Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Foundation
Designand
Analysis
Expansive and Collapsible Soils
OverviewofCollapsible
Soils
CollapsibleSoils
Types of Collapsible Soils
Quick clays (highly
sensitive)
Loose sands subject to
liquefaction
Loose sands held
together by apparent
cohesion
Saprolites with high
void ratio
Loess Deposits
Identificationof
CollapsibleSoils
DealingWithCollapsible
Soils
Solutions for Pavements
o Ponding water over the region
of collapsible soils.
o Infiltration wells.
o Compaction - conventional
with heavy vibratory roller for
shallow depths (within 0.3 or 0.6
m (1 or 2 ft))
o Compaction - dynamic or
vibratory for deeper deposits of
more than half a meter (a few
feet) (could be combined with
inundation)
o Excavated and replaced.
Other Foundation
Solutions
o Shallow Foundationsfurnish a
system of grade beams to
distribute the load and mitigate
the effects of uneven collapse
of the underlying soils
o Deep foundationsavoid the
effects of collapsible soils
altogether by transferring the
structure load to a more stable
stratum
ExpansiveSoils
Definition
Expansive soils are soils
which undergo
significant volume
change with the
addition or deletion of
pore water
Generally the result of
the chemical structure
of certain types of clay
soils (usually
montmorillonite)
RegionsofExpansive
Soils
DamageDuetoExpansive
Soils
FoundationHeavedueto
MoistureChanges
PotentialSwell
Formal definition:
percentage of swell of
a laterally confined
sample in a
consolidometer test
which is fully saturated
under a surcharge load
of 7 kPa (1 psi) after
being compacted to
maximum dry density
at the optimum
moisture content
Use: a method of
making a preliminary,
qualitative evaluation
of a soil to determine if
measures to deal with
soil expansion need to
be taken
Can be determined
either directly or
through index
properties
PotentialSwell
WES Method of Determining
Potential Swell
DirectDeterminationof
VolumeExpansion
Consolidometer Swell Test
SimpleSwellTest
Applicationof
ConsolidometerResults
DeterminationofActual
SoilExpansion
VanderMerwe Method
BasisforCalculations
Foundationsfor
ExpansiveSoils
ShallowFoundationsfor
ExpansiveSoils
UseofDrainage
Techniques
BelledBasesforDrilled
Shafts
Use of an enlarged
base, in conjunction
with the shaft
resistance of the
straight portion, is a
common way of
dealing with expansive
soils for major
structures
Enlarged bases offer
additional uplift
capacity
z
z
UpwardLoadCapacityof
BelledShafts
(
B B
(Pupward )a =
su N u
4
(Unfissured Clays)
Db
9
N u = 3.5
Bb
2
b
2
s
( Fissured Clays)
Db
9
N u = 0.7
Bb
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
ExampleofUplift
Capacity
Given
z
z
Find
z
z
Assume
z
z
Factor of safety = 5
ComputeShaftFriction
andNu
Layer
Start
Layer
1
2
3
4
5
Perimeter
Top Segment to
be Ignored
Toe Segment to
be Ignored
0
5
12
37
50
6.28319
5
10
Layer Thickness
End
, ft.
5
5
12
7
37
25
50
13
60
10
su,
fs, As, sq. fsAs,
psf alpha psf
ft.
kips
1600
0
0 31.416
0
1600 0.55 880 43.98
38.7
1400 0.55 770 157.08
121
4000 0.48 1920 81.68 156.8
4000
0
0 62.83
0
Total
316.5
Db
23
N u = 0.7
= 0.7
= 3.22 9
5
Bb
ComputeUpliftCapacity
Compute Ultimate
Uplift Capacity of Bell
B b2 B s2
(Pupward )a =
su N u
4
5 b2 2 2s
(Pupward )a =
( 4 )( 3 . 22 )
4
(Pupward )a = 212 kips
Compute Weight of
Foundation and Total
Uplift Capacity
2
+
2
5
2
2
2
Wf =
58.5 +
1.5 0.150
4
4
W f = 30 kips
(P
upward
Questions