7. Hydrogen as a fuel for (stationary) gas turbines
Source: Norm Shilling,

Robert M. Jones
Process Power Plants
GE Power Systems

Source: Norm Shilling,

Robert M. Jones
Process Power Plants
GE Power Systems

Source: Michel Moliere

GE Energy

Source: Michel Moliere

GE Energy

8. Safe use of hydrogen - protection against explosion

1. Are flammable substances existing ?
No
No protection against explosion necessary !
No
No
Yes
No further protection against explosion necessary !
Yes
2. Is an explosive mixture by dissemination in air possible ?
Yes
3. Analysis of quantities and sources of explosive atmosphere necessary !
4. Is a dangerous explosive atmosphere possible ?
Yes
5. Protection against explosion necessary !
6. Restrict the formation of an explosive atmosphere as far as possible !
7. Is the formation of an dangerous explosive atmosphere restricted ?
No
8. Further protection against explosion necessary !
A dangerous explosive atmosphere is existing by gases and vapours:
permanent, long-term : Zone 0
at times : Zone 1
rarely, short-term : Zone 2
9. Prevention of ignition sources :

at failure-free operation
at often failures
at rarely failures
at often failures
10. Precautions by design, which limits the effects of an explosion to a safe degree.

Hydrogen Energy Reconversion - 2011

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Hydrogen Energy Technology

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

Hydrogen Reconversion - Content of the lecture

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.1 Hydrogen Energy System - Overview

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.2 Hydrogen Energy System - Meaning

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems

Electrolysis station with storage tank for compressed gaseous hydrogen

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems

350 bar compressor (Hofer) for hydrogen

20 kW alcaline electrolyser (ELWATEC)

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems

450 W experimental fuel cell from ZSW

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

2 kW power supply system with Ballard NEXA fuel cells

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems

20 kW catalytic hydrogen burner (FSE) for a heating boiler

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

1.3 Laboratory for Integrated Energy Systems

Experimental car with hydrogen engine (31 kW)

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz

Cogeneration plant for hydrogen-natural gas

praxis verstehen chancen erkennen zukunft gestalten

Hydrogen Energy Technology

min. ignition energy in air

ignition limits in air

laminar burning velocity (st.)

stoichiometric mixture in air

heating value of the mixture

Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Sponholz