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LABORATORY
4600:484
EXPERIMENT #4
HEAT TRANSFER TESTING
1. Testing Of Heat Transfer Characteristics Of A
Triangular-Pitch Cross-Flow Type Air Heater In
A Wind-Tunnel
2. Open Design Of An Efficient Cross-Flow Air
Heater Based On Heat Transfer Coefficients And
Curves Obtained In Item 1
Faculty Supervisor: Prof. M.J. Braun (ASEC 325)
(mjbraun@uakron.edu)
Teaching Assistant:
Troy Snyder, ASEC 324 (tas38@zips.uakron.edu)
Location: ASEC Rm. 15B
Fall 2015
ME-Lab 4 Heat Exchanger Experiment Fall 2015
1/16
Interoffice Correspondence
Date:
October 4, 2012
To:
Test Engineering
From:
Dr. J.E. Drummond, Chief Engineer
Subject: Testing of the Triangular-Pitch Tube Bundle cross-flow air heater
1.
The new triangular-pitch cross-flow air heater (heat exchanger) that will be marketed in the
near future will be part of an effort to develop a code to predict performance of our heat
exchangers. The software group has requested an experimental correlation(s) for the new tube
bundle that will enable them to reach this objective. They need this correlation(s) in order to
further design a full scale cross-flow air heater
The new correlation for a given single rod will, I presume, be of the form
Nu D
hD
m
CReD
Pr n
k
2/16
This is an open design task that requires that you now design a scaled up cross-flow air heater to
heat process air from room temperature to a process air temperature of 200oC.
You are required to use the information you obtained for Nu as a function of tube depth and use
it in the process of design. All heating tubes are powered electrically at a voltage of 480V, 3phase.
Design the cross flow air heater heat exchanger for maximum efficiency, using the minimum
amount of power and tube rows to accomplish the task.
For this Task 2, the report should document the following:
1. A 3-D solid model with appropriate 2-D cross sections of the proposed facility
2. Design strategy and methodology
3. Analytical background (including the governing equations, assumptions, solutions)
4. Implementation of the methodology and calculations Flowchart of information
5. Description of the optimization procedure and its results
6. Conclusions and recommendations
7. Appropriate appendices (if necessary) to fully support your analysis and design.
IMPORTANT:
Each one of the items above will be graded as shown on the second grading sheet.
Please use as titles in the report, the items from 1-7 as you progress through the report.
The written report will be graded on the basis of justifications and completeness of each
titled section.
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FOR TASK 1
1. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE suggested:
Pressure Measurements:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fill all test section openings with the glass tubes provided.
With the throttle valve closed turn on the blower.
Open the throttle valve to 100% flow area.
Verify two or three velocity pressures listed in the table provided to you (Table 1).
Record the static pressure drop and the velocity pressure at the geometric centerline for
the following flow areas: 100, 80, 60, 40, 30, 20, and 10 percent.
Temperature Measurements:
6. Open Labview temperature acquisition vi.
7. In the temperature acquisition program, set the number of samples per channel to 100,
and the scan rate to 1000 scans/sec.
8. Open the throttle valve to 100% flow area.
9. After wind tunnel has run for a couple minutes (to allow for the wind tunnel entrance
temperature to stabilize), begin data acquisition. This can be done by selecting the run
icon, which looks like an arrow (), located in the upper left-hand corner of the
computer screen.
10. Once data acquisition has begun, heat the aluminum rod in the heater until it reaches a
temperature between 35 C and 40 C.
11. Remove the aluminum rod from the heater, and place it into the wind tunnel at position
#3. (Remove the glass rod first.)
12. Allow the temperature of the aluminum rod to cool until it reaches (or nearly reaches) the
ambient temperature of the air entering the wind tunnel.
13. Hit the bright red STOP button to end the data acquisition. The computer will prompt
the user to save the acquired data.
14. The data is saved as an ASCII text file with the time in seconds, the aluminum rod
temperature, and the ambient temperature contained in the first, second, and third
columns, respectively. The data may be imported into excel or other software for
analysis.
15. Remove the aluminum rod and replace the glass rod in location #3.
16. Repeat Steps 9 through 14 for the following tube locations: 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, and
17.
17. Repeat steps 9 through 14 for location #17 with the following throttle valve openings: 80,
60, 40, 30, 20, and 10 percent.
18. Exit out of the temperature acquisition program, and make sure to press the no to all
button when prompted whether to save changes to subVIs.
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12
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12
12
10
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20
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18
30
15
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40
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20
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50
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20
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60
18
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20
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70
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20
20
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80
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90
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100
18
19
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110
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17
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116
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17
17
15
Horizontal Location
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In the current study, we are interested only in airflow, and we will assume that the Prandtl
number is fixed for all tests. Thus, we are specifically looking for a correlation of the form:
hD
Nu D
C Re m
(4)
D
k
Note that if we take the log of both side of the above equation, we get an equation of the form
log NuD m log Re D log C .
If one plots log NUD as a function of log ReD, one obtains a straight line with the slope being
the power component m. Before we can obtain m, however, we need to obtain Nu and Re.
Now we consider the issue of obtaining Nu and Re. In order to generate flow over an object for
the purpose of measuring heat transfer, test models are typically mounted in wind tunnels (for
gas flow). These are typically used because they provide a means of good control over the
volume flow rate of air (and hence gas velocity) in the vicinity of the test piece (model).
In our case, we have the tube bunk pressure drop measurements and the velocity pressure
measurements upstream of the tube bank. Through the use of Bernoullis equation1 applied to an
air particle decelerating from the centerline velocity to zero velocity at the Pitot probe1 tip, we
can determine the velocity of the air upstream of the tube bank, by using the velocity pressure.
You will find the references to be very helpful. (You may find the conversion 1 cmH2O = 98.1
N/m2 helpful in your conversion of pressure into velocity.) In Bernoullis equation, the density of
the air is needed. Since the air flow is incompressible for our experiment, you can evaluate the
density of air using the ideal gas law together with the measured ambient pressure and
temperature.
By convention, for flow through a tube bank, the Reynolds number is defined as
Vmax d
(5)
Re
Where the density () and dynamic viscosity () can be estimated based on the measured fluid
temperature. For our tube bank, Vmax is evaluated as the velocity of the air as it passes through
the effective flow area of a tube row. The effective flow area is the available area in a plane that
passes through the centerlines of the tubes in a tube row through which the air can flow. You will
need to calculate the exact relationship that applies in our case, but you will find that
approximately Vmax 2Vcenterline, where Vcenterline is the measured centerline velocity upstream of
the tube bank, which you will obtain from the Bernoulli relation:
Po Ps
air Vcenterline2
2
water gH
(6)
Where the centerline velocity pressure (H) is measured with the pitot-static tube. Then the centerline air
velocity can be determined by the following expression:
Vcenterline 2 gH
water
air
(7)
Now consider the Nusselt number. In our case, the heat transfer coefficient, and hence Nusselt
number, is obtained using a transient test. The value of the convection heat transfer coefficient
ME-Lab 4 Heat Exchanger Experiment Fall 2015
10/16
t ln
mC p
T
T
rod,initial air
Using the data collected by the data acquisition system (for several different flow rates at tube
position #3), a plot of ln() versus time can be created. Once the plot has been created, a linear
curve fit can be performed, and the slope (a) of the resulting line can be found. From this
calculated slope (a), the heat transfer coefficient can be found:
mca
h
(11)
Asurface
Next, using the value of the heat transfer coefficient just found, the Nusselt number can be
calculated:
hd
(12)
Nud
k
With the thermal conductivity of the air, k, estimated based on the measured air temperature.
References:
1. Munson, B.R, Young, D.F. and T.H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Ed.,
John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
2. Incropera, F.P. and D.P. DeWitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd Ed., John Wiley &
Sons, 1996.
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4. REPORT/PRESENATION REQUIREMENTS
Include the required correlation between the Reynolds and Nusselt number.
Include the required correlation between the Reynolds and Nusselt number with
respect to the location in the tube bundle (depth in the tube bundle).
Include all assumptions used in your analysis, and a benchmark to validate your
analysis.
Include a general correlation good for each and any of the tubes indicated as required.
This implies evaluating h as a function of tube depth.
Proofreading.
12/16
Table 2. Measured Velocity pressure distribution at 80, 60 or 40% of full open flow
(mmH2O)
Throttle Position:_________ % of full open
Vertical
Location
(mm)
0
Horizontal Location
1
10
30
50
70
90
110
Table 3. Static pressure drop across tube bundle and centerline velocity pressure upstream
of tube bundle, versus throttle position.
Throttle Position, % of Full Flow
100
80
60
40
30
20
10
Static
Pressure
Drop
(cmH2O)
Centerline
Velocity
Pressure
(mmH2O)
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Calculated Parameters
100
80
60
40
30
20
10
Table 5. Various Solved Parameters at Different Tube Locations and 100% Flow
Row Number
#3
#8
#12
#17
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_______(10 pts)
_______(10 pts)
_______(10 pts)
_______(10 pts)
_______(10 pts)
_______(10 pts)
Total Technical
Name_____________
_______(10 pts)
_______/70 pts
________(10 pts)
________(10 pts)
________(10 pts)
________/ 30 pts
________/100 pts
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Grade Sheet for TASK 2, open design (for both report and presentation)
Heat Transfer in Tube Bundle
Fall 2015
Name_____________
3-D solid model with appropriate 2-D cross sections of the proposed facility
_______(10 pts)
Design strategy and methodology _______(15 pts)
Analytical background (including the governing equations, assumptions, solutions)
_______(25 pts)
Implementation of the methodology and calculations Flowchart of information
_______(20 pts)
Description of the optimization procedure and its results _______(10 pts)
Conclusions and recommendations _______(10 pts)
Appropriate appendices (if necessary) to fully support your analysis and design
_______(10 pts)
Total Grade
________/100 pts
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