ECE 7209 Techniques of Advanced Electromagnetics

University of Virginia
Spring 2016
Homework # 1 Maxwells Equations and Circuits
Due: Monday, February 1

0 , is established inside a free1. Balanis, 1.6. A static electric field of intensity/strength E

space medium as shown below. The electric field is oriented at an angle of 30 relative to
the z -axis (the normal). A semi-infinite dielectric slab of relative permittivity 4 and relative
permeability of unity is immersed into the initially-established electric field as indicated
below.

Determine

1 and electric flux density D

1 , within the dielectric
(a) The electric field intensity E
medium. Express your solution in terms of E0 , 0 , and 0 .
(b) The angle (in degrees) at which the electric field is oriented in the dielectric slab.
2. Balanis, 1.16. The electric field radiated at large distances in free space by a currentcarrying small circular loop of radius a, lying at the origin in the xy plane is given by (in
spherical coordinates),

= E0 sin cos(t 0 r) , r a
E
r

where E0 is the amplitude (a constant), 0 = 0 0 , r is the distance from the origin (in
spherical coordinates), and is the elevation or polar angle measured from the z -axis.
Use Maxwells equations to determine the corresponding radiated magnetic field at large
distances from the loop (r a).
3. Balanis, 1.29. The complex (phasor) electric field amplitude inside an infinitely-long rectangular pipe, with all four walls made of perfect electrical conductors, is given by,

( )
( )
= z (1 + j) sin x sin y
E
a
b

Assuming that there are no sources within the pipe and that a = 0 , b = 0.50 , where 0
is the free-space wavelength, with f 0 = c (f is frequency and c the speed of light), find
(a) The conductivity of the medium inside the pipe, and
(b) the dielectric constant of the medium inside the pipe.
4. Starting from Maxwells equations, derive the circuit law for capacitors, i = C
di
circuit law for inductors, v = L dt
.

dv
dt ,

and the

5. Suppose a static charge distribution, 1 produces a static potential V1 (r), and that some
other static charge distribution, 2 , produces a dierent static potential V2 (r). Note that
the charge distributions 1 and 2 are static (not functions of time) may not have anything
at all to do with one another. The two sets of charges and potentials, (1 , V1 ) and (2 , V2 )
pertain to two completely dierent problems.
(a) Using Maxwells equations, prove Greens Reciprocity Theorem of electrostatics,

1 V2 dv =
all space

2 V1 dv
all space

1 E
2 dv in two dierent ways: first by writing E
1 = V
1 and
Hint: evaluate E
applying the vector identity for the divergence of a scalar times a vector, and then
2 = V
2 and applying that vector identity once again.
by writing E
(b) Consider the situation shown below in which a point charge q sits partway between
a pair of conducting plates. The right plate is maintained at potential V0 and the
left plate is grounded. For simplicity, you may assume the plates are infinite in
extent. Using Greens Reciprocity Theorem, find the induced charge on the left and
right plates.

6. In a vacuum tube, electrons are boiled o from a hot cathode (at zero potential) and
accelerated across a gap to the anode, which is held at positive potential V0 . The cloud of
moving electrons within the gap (called space charge) quickly builds up to a point where
it reduces the field at the surface of the cathode to zero. From then on a steady current I
flows between the plates. Suppose the plates are large relative to the separation (A >> s2 )
so that edge eects can be ignored.

(a) Write Poissons equation (satisfied by the electrostatic potential) for the
region between the plates.
(b) Assuming the electrons start from rest at the cathode, what is their speed
at position x, where the potential is V (x)?
(c) In steady state, I is independent of x. What then is the relation between
charge density and speed v ?
(d) From the above, obtain a dierential equation for the potential V (x). Solve
this equation, plot V (x), and compare it to the potential without spacecharge.
(e) Find the I-V characteristic of the vacuum tube. This characteristic is called
the Child-Langmuir Law.