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ENCE4610

Foundation
Designand
Analysis
Expansive and Collapsible Soils

OverviewofCollapsible
Soils

CollapsibleSoils
Types of Collapsible Soils
Quick clays (highly
sensitive)
Loose sands subject to
liquefaction
Loose sands held
together by apparent
cohesion
Saprolites with high
void ratio

Loess Deposits

Identificationof
CollapsibleSoils

DealingWithCollapsible
Soils
Solutions for Pavements
o Ponding water over the region
of collapsible soils.
o Infiltration wells.
o Compaction - conventional
with heavy vibratory roller for
shallow depths (within 0.3 or 0.6
m (1 or 2 ft))
o Compaction - dynamic or
vibratory for deeper deposits of
more than half a meter (a few
feet) (could be combined with
inundation)
o Excavated and replaced.

Other Foundation
Solutions
o Shallow Foundationsfurnish a
system of grade beams to
distribute the load and mitigate
the effects of uneven collapse
of the underlying soils
o Deep foundationsavoid the
effects of collapsible soils
altogether by transferring the
structure load to a more stable
stratum

ExpansiveSoils
Definition
Expansive soils are soils
which undergo
significant volume
change with the
addition or deletion of
pore water
Generally the result of
the chemical structure
of certain types of clay
soils (usually
montmorillonite)

Location and Nature


In the United States,
most expansive soils are
located in the central
and western parts of
the country
o Shrinking and swelling are
aggravated by wide swings in
the water content, which in
turn are due to climactic
conditions and wide varieties in
rainfall during the year

RegionsofExpansive
Soils

DamageDuetoExpansive
Soils

FoundationHeavedueto
MoistureChanges

PotentialSwell
Formal definition:
percentage of swell of
a laterally confined
sample in a
consolidometer test
which is fully saturated
under a surcharge load
of 7 kPa (1 psi) after
being compacted to
maximum dry density
at the optimum
moisture content

Use: a method of
making a preliminary,
qualitative evaluation
of a soil to determine if
measures to deal with
soil expansion need to
be taken
Can be determined
either directly or
through index
properties

PotentialSwell
WES Method of Determining
Potential Swell

Based on extensive field


tests
Soils where LL < 40 and PI
< 15 generally are not
expansive
Knowledge of soil
composition is important
but not absolutely
necessary

Other Indirect Methods

DirectDeterminationof
VolumeExpansion
Consolidometer Swell Test

Described in Appendix VIII of EM


1110-2-1906. (Consolidation test)
The swell test may be performed to
predict vertical heave H of soil
thickness H when the vertical
overburden and structural pressures
on thickness H are known prior to the
test.
The total vertical heave at the ground
surface is the sum of the H for each
thickness H in the soil profile. Figure 54 illustrates the application of swell
test data. The swell pressure test is
performed to evaluate the swell
pressure and swell index required for
prediction of vertical heave. The
confining pressure required to restrain
heave is defined as s.

Simplified Swell Test Procedure

An initial loading pressure, simulating field initial


(preconstruction) vertical pressure, should be applied to
determine the initial void ratio eo, point 1 of Figure 4-2
(following slide), then removed to the seating pressure
(i.e., the lowest possible load) prior to adding distilled
water, point 2. The specimen is allowed to expand at the
seating pressure until primary swell is complete, point 3,
before applying the consolidation pressures.
The swell test of Figure 4-2 can eliminate the need for
additional tests when behavior is different than that
anticipated (e.g., the specimen consolidates rather than
swells following addition of water at loading pressures
greater than the seating pressure). The void ratio-log
pressure curve for final effective pressures, varying from
the seating to the maximum applied pressure, can be
used to determine heave or settlement with respect to
the initial void ratio. Net settlements will occur for final
effective pressures exceeding the swell pressure. Figure
4-2 illustrated how the percent swell or heave may be
found with respect to the initial vertical pressure.
The s in Figure 4-2 is defined as a confining pressure that
must be applied to the soil to reduce the volume
expansion down to the (approximated) in situ eo in the
presence of free water. Consolidometer tests in
appendix VIII of EM 1110-2-1906 tend to provide lower
limits of the in situ swell pressure, while the simple swell
test, Figure 4-2, tends to provide upper limits. The
maximum past pressure is often a us

SimpleSwellTest

Applicationof
ConsolidometerResults

DeterminationofActual
SoilExpansion

VanderMerwe Method

BasisforCalculations

Foundationsfor
ExpansiveSoils

ShallowFoundationsfor
ExpansiveSoils

UseofDrainage
Techniques

BelledBasesforDrilled
Shafts

Use of an enlarged
base, in conjunction
with the shaft
resistance of the
straight portion, is a
common way of
dealing with expansive
soils for major
structures
Enlarged bases offer
additional uplift
capacity

z
z

Only applicable to clays, since


sands would usually collapse
Difficult to quantify

UpwardLoadCapacityof
BelledShafts
(

B B
(Pupward )a =
su N u
4
(Unfissured Clays)
Db
9
N u = 3.5
Bb
2
b

2
s

( Fissured Clays)
Db
9
N u = 0.7
Bb

Variables for uplift


capacity

z
z
z

z
z
z
z

(Pupward)a = allowable upward


load capacity
su = average undrained shear
strength of the cohesive soil
between the base of the bell and
2Bb above the base
zD = total stress at the bottom of
the base
Bb = diameter of the enlarged
base
Bs = diameter of the shaft
Db = depth of embedment of
enlarged base into bearing
stratum

Uplift of base only

ExampleofUplift
Capacity
Given

z
z

Drilled Shaft as shown

Find

z
z

Uplift capacity of shaft

Assume

z
z

Factor of safety = 5

Very stiff clay at toe is fissured

Include weight of foundation

ComputeShaftFriction
andNu
Layer
Start

Layer
1
2
3
4
5

Perimeter
Top Segment to
be Ignored
Toe Segment to
be Ignored

0
5
12
37
50

6.28319
5
10

Layer Thickness
End
, ft.
5
5
12
7
37
25
50
13
60
10

su,
fs, As, sq. fsAs,
psf alpha psf
ft.
kips
1600
0
0 31.416
0
1600 0.55 880 43.98
38.7
1400 0.55 770 157.08
121
4000 0.48 1920 81.68 156.8
4000
0
0 62.83
0
Total
316.5

Different from compression


Equal to twice the diameter of the
belled toe

Db
23
N u = 0.7
= 0.7
= 3.22 9
5
Bb

ComputeUpliftCapacity
Compute Ultimate
Uplift Capacity of Bell

B b2 B s2
(Pupward )a =
su N u
4
5 b2 2 2s
(Pupward )a =
( 4 )( 3 . 22 )
4
(Pupward )a = 212 kips

Compute Weight of
Foundation and Total
Uplift Capacity
2

+
2
5

2
2
2

Wf =
58.5 +
1.5 0.150
4
4

W f = 30 kips

(P

upward

30 + 317 0.75 + 212


= 96 kips
5

Questions

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