Project Report

Project Report
Submitted
On
LightDependenceResistance

Class XII

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Ms. Monica

Drishtant

Dept. of Physics

Class XII

Certificate
This is to certify that Drishtant Raghav, student of Class XII, Brahmanand Public Sr. Sec.
SCHOOL has completed the project titled Light Dependence Resistance during the academic
year 2015-2016 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of
CBSE 2016, and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision.

Ms. Monica
Department of Physics

Acknowledgements
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise
to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a
veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Ms. Monica Maam for her
vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at
Brahmanand Public Sr. Sec. School for their support during the making of this project.

(Drishtant)

INTRODUCTION

In the society, some times street lights glow in day time due to
any reason. In mines area people face many difficulties due to
absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people
face many problems due to damaged street lights.

For solve above these problems, we create a device in which

the lights glow in night and in day time, they off automatically
and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above
problems and can also save electricity and men's power.

PRINCIPLE

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance

(L.D.R0.).LDR is a resistance, in which opposing power
of current depends on the presence of quantity of light
present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on it.
If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and
when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act as
a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness
changes its resistance is depends on the different types of LDR.

ADVANTAGES

Collections of parts of the circuit are easily available.

Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of

other circuits.

By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.

It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.

The cost of circuit is low.
This circuit saves the men's power.

USES

It
can
be
used
in
stre
et
light
s.
It
can
be
used
in
mine
s
area
s.
It
can
be
used
in

hilly
area
s.

By
using
laser,
it can
be
used
for
safet
y
purpo
ses.

It
can
be
used
in
front
ier
area
s.
It
can
be
used
in
hous
es.
It

can
be
used
in
jail
light
s.

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF
COM PONENTS

TRANSISTOR: - When a thin slice of p-type is

sandwiched between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n
transistor is formed. It consists of emitter, base, and
collector. In the project, common emitter n-p-n
transistor (BC-147 & SL-100) is used.

1.

2.

DIODE: - When a p-type and n-type semiconductors

are joined a diode is formed. It conducts when forward

biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. In
the project, IN-4007diode is used.

RELAY: - It helps to connect and disconnect. In the

project, we use relay of 6 ohms.

3.

CARBON RESISTOR: - A carbon resistor has

generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different
colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In
project, we use carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms,
1.5 kilo-ohms and 820 ohms.

4.

LDR: - LDR means light dependent resistance

which is used to complete the circuit.

5.

TRANSFORMER: - Transformer is used to convert

low alternating voltage to high alternating voltage by
decreasing the current and vice-versa. We use a
transformer of 6-0-6V for the circuit.

6.

7.

CAPACITOR: - Capacitor is used to block DC. In the

circuit, we use the capacitor of 220mfd and 1000mfd.

BULB: - An electric bulb is connected to the circuit

when LDR comes in the darkness.

8.

WORKING

Let 6V. DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR then
the resistance of LDR will decrease and approximate equal to
zero. 6V DC come from 220 kilo-ohms resistance and passes
through LDR. At this time, it becomes earth, so that no voltage
flows through the base of transistor T1. Due to absence of
positive voltage at base, emitter hasn't negative voltage in the
comparison of its base, so that transistor T1 don't conduct and
no current flows through it. But resistance of 1.5 kilo-ohms is
connected with 6V DC line, so that from 6V DC approximate
4V DC passes through 820 ohms and reach at the base of
transistor T2. For conduction, emitter has some negative
voltage in the comparison of its base. But at this time, 4V DC
reach at base of transistor T2, so that emitter has highly
negative voltage in comparison of its base, so that transistor T2
highly conducts. The collector of transistor T2 is connected with
relay coil, so that magnetic induction around relay coil will
disconnect with rest point and connect with active point. So,
According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.

Now, when light don't fall on LDR so that the resistance of

LDR increases. Now LDR has not zero resistance due to
darkness, so that 6V DC line and 220 kilo-ohms resistance,
some positive voltage reach at the base of transistor T1.The
collector of transistor T1 has positive voltage because 6V DC
pass through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance and reach at collector
of transistor T1. In this way transistor T1 conduct and current
start to flow in transistor T1. Transistor T1 and resistance of
1.5 kilo-ohms are connected in series so that the current also
flows through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance. Now, the above
terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has 6V DC, it means the
lower terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has lower voltage
i.e. 3 or 3.5 V. From 3V approximate 1.5 V or 1 V. DC
reaches at base of transistor T2. The collector of transistor T2
has positive voltage by relay coil. But at this time, emitter has
some negative voltage in the comparison of its base.

So that the quantity of current which flows through

transistor T2 and relay coil will very low. Due to this,
magnetic induction around relay coil will not more effective
and pole point will disconnect with active point and connect
with rest point. According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.