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QUESTION:
Because Plasma is FLUID, how much PLASMA comprises
TOTAL BODY weight?
ANSWER:
Composition of Plasma
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of the 4-hour lecture, the future Bedan Doctor must be
able to:
BLOOD
General Functions of Blood
Plasma
Fluid medium of the blood/non cellular part of the blood
It is where the cells are suspended
Serum
Plasma minus clotting proteins
Plasma Proteins
QUESTION:
Where are the formed blood elements made?
ANSWER
Formed Elements are made in the ___________________ via the
process called ______________________________________
Points of Emphasis
Bone Marrow
loss of pluripotency
Principal activities
IL-1
IL-2
IL-3
IL-5*
IL-6
IL-7*
IL-9
IL-11
IL-15*
IL-21
Cytokine
Principal activities
SCF*
EPO*
M-CSF*
G-CSF*
GM-CSF
TPO*
3.
Structure of RBCs
Formation of Hemoglobin
functions
1. it transports ____________________(carries oxygen)
from lungs to tissues for use
2. it transports ____________________ (in the form of
bicarbonate ion or HCO3-) from tissues to
lungs for expulsion
QUESTION:
How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin molecule
bind?
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
How many oxygen molecules can 1 myoglobin molecule
bind?
ANSWER:
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
(+) Nucleus, ER reabsorbed
Reticulocytes
NO nucleus
(+) Remnants of Golgi, mitochondria and other organelles
QUESTION
What is the average lifespan of your red blood cell?
ANSWER:
Adult:
Fetal:
RBC Destruction
INTRAVASCULAR
DESTRUCTION
EXTRAVASCULAR
DESTRUCTION
RBC membrane is
breeched becomes
fragile self destruct in
the red pulp of SPLEEN
Ingestion by a macrophage
(Kuppfer cells of liver/
macrophages in spleen and blood)
2 signals that differentiate young
from OLD RBC:
1. Decreased deformability
2. Altered surface
properties
RBC Destruction
INTRAVASCULAR
DESTRUCTION
EXTRAVASCULAR
DESTRUCTION
Ingestion by a macrophage
degraded within lysosomes
lipid, protein and heme
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Antibody
mediated/lymphoid cells
Non specific
Specific
Quick
Delayed response
SOURCES:
VITAMIN B12
Baboy
FOLIC ACID
Froccoli, cauliFlower
62%
EOSINOPHILS
2.3%
BASOPHILS
0.4%
MONOCYTES
5.3%
LYMPHOCYTES
30%
Smallest of WBC
Prominent feature: round, densely stained nucleus
with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm
_______________________
What is the most numerous, least numerous WBC?
Neutrophils vs Macrophages
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Released as Mature Cells
Released as Immature Cells
ATTRACTED TO THE SITE OF INJURY VIA CHEMOTAXIS
ENTER THE TISSUE VIA DIAPEDESIS
MOVE THROUGH THE TISSUE VIA AMEBOID MOVEMENT
Can phagocytize 3-20 bacteria
Can phagocytize up to 100
before dying
bacteria; can engulf larger
particles (e.g. RBCs,
Plasmodium); can extrude
these particles and survive
after for months
LYSOSOMES: PROTEASES, HYPOCHLORITE and LIPASES(in
macrophages only)
PEROXISOMES: FREE RADICALS LIKE SUPEROXIDE(O2-),
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE(H2O2), HYDROXYL IONS(OH-)
Members of the White blood cell Family
Neutrophils
Weak phagocytes
Parasitic infections
Hydrolysis, reactive Oxygen, major basic protein
Allergic reactions
Eosinophilic chemotactic factor: released by mast cells and
basophils causes eosinophils to migrate to inflammed allergic
tissue
Question
Movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards a
CHEMICAL SIGNAL (bacterial toxins, products of
inflammation, complement cascade, products from clotting)?
A:
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of
injury?
A:
Basophils
Largest of WBC
Tissue: macrophages
Resident phagocytes
Involved in Hemostasis
Complement System
________
Which complement is an anaphylatoxin (induces inflammation)?
________
Which complement is part of the Membrane Attach Complex
(MAC)?
Immunoglobulin Classes
Class
FUNCTION
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
INDIRECT MEANS
Via complement system
________________
Suppressor T cells
Types of T cells
Suppressor T Cells
Helper T cell
Artificial Immunity
Active immunity
Induced after contact with foreign antigen (usually killed or live
attenuated infectious agents)
Advantage: long term protection
Disadvantage: slow onset of action
Passive immunity
Administration of antibody (in antisera) in a vaccine
Advantage: prompt availability of large amount of antibodies
Disadvantage: short life span of antibodies, hypersenstivity
reaction
Cytotoxic T cell
SOURCES:
1. Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 12th
Edition by Hall, John &, Guyton, Arthur C. , , Published in
Philadelphia, Pensylvania: Saunders/Elsevier, 2011
2. Williams Hematology 8th edition by Kaushansky,
Lichtman, Beutler, Kipps, Seligsohn & Prchal. 2011.
3. Jawetz, Melnick & Aldelbergs Medical Microbiology,
24th edition, 2007
4. Robbin and Cotran Pathologic Basis of disease, 7th
edition, 2007
5. Wheaters Functional Histology: A text and Colour Atlas,
2006
6. Various Internet Websites