Grammar Performance 1

Performance 1
Grammar reference
castellano
Grammar reference
Unit 1
Reviewing the present
Present simple
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short answers
I / you / we / they live
I / you / we / they dont (do

not) live
Do I / you / we / they live?

Dont I / you / we / they live?
Yes, I / you / we / they do.

No, I / you / we / they dont.
he / she / it / one* lives
he / she / it / one doesnt

(does not) live
Does he / she / it / one live?

Doesnt he / she / it / one live?
Yes, he / she / it / one does.

No, he / she / it / one doesnt.
Uses
Examples
Expressions often used with the present simple
To describe habits or routines
He gets up at eight oclock

every morning.
To describe facts or scientific laws
Many people live in China.
To describe timetables
The train leaves at five

oclock.
always, in general, on the whole, usually, normally, often,

frequently, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never
at one oclock, every day / week / month / year
in the morning / afternoon / evening, at night
once a day / week / month / year
how often ?
*One rara vez se usa en ingls; se usa everybody / anybody / nobody / people.
Does anybody live here? No, nobody does.
Do people live in deserts? Yes, people do.
1 Afirmativa
I / you / we / they + forma base del verbo (p. ej. I live)
he / she / it + forma base del verbo + -s / -es (p. ej. she lives)
Ortografa: tercera persona del singular
Con verbos acabados en -o, -ss, -ch, -sh y -x, se aade -es:
goes, does, misses, watches, washes, fixes.
Con verbos acabados en consonante + y, cambiar por -ies: try tries
Con verbos acabados en vocal + y, simplemente, aadir -s: play plays
Watch out!
she sees, everybody sees, everyone
sees, nobody sees, no one sees
she see, everybody see, everyone see,
nobody see, no one see
people see, people dont see
people sees, people dont sees
2 Negativa
I / you / we / they + dont + forma base del verbo (p. ej. I dont live)
he / she / it + doesnt + forma base del verbo (p. ej. he doesnt live)
Watch out!
she doesnt see
she dont see / she not see
Pero la negativa del verbo to be no usa dont / doesnt: Im not, he isnt,

we arent.
Forma completa o forma contrada? Al hablar, rara vez se usa la forma completa
(do not / does not). Al escribir, se usa la forma completa en documentos formales y la
contrada en situaciones ms informales (p. ej. una nota para un amigo).
Watch out!
Does she play football?
do / dont + I / you / we / they + forma base del verbo + ? (p. ej. Do you live ?)
Plays she football? /
does / doesnt + he / she / it + forma base del verbo + ? (p. ej. Does he live ?)
Do she play football?
3 Interrogativa
Pero las preguntas con el verbo to be no usan do / does: Am I? Is he? Are we?
Watch out!
Is she at home?
Does she be at home?
Performance 1 / Grammar reference Pearson Educacin, S. A., 2013
Grammar reference
4 Orden de las palabras
Los adverbios de frecuencia (always, often, etc.) van antes del verbo:
I sometimes play tennis on Friday.
Pero van despus del verbo to be:
She is always late for class.
Las expresiones temporales (every day, once a month, etc.) normalmente van al final de la frase:
He usually goes for a long walk at the weekend.
Present continuous
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short answers
Im (am) living
Im (am) not living
Am I living?
Am I not living?
Yes, I am.
No, Im not.
you / we / theyre (are) living
you / we / they arent (are

not) living
Are you / we / they living?

Arent you / we / they living?
Yes, you / we / they are.

No, you / we / they arent.
he / she / its (is) living
he / she / it isnt (is not)

living
Is he / she / it living?
Isnt he / she / it living?
Yes, he / she / it is.

No, he / she / it isnt.
Uses*
Examples
Expressions often used with the present continuous
To describe an action or a
process that is happening now
She is crossing the road.
now, right now, at the moment
To describe situations that are

not permanent
He is living with his sister this

week.
currently, for the time being, at present, this week / month /

year
With always, to express

criticism / annoyance
Youre always arriving late.
always
*Para ver cmo se usa el presente continuo para expresar futuro, consultar la pgina 14.
1 Afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa

Afirmativa
sujeto + verbo to be en presente + forma -ing (participio presente) del verbo principal
(p. ej. Im playing, shes walking)
Negativa
sujeto + verbo to be en presente + not + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. he isnt coming, they arent wearing)
Interrogativa
verbo to be en presente + sujeto + forma -ing del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Is she wearing ? Am I telling ?)
2 Ortografa de la forma -ing

Los verbos que acaban en -e silenciosa pierden la e: ride riding. (pero: see seeing)
Los verbos que acaban en -ie toman la forma -ying: lie lying.
Los verbos que acaban en una slaba tnica y una consonante final duplican la
consonante: swim swimming, forget forgetting.
Watch out!
Travel tambin duplica la consonante final,
a pesar de que su slaba tnica no es la
ltima sino la primera: travel travelling.
Grammar reference
3 Verbos de estado
Algunos verbos se usan rara o ninguna vez en su forma continua. Dichos verbos describen un
estado, ms que una accin o suceso. Algunos verbos comunes que no se usan habitualmente en
su forma continua son:
Los verbos que describen estados mentales / emociones:
agree, believe, dislike, feel (= have an opinion), forget, guess, hate, hear, hope, know, like, love,
prefer, remember, suppose, think (= have an opinion*), understand, want
Los verbos que describen una percepcin, a menudo seguidos de un adjetivo:
appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste
Los verbos relacionados con mediciones: cost, last, measure, weigh
Los verbos que expresan posesin / pertenencia: belong, have, own, possess
*Cuando think va seguido de of o about significa considerar y se tiene que usar la forma
continua:
Im thinking of a visit to the cinema.
I think of a visit to the cinema.
Im thinking about you.
I think about you.
Open questions
1 Presente simple
El orden de las palabras es:
partcula interrogativa como sujeto + verbo (+ preposicin) (+ objeto) + ?
(p. ej. Who lives here? How many students go to your school?)
Watch out!
Who works there?
Who does work there?
partcula interrogativa como objeto + verbo auxiliar + sujeto + verbo (+ preposicin) + ?
(p. ej. Which band does she like best? Who do you live with?)
2 Presente continuo
El orden de las palabras es:
partcula interrogativa como sujeto + verbo auxiliar + forma -ing del verbo principal
(+ preposicin) (+ objeto) + ? (p. ej. What is happening? Who is writing to you?)
partcula interrogativa como objeto + verbo auxiliar + sujeto + forma -ing del verbo principal
(+ preposicin) + ? (p. ej. What are you doing? Who are you writing to?)
3 Partculas interrogativas comunes

What do you think about this?
Why dont you like me?
Where is he going?
How do you spell this word?
Which colour do you prefer?
How much homework do you do?
Who do you know at this party?
How many Facebook friends do you have?
Whose coat is that?
How often do you come here?
Grammar reference
Present perfect simple for unfinished actions
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short answers
I / you / we / theyve (have)

seen
I / you / we / they havent

(have not) seen
Have I / you / we / they

seen?
Havent I / you / we /
they seen?
Yes, I / you / we / they have.

No, I / you / we / they havent.
he / she / its (has) seen
he / she / it hasnt (has not)

seen
Has he / she / it seen?

Hasnt he / she / it seen?
Yes, he / she / it has.

No, he / she / it hasnt.
Use*
Examples
Expressions often used with the present perfect simple
To describe a situation / an
action that started in the past
and continues into the present
This has been a big problem up

to now.
He has read three books so far.
up to / up till / till / until now, so far
* Para ver otros usos del presente perfecto simple, consultar la pgina 10.

Afirmativa
sujeto + has / have + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. Ive played, shes walked)
Negativa
sujeto + has / have + not + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. you havent listened, they havent come)
Watch out!
she has learnt
shes learnt
she is learnt
Interrogativa
has / have + sujeto + participio pasado del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Has she seen ? Have I told ?)
2 El participio pasado
Verbos regulares: En ellos, el participio pasado se forma aadiendo -ed: played, walked, listened.
Algunos pueden acabar indistintamente en -ed o en -t: learned / learnt, earned / earnt, spelled /
spelt.
A los verbos que acaban en -e solo se les aade -d: telephoned, prepared, translated.
Los verbos que acaban en consonante + y, forman el participio pasado sustituyendo la -y por
-ied: married, tried.
Los verbos monosilbicos que acaban en vocal sencilla + consonante* doblan la consonante
final: stopped, snapped, batted.
*Excepto si acaban en x o w: boxed, flowed
Todos los verbos bisilbicos que acaban en vocal + consonante doblan la consonante final si
la slaba tnica es la segunda: refer referred, unwrap unwrapped.
Travel tambin dobla la consonante final, a pesar de que la slaba tnica es la primera:
travel travelled.
Verbos irregulares: Muchos verbos comunes forman el participio pasado de manera irregular. En la
pgina 136 del libro del alumno hay una lista con dichos verbos.
3 Uso
Se usa el presente perfecto simple para hablar de acciones o situaciones que empezaron en el
pasado y continan en el presente.
She hasnt learnt much English so far.
Watch out!
He has been a teacher up to now.
He is a teacher up to now.
He is being a teacher up to now.
Grammar reference
Present perfect continuous for unfinished actions
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short answers
I / you / we / theyve been

(have been) living
I / you / we / they
havent been (have not
been) living
Have I / you / we / they been living?

Havent I / you / we / they been
living?
Yes, I / you / we / they have.

No, I / you / we / they havent.
he / she / its been (has

been) living
he / she / it hasnt been

(has not been) living
Has he / she / it been living?

Hasnt he / she / it been living?
Yes, he / she / it has.

No, he / she / it hasnt.
Use*
Examples
Expressions often used with the present perfect continuous
To describe a situation or a
continuous / repeated action
that started in the past and
continues into the present.
We use the continuous form
when we want to emphasise
the duration of the action.
Theyve been living in

France for two years.
Ive been coming here
every summer since 2003.
for a long time / two years / three months

since yesterday / last year / his birthday
* Para ver otros usos del presente perfecto continuo, consultar la pgina 11.

Afirmativa
sujeto + have / has been + forma -ing (participio presente) del verbo principal
(p. ej. Ive been playing, shes been walking)
Negativa
sujeto + havent / hasnt been + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. you havent been listening, they havent been living)
Interrogativa
have / has + sujeto + been + forma -ing del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Has she been reading? Have you been sleeping?)
Watch out!
she has been learning
shes been learning
she is been learning
2 Uso
El presente perfecto continuo se usa para hablar de las acciones o situaciones continuas que
comenzaron en el pasado y continan en el presente.
He has been crying all day. (He is probably still crying.)
Shes been learning English. (She may still be learning.)
Watch out!
He has been working abroad for three years.
He is working abroad for three years.
3 Presente perfecto simple frente a presente perfecto continuo

A veces se puede usar tanto el presente perfecto simple como el continuo para describir
acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y continan en el presente.
Hes lived in Tokyo for two years. / Hes been living in Tokyo for two years.
Si se quiere dar nfasis a la duracin de la accin, se usa la forma continua:
Hes been reading all day.
Si se quiere resaltar el resultado de la accin, se usa la forma simple:
Hes read three books today. (Los ha terminado.)
Hes been reading three books today. (No necesariamente los ha terminado.)
Grammar reference
4 For frente a since
Se usa for para referirse a la duracin de una accin o situacin:
Hes been married for three years / two weeks / a long time / ages / a while.
Se usa since para referirse al tiempo en el que empez la accin o situacin:
Hes been married since last August / he was 21 / the spring.
Verb + gerund / infinitive (1)

Algunos verbos van seguidos de gerundio y otros de infinitivo.
1 Verbo + gerundio
avoid
cant stand
consider
deny
discuss
dislike
dont mind*
enjoy
finish
give up
imagine
miss
recommend
risk
stop
suggest
I cant stand waiting in a queue.

He doesnt mind* doing the washing up.
*Mind se usa principalmente con las formas negativa e interrogativa.
2 Verbo + infinitivo
agree
appear
arrange
choose
decide
demand
expect
fail
hope
learn
manage
mean
plan
prepare
pretend
promise
refuse
tend
want
would like
Do they agree to follow our plan?

He refuses to pay the money.
Verb + gerund / infinitive (2)

Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto de gerundio como de infinitivo. Hay tres
categoras diferentes:
1 Verbos de inicio o continuacin: intend, begin / start, continue

Dichos verbos pueden ir seguidos o de gerundio o de infinitivo:
Suddenly, he began to shout / shouting.
Cuando estn en su forma continua, por lo general, van seguidos de infinitivo:
Im intending to see her tonight.
2 Verbos que expresan agrado o desagrado: love, like, hate, prefer

Cuando se habla en general, normalmente van seguidos de gerundio:
I love skiing.
She hates doing exams.
Cuando se refieren a una situacin especfica, solo se usa el infinitivo:
Id prefer to stay at home this weekend.
Id love to see you tonight.
Grammar reference
3 Verbos con dos significados: remember, forget, need, regret, try
Algunos verbos tienen un significado diferente en funcin de si van seguidos de gerundio o
de infinitivo:

remember + infinitivo = no olvidar hacer algo

He remembered to close the door.
remember + gerundio = traer a la memoria un recuerdo
He remembered closing the door.
forget + infinitivo = olvidar hacer algo

I forgot to tell him the news.
forget + gerundio = hacer algo y no recordar haberlo hecho
I forget telling him the news but perhaps I did.
need + infinitivo = tener que hacer algo

I need to clean the house.
need + gerundio = alguien tiene que hacer algo (oracin impersonal)
The house needs cleaning. (= The house needs to be cleaned.)
regret + infinitivo = lamentar tener que (generalmente seguido de una informacin

desagradable que se va a dar)
I regret to inform you that you have to leave the country.
regret + gerundio = hablar de una equivocacin del pasado
I regret settling in Britain. (= It was a bad idea to settle in Britain.)
try + infinitivo = hacer un esfuerzo por
I am trying to come to terms with the country.
try + gerundio = experimentar con/probar a hacer algo
Ive tried travelling but I still feel bored. (= Ive experimented with travelling.)
Grammar reference
Unit 2
Reviewing the past
Past simple
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short answers
I / you / he / she / it / we /
they lived
they didnt live
Did / Didnt I / you / he /

she / it / we / they live?
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we

/ they did.
No, I / you / he / she / it / we /
they didnt.
they went
they didnt go
Did / Didnt I / you / he /

she / it / we / they go?
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we

/ they did.
No, I / you / he / she / it / we /
they didnt.
Uses
Examples
Expressions often used with the past simple
To describe a finished single

action in the past
I saw a film yesterday.

We met at the supermarket.
yesterday, last (night / week / year), (two years) ago, in (2007),

last, first
To describe a finished
continuous action in the past
They lived in Berlin for three

years.
for a long time, for (three years)
To describe a series of actions

in the past
First he opened the door, then

he came in and after that he
took off his coat.
first, next, then, after that, finally
1 Afirmativa: verbos regulares

El pasado simple de los verbos regulares se forma aadiendo -ed a la forma base del verbo: played, laughed, waited.
Algunos pueden acabar indistintamente en -ed o en -t: learned / learnt, earned / earnt, spelled / spelt.
A los verbos que acaban en -e solo se les aade -d: telephoned, arrived, moved.
Los verbos que terminan en consonante + y forman el pasado simple sustituyendo la -y por -ied: worried,
carried.
Los verbos monosilbicos que acaban en vocal sencilla + consonante* doblan la consonante final: stopped,
ripped, batted.
*Excepto si acaban en x o w: fixed, rowed
Todos los verbos bisilbicos que acaban en vocal + consonante doblan la consonante final si la slaba tnica
es la segunda: refer referred, unwrap unwrapped.
Travel tambin dobla la consonante final, a pesar de que la slaba tnica es la primera:
travel travelled.
2 Afirmativa: verbos irregulares

Muchos verbos comunes forman el pasado simple en afirmativa de manera irregular. En la pgina 136 del libro
del alumno hay una lista con dichos verbos.
3 Negativa
Todos los verbos, excepto el verbo to be y los modales (ver la pgina 20), forman el pasado simple en negativa
de la misma manera:
sujeto + didnt + forma base del verbo
(p. ej. he didnt see, they didnt go, I didnt know)
(Pero: I wasnt, they werent, he couldnt)
4 Interrogativa
Excepto el verbo to be y los modales, todos forman el pasado simple en interrogativa igual:
did + sujeto + forma base del verbo + ?
(p. ej. Did they go ? Did you see ? Did she work ?)
(Pero: were you? were they? could she?)
Grammar reference
Past continuous
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / he / she / it was living
I / he / she / it wasnt (was not) living
Was / Wasnt I / he / she / it living?
you / we / they were living
you / we / they werent (were not) living
Were / Werent you / we / they living?
Uses
Examples
Expressions often used

with the past continuous
To describe the context of past events /

actions
As she was crossing the road (she

looked at her watch.)
as, while, when
To describe what was happening at a

specific time
I was watching TV at seven oclock last

night.
at (nine) oclock, last night
To describe two events or actions which

were happening simultaneously
While I was cooking, it was raining very

hard outside.
as, while, all the time that

Afirmativa
sujeto + was / were + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. I was living, they were singing)
Negativa
sujeto + wasnt / werent + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. you werent smiling, she wasnt listening)
Interrogativa
was / were + sujeto + forma -ing del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Were they walking? Was she travelling?)
2 Pasado simple frente a pasado continuo

a) El pasado continuo proporciona el contexto; el pasado simple describe la accin.

While she was living in Badajoz, she made a lot of friends.

CONTEXTO
ACCIN
As he was reading a book, someone knocked at the door.

CONTEXTO
ACCIN
b) El pasado simple describe una accin individual; el pasado continuo describe una accin continua.
Comparacin:
What did you do at 7 oclock? I started to watch TV.
What were you doing at 7 oclock? I was watching TV.
(pasado simple: accin individual)

(pasado continuo: accin continua)
Past perfect simple

Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / you / he / she / it / we / they had lived
I / you / he / she / it / we / they hadnt

(had not) lived
Had / Hadnt I / you / he / she / it / we /

they lived?
Use
Examples
Expressions often used with the past

perfect simple
We use the past perfect simple to indicate

that one action happened before another
action in the past
When I arrived, she had already gone to

bed.
By the time she had finished her
homework, it was ten oclock.
already, just, not yet, after, as soon as,

by the time, not until
Grammar reference
Afirmativa
sujeto + had + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. I had seen, you had arrived)
Negativa
sujeto + hadnt + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. you hadnt heard, we hadnt forgotten)
Interrogativa
had + sujeto + participio pasado del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Had they gone ? Had I been ?)
Participio pasado
Para la formacin del participio pasado, consultar la pgina 4.
2 Pasado simple frente a pasado perfecto

a) El pasado perfecto describe la primera accin; el pasado simple describe la segunda.
After he had closed all the windows, he put the heating on.

PRIMERA ACCIN
SEGUNDA ACCIN
b) A veces (cuando el significado est claro) se puede usar el pasado simple para describir
la primera accin incluso aunque, en rigor, se deba usar el tiempo pasado perfecto.

After the train left, they had a coffee. / After the train had left, they had a coffee.
Present perfect simple: further uses*

Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / you / we / they have lived

she / he / it has lived
I / you / we / they havent lived

she / he / it hasnt lived
Have / Havent I / you / we / they lived?

Has / Hasnt she / he / it lived?
Uses
Examples
Expressions often used

with the present perfect simple
To describe very recent actions / events
Hes cut his finger!

I havent seen her lately.
To introduce the news
War has started in Ruritania.
just, already, yet, not yet, still not,

recently, lately, this is the first time that
today, this morning / week / year
To talk about an action / event in the

past that is still relevant to the present
I have seen him before.

She has been to Italy once.
I have never read Don Quixote.
before, once, never, its a long time since
*Para ver cmo se usa el presente perfecto simple para describir una accin que comenz
en el pasado y contina en el presente, consultar la pgina 4.

Afirmativa
sujeto + have / has + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. I have been, she has written)
Negativa
sujeto + havent / hasnt + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. we havent visited, he hasnt asked)
Interrogativa
have / has + sujeto + participio pasado del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Have we booked? Has she phoned ?)
10
Grammar reference
2 Palabras que se usan habitualmente con el presente perfecto simple
already
yet (in questions)
not yet
just
never
ever (in questions)
still not
Weve already seen that film.

Have you seen him yet?
She hasnt arrived yet.
Ive just emailed him.
Ive never been to Africa.
Have you ever seen a ghost?
She still hasnt answered me.
3 Presente perfecto simple frente a pasado simple

Se usa el presente perfecto simple para referirse a una accin o suceso terminado pero que
an es aplicable al presente. Se usa el pasado simple para referirse a una accin o suceso
que pertenece por completo al pasado.
Comparacin:
I saw him at the cinema last week. (pasado simple: la semana pasada ha terminado y est
en el pasado)
I have seen him at the cinema this week. (presente perfecto: esta semana an no ha
terminado, y puedo volver a verlo)
We didnt see the new Spielberg film. (pasado simple: la pelcula ya no se proyecta, as que ya
no vamos a verla)
We havent seen the new Spielberg film. (presente perfecto: la pelcula an se proyecta, as
que an podramos verla)
Fiona visited me in Scotland several times. (pasado simple: no volver a visitarme all; tal vez
yo ya no est en Escocia)
Fiona has visited me in Scotland several times. (presente perfecto: puede volver a visitarme;
yo an sigo all)
Tom worked in Paris for five years. (pasado simple: ya no trabaja all)
Tom has worked in Paris for five years. (presente perfecto: an trabaja all)
Present perfect continuous: further use*

Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / you / we / they have been living
I / you / we / they havent been living
Have / Havent I / you / we / they been living?
he / she / it has been living
he / she / it hasnt been living
Has / Hasnt he / she / it been living?
Use
Examples
Expressions often used with

the present perfect continuous
To describe a continuous / repeated

action in the recent past
Hes been reading a lot recently.

Ive been painting the studio this morning.
lately, recently
today, this morning / week / year
*Para ver cmo se usa el presente perfecto continuo para describir acciones continuas que
empezaron en el pasado y continan en el presente, consultar la pgina 5.

Afirmativa
sujeto + have / has + been + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. hes been writing, theyve been walking)
Negativa
sujeto + havent / hasnt + been + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. I havent been working, it hasnt been raining)
Interrogativa
have / has + sujeto + been + forma -ing del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Has she been waiting ? Have you been playing ?
11
Grammar reference
2 Presente perfecto continuo frente a presente perfecto simple
Se usa el presente perfecto continuo cuando lo que interesa es la accin o el suceso, y el
presente perfecto simple cuando lo que interesa es la consumacin o el final de la accin o el
suceso.
Shes been reading Don Quixote recently. (presente perfecto continuo: no sabemos si ha
terminado de leerse Don Quixote)
Shes read Don Quixote recently. (presente perfecto simple: ha terminado de leer el libro)
3 Presente perfecto continuo frente a pasado continuo

Se usa el presente perfecto continuo para referirse a una accin continua o repetida que
sucedi en el pasado pero sigue siendo aplicable en el presente. Se usa el pasado continuo
para referirse a una accin continua o repetida que pertenece por completo al pasado.
Comparacin:
He was reading that book yesterday. (pasado continuo: ayer termin y est en el pasado)
Hes been reading that book all this week. (presente perfecto continuo: esta semana an
no ha acabado, y es probable que siga leyendo el libro)
She was waiting for you in the restaurant. (pasado continuo: no llegaste, as que dej de
esperar)
She has been waiting for you in the restaurant. (presente perfecto continuo: si llegas
pronto, quiz an est esperando)
used to
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / you / he / she / it / we / they used

to live
I / you / he / she / it / we / they didnt

use to live
Did / Didnt I / you / he / she / it / we /

they use to live?
Uses
Examples
Expressions often used with used to
To describe an action that someone did

frequently in the past but doesnt do now
I used to play football twice a week.
in the past, years ago, before, when I was

young
To describe a lasting condition or

situation that no longer exists
London used to be the biggest city in the

world.

Afirmativa
sujeto + used to + forma base del verbo principal
(p. ej. She used to live in Brazil.)
Negativa
sujeto + didnt use to + forma base del verbo principal
(p. ej. He didnt use to be so serious.)
Interrogativa
did + sujeto + use to + forma base del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Did you use to play tennis?)
12
Grammar reference
Unit 3
Expressing the future
En ingls existen tres formas de expresar el futuro: be going to / will / presente continuo.
be going to
Se usa be going to para expresar intenciones o predicciones seguras. El suceso futuro es el
resultado de lo que alguien va a hacer o de lo que vemos que va a pasar (is going to do / happen).
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Im going to try
you / we / theyre going to try
he / she / its going to try
Im not going to try

you / we / they arent going to try
he / she / it isnt going to try
Am I going to try? Am I not going to try?

Are / Arent you / we / they going to try?
Is / Isnt he / she / it going to try?
Uses
Examples
Expressions often used with going to
To describe fixed plans / arrangements
Im going to play football this weekend

with Tim.
tomorrow, this weekend, next year, soon,

in a few days
To describe resolutions or firm decisions
Hes going to stop smoking.
To make predictions about something

that is certain / almost certain to happen
There are lots of dark clouds. Its going to

rain.

Afirmativa
sujeto + am / is / are + going to + forma base del verbo principal
(p. ej. Im going to study French. Were going to have dinner.)
Negativa
sujeto + am / is / are + not + going to + forma base del verbo principal
(p. ej. She isnt going to cry. You arent going to play.)
Interrogativa
am / is / are + sujeto + going to + forma base del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Are we going to book seats? Am I going to play?)
will (future simple)

Se usa will para predicciones generales y para decisiones, ofrecimientos, promesas y peticiones.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / you / he / she / it / we / theyll (will)

see
I / you / he / she / it / we / they wont

(will not) see
Will / Wont I / you / he / she / it / we /

they see?
Uses
Examples
Expressions often used with will
To make predictions (without firm

evidence)
Life will be better in the future.

He will win.
It will rain tomorrow.
in the future, tomorrow, this weekend,

next (week / year), soon, in a few (days /
months)
To express spontaneous decisions and

offers
I think Ill go for a walk.

Dont get up, Ill open the window.
Ill do it.
To express promises
I wont tell anyone, I promise.

Ill be there.
To express requests
Will you help me with this?

Please will you come?
13
Grammar reference
Afirmativa
sujeto + will + forma base del verbo principal
(p. ej. Ill help you, theyll live)
Negativa
sujeto + wont + forma base del verbo principal
(p. ej. she wont come, you wont drive)
Interrogativa
will + sujeto + forma base del verbo principal + ?
(p. ej. Will you explain ? Will they pay ?)
2 be going to frente a will

Cuando se hace una prediccin basada en una opinin y no en hechos obvios, podemos usar tanto
be going to como will:
I imagine that hell be / hes going to be very tired when he finishes the race.
Cuando la prediccin se basa en hechos obvios o se conoce la causa se usa be going to:
The water is already very hot. Its going to boil in a minute.
Para hacer un ofrecimiento o una promesa se usa will:
Ill help. I will make sure it happens.
Present continuous (for future action)

Se usa el presente continuo cuando hay planes o preparativos definitivos.
Para ver cmo se forma el presente continuo, consultar la pgina 2.
1 Usos
a) Para describir planes:
Im seeing Jill tonight.
Hes studying chemistry at university next year.
b) Para describir un acontecimiento programado:
Theyre showing a good film on TV tonight.
2 Presente continuo frente a be going to

Para describir planes definitivos se puede usar tanto el presente continuo como be going to.
What are you doing / are you going to do tonight?
Hes flying / s going to fly to Acapulco this summer.
Para describir resoluciones o decisiones firmes solo se puede usar be going to.
Im going to become a better person this year.
Time clauses in the future

Cuando se habla de sucesos futuros se usa el tiempo presente despus de una conjuncin de tiempo.
Main clause
sujeto
Time clause
will + base form of main verb
Ill tell you when he arrives.

Well clean the house before your mother comes.
He wont know anything until you tell him.
14
when / while / until / as soon as / after / before
sujeto
present tense
Grammar reference
Expressing the future in English
Watch out!
Expresar el futuro en ingls puede ser difcil porque los tiempos verbales que se usan son, a
menudo, diferentes de los que se usan en otros idiomas.
Dont worry, Ill help you. (will para ofrecimientos)
Dont worry, I help you.
Ill answer the phone. (will para ofrecimientos)
Im going to answer the phone.
Will you explain this to me? (will para peticiones)
Do you explain this to me?
What are you doing tonight? (presente continuo para planes)
What do you do tonight?
Hell be angry when we tell him. (presente despus de conjunciones de tiempo)
Hell be angry when we will tell him.
Future perfect
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / you / he / she / it / we / theyll have

travelled
I / you / he / she / it / we / they

wont have travelled
Will / Wont I / you / he / she / it / we / they have

travelled?
Use
Examples
Expressions often used with the future perfect
To describe an action that will be

complete by a particular time in the
future
Well have completed the Camino

de Santiago by the end of this
week.
by (tomorrow / next week), by the end of ,

by then, in three weeks, in ten years time

Afirmativa
sujeto + will have + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. Ill have visited, theyll have seen)
Negativa
sujeto + wont have + participio pasado del verbo principal
(p. ej. she wont have bought, you wont have arrived)
Interrogativa
will + sujeto + have + participio pasado del
verbo principal + ?
Will you have phoned? Will they have eaten?
Future continuous
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I / you / he / she / it / we / theyll

be travelling
I / you / he / she / it / we / they

wont be travelling
Will / Wont I / you / he / she / it / we / they be

travelling?
Use
Examples
Expressions often used with the future continuous
To describe a continuous action

in the future
This time next year hell be

working in New York.
this time next (week / month / year), next weekend, in a

year, in a weeks time, at (five) oclock

Afirmativa
sujeto + will be + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. Ill be flying, theyll be watching)
Negativa
sujeto + wont be + forma -ing del verbo principal
(p. ej. she wont be studying, you wont be driving)
Interrogativa
will + sujeto + be + forma -ing del verbo principal
+ ?
(p. ej. Will you be staying ? Will they be going ?
15
Grammar reference
Unit 4
Relative clauses
Una oracin de relativo nos ampla la informacin de una persona o un tema. Generalmente
viene introducida por un pronombre relativo pero, en algunos casos, este puede omitirse.
Relative pronouns
Relative pronoun
Examples
who refers to a person.*
His sister, who is an architect, is sitting over there.
which refers to an object, place or idea.
London, which is the capital of England, is on the River Thames.
that refers to an object, place or idea or person in defining

relative clauses only (see below).
It is more impersonal than who, so we use it when talking about
someones role or attribute.
This is a place that I would like to visit.

She is the person that you need to see.
He is someone that is interested in other people.
where refers to a location.
This is the place where we last saw him.
whose indicates possession, by both people and things.
This is an idea whose time has come.

I dont know whose coat this is.
when refers to a time.
1994 was the year when we got married.
why refers to a reason or explanation.
Can you tell me the reason why you are late?
* who tambin puede referirse al objeto de la oracin mediante whom, pero solo en
situaciones muy formales:
He is the boy whom we have hired. (muy poco frecuente)
He is the boy who we have hired. (mucho ms comn)
En algunas circunstancias what puede ser un pronombre relativo para una cosa o idea:
I dont know what it is.
What we need is a microscope.
Defining relative clauses

Las oraciones de relativo especificativas aaden informacin esencial:
She is the person who / that is going to be our new boss.
This is an idea which / that merits consideration.
A menudo, si se omite la oracin de relativo especificativa, la frase no tiene sentido:
London is the place where we met.
Los pronombres relativos who, that y which generalmente se pueden omitir cuando son el
objeto en una oracin de relativo especificativa:
He is someone (who / that) Id like to meet.
This is something (which / that) Id like to know.
Los pronombres relativos who, that y which no se pueden omitir si son el sujeto en una
oracin especificativa:
She is the person who / that is responsible for the situation.
Pero where, when y why no siempre se pueden omitir por lo que es aconsejable mantenerlos.
Non-defining relative clauses

Una oracin de relativo explicativa no aade informacin esencial:
My mother, who lives with us, works as a teacher.
Se puede omitir la oracin de relativo explicativa sin que afecte al significado bsico de la frase.
Einstein[, whose father was an engineer,] was born in 1879.
He moved to England[, where his girlfriend was living].
16
Grammar reference
Siempre se usan comas delante y, si es necesario, detrs de una oracin de este tipo. Si no se
usan, el significado cambia y tenemos una oracin de relativo especificativa, no explicativa.
Comparacin:
The dog, which was sick yesterday, is fine this morning.
En este caso el interlocutor solo tiene un perro. La oracin de relativo (which was sick
yesterday) proporciona informacin adicional no esencial sobre dicho perro.
The dog which was sick yesterday is fine this morning.
En este caso el interlocutor tiene ms de un perro. La oracin de relativo (which was sick
yesterday) es vital porque nos dice de qu perro est hablando.
Watch out!
En las oraciones de relativo explicativas no se puede usar that.
Mr Rogers, who that works with my father, lives over there.
Chess, which that is a game I hate, is getting more popular.
Word order: prepositions

Las preposiciones que afectan al pronombre relativo suelen ir al final de la oracin de relativo.
He is the person (who / that) I was telling you about.
This book, which everybody is talking about, is quite boring.
En contextos extremadamente formales se puede poner la preposicin antes del pronombre
relativo, pero ese caso es muy poco comn.
This is a position with which the government cannot agree.
Adverbs of manner
Los adverbios de modo describen cmo pasa o se hace algo.
He sings beautifully.
She is behaving very selfishly.
The snow is falling heavily.
Los adverbios de modo se forman de la siguiente manera:
adjetivos que no acaban en -y: sad sadly
adjetivos que acaban en -y: happy happily
Algunos adverbios de modo irregulares son: well, fast y hard.
La posicin de los adverbios de modo dentro de una oracin es un tanto flexible, sin
embargo, la nica posicin que siempre es correcta es despus del verbo, y despus del
objeto si lo hay.
He plays the piano well.

VERBO OBJETO
ADVERBIO DE MODO
He plays well the piano.
T hey were walking slowly.
VERBO
ADVERBIO DE MODO

En ingls es muy frecuente usar not + un adverbio de modo negativo en lugar de un
adverbio de modo positivo.
Shes not doing badly. (= Le va bien.)
Hes not doing very well. (= Le va mal.)
17
Grammar reference
Unit 5
Conditionals
Type of
conditional
Formation
Uses
Examples
If clause
Main clause
Zero
conditional
If + present simple,
present simple
To describe general truths
If people like their work, they

are usually happy.
First
conditional
If + present simple,
will + base form of

main verb
To describe an event in the

future that depends on another
action in the near future
If I study a lot, Ill pass

the exam.
Second
conditional
If + past simple,
would + base form of

main verb
To describe a hypothetical
event in the present or future
If we had more money, wed

live in a better house.
Third
conditional
If + had + past
would have + past
participle (past perfect), participle
To describe a hypothetical
event in the past
If shed arrived earlier,

she wouldnt have missed
the bus.
General
En las frases condicionales no es importante el orden. La oracin condicional if (oracin
subordinada) puede ir la primera o la segunda:
Ill tell you if he comes. / If he comes, Ill tell you.
Cuando se pone primero la oracin condicional if, esta va seguida de una coma:
If you know the answer, you need to tell me.
First conditional vs. second conditional

Se usa la primera condicional cuando hay posibilidades reales de que algo ocurra. Se usa
la segunda condicional cuando hay serias dudas de que algo vaya a suceder.
Primera condicional: If you work hard, youll pass the exam. (Creo que hay una
posibilidad real de que estudies mucho y apruebes el examen.)
Segunda condicional: If you worked hard, youd pass the exam. (Creo que probablemente
no estudies mucho, y por tanto no aprobars el examen.)
Contractions in the second and third conditionals

Watch out!
La contraccin d de la segunda condicional siempre se refiere a would:
If you paid more attention, youd learn more. youd learn = you would learn
La contraccin d en la tercera condicional se refiere a would en la oracin principal y a had
en la oracin condicional if:
Id have been very sad if youd not spoken to me. = I would have been very sad if you had
not spoken to me.
was in the second conditional

En general, no se considera correcto usar was despus de if en la segunda condicional. En
su lugar se usa were:
If I were you, Id accept the job.
If she were more patient, shed be happier.
18
Grammar reference
unless
Unless significa lo mismo que if not. Se usa con ms frecuencia con la primera condicional:
If you dont read more, your spelling will never improve. = Unless you read more, your spelling
will never improve.
as long as / provided (that) / providing (that)

Todas estas expresiones significan on condition that y se usan para demostrar nfasis. Se
pueden usar en una oracin condicional de los tipos cero, primera y segunda.
Condicional cero: People generally work hard as long as / provided (that) / providing (that)
they like their jobs.
Primer condicional: Ill see you tonight as long as / provided (that) / providing (that) you come
to my house.
Segundo condicional: Hed go to New York as long as / provided (that) / providing (that) they
gave him a free flight.
Uses of the gerund

As the subject of a sentence
Surfing the Internet can become addictive.
Smoking is bad for you.
After prepositions
After leaving the caf, he went for a walk.
She stayed at home instead of going out.
He wasnt keen on sleeping in the dark.
Watch out!
after to leave the caf
instead of to go out
Common expressions with the gerund

be used to + gerundio
(p. ej. She is used to working in busy places.)
get used to + gerundio
(p. ej. You get used to getting up early.)
be good / bad at + gerundio
(p. ej. He is good at doing calculations but bad at learning languages.)
19
Grammar reference
Unit 6
Modal verbs
Meaning
Modal verb
Examples
Ability
See note 1
can
He can swim very well.
be able to
Shes been able to ski for years.
could
They could help us but they dont want to.
Possibility / Speculation
could / may / might
The skys dark. It could / may / might rain soon.
Positive deduction
must
His face is red. He must be hot.
Negative deduction
cant
She is very honest. She cant be the thief.
Obligation
See note 2
must / have to
Its my first day at work tomorrow. I have to /

must get up early.
Necessity
need to
To stop global warming, we need to reduce

greenhouse gases.
Positive recommendation /
Mild obligation
should / ought to
We ought to / should see Uncle Joe this weekend.

We havent seen him for a long time.
Prohibition
See note 3
mustnt
You mustnt smoke in here. Its illegal.
can't
We can't drive into the city centre.
No obligation / No necessity
See notes 3 and 4
dont have to / dont need to / neednt
I dont work at the weekend, so I dont have to /

dont need to / neednt get up early.
Negative recommendation
shouldnt / oughtnt to
You oughtnt to / shouldnt eat so much youre

getting fat.
Permission / Request
can / could / may
You may leave now.

Can / Could you open the door?
La mayora de los verbos modales

tienen la misma forma para todas las personas: I can, you can, he can, etc.
no usan do / does en su forma negativa o interrogativa: Must you come so late?
I shouldnt be so lazy, etc.
van seguidos de infinitivo sin to: we must go, they should see, etc.
Watch out!
Be able to, have to y need to no presentan la misma forma para todas las personas:
I am able to, he has to, she needs to, etc.
Have to y need to s usan do / does en sus formas negativa e interrogativa:
Do I have to practise? You dont need to wait, etc.
Be able to, have to, need to y ought to no se pueden usar sin to:
we have to go, they ought to understand, etc.
1 Capacidad: can, could

Watch out!
Can no tiene tiempo futuro o presente perfecto. Para expresar dichos tiempos se usa will
be able to / have been able to.
Well be able to speak Italian after this course.
Well can speak Italian after this course.
Ive been able to walk since I was two.
Ive could walk since I was two.
Could puede expresar dos tipos de capacidad:
a) Capacidad real en el pasado: Mozart could play the piano when he was very young (= poda,
era capaz de).
b) Capacidad hipottica en presente o futuro : They could help us, but they dont want to
(= podran, seran capaces de).
20
Grammar reference
2 must: diferentes tiempos verbales
Watch out!
Must no presenta los tiempos pasado simple, futuro o presente perfecto. Para expresar
dichos tiempos se usa had to / will have to / have had to.
I had to go to the dentists yesterday.
I must go to the dentists yesterday.
Hell have to pay the rent tomorrow.
Hell must pay the rent tomorrow.
3 must / have to en negativa

Watch out!
Must y have to tienen significados muy diferentes en negativa:
You mustnt smoke. = prohibicin
You dont have to smoke. = ausencia de necesidad / obligacin
4 need: negativa
Need puede formar la negativa de dos formas:
a) Con dont / doesnt, seguido de infinitivo: He doesnt need to work.
b) Con not, seguido de infinitivo sin to: He neednt work.
Modal perfects
Meaning
Modal perfect verb
Examples
Positive deduction about a

past event
must have + past participle
The door is open. Someone must have entered.

She must have recycled the rubbish; its all gone.
Negative deduction about

a past event
cant have + past participle
Hes in prison at the moment, so he cant have committed the

crime.
She cant have recycled the rubbish; its still there.
Speculation about a past

event
See note 2
may have / might have + past

participle
I havent seen her at work for a long time. She may have /
might have got a new job.
He may have taken the rubbish outside. Why? He might
have decided to recycle it.
Hypothetical ability in
the past
could have + past participle
Im a very good mountaineer. Im sure that I could have

climbed the mountain if it hadnt started snowing.
You could have recycled the rubbish if you hadnt been
playing games.
Criticism or regret
should have / ought to have +

past participle
Your room is very dirty. You should have / ought to have

cleaned it yesterday.
You should have / ought to have recycled the rubbish; now
theres nowhere left to put it.
Los modales perfectos se forman de la siguiente manera:

modal + have + participio pasado
(p. ej. he might have seen, you might have gone)
Se refieren a una accin posible o hipottica del pasado.
1 must have; cant have; may have / might have

Se usa must have cuando se tiene la seguridad de que algo ha pasado:
The road is wet, so it must have rained.
Se usa cant have cuando se tiene la seguridad de que algo no ha pasado:
His bedroom light isnt on, so he cant have come home yet.
21
Grammar reference
Se usa may have / might have cuando no se sabe seguro si algo ha pasado:
Wheres Sal? I dont know. She may have / might have missed the bus.
En la negativa, not se coloca entre el verbo modal y have:
Fuad didnt answer my email. He may not have / might not have received it.
2 may have frente a might have

Se puede usar may have o might have cuando an no se sabe qu ha pasado; se tiene que
usar might have cuando existi la posibilidad pero ya se sabe que no pas.
Wheres Ian? Hes never been late before. He may have had an accident. (no lo sabemos)
You took a risk coming by unicycle. You might have had an accident.
(pero no fue as)
Talking about possibility / the future

1 be about to + forma base del verbo
Be about to se refiere a una accin que va a tener lugar ahora:
You look nervous. Im about to meet my girlfriends parents.
2 be bound to + forma base del verbo

Be bound to se refiere a algo que seguro va a pasar:
Hes bound to be happy when you tell him the good news.
3 be likely / unlikely to + forma base del verbo

Be likely to se refiere a algo que muy probablemente pase. Be unlikely to se refiere a algo
que muy probablemente no pase:
Shes likely to get angry if you continue to ignore her.
Were unlikely to get there before nine oclock because there is so much traffic.
22
Grammar reference
Unit 7
Formation of the passive
Simple tenses
Tense
Active
Passive
Present simple
James designs the ads.
The ads are designed by James.
Past simple
James designed the ads.
The ads were designed by James.
Future simple: will
James will design the ads.
The ads will be designed by James.
Conditional
James would design the ads.
The ads would be designed by James.
Tense
Active
Passive
Present perfect
James has designed the ads.
The ads have been designed by James.
Past perfect
James had designed the ads.
The ads had been designed by James.
Future perfect
James will have designed the ads.
The ads will have been designed by James.
Past conditional
James would have designed the ads.
The ads would have been designed by James.
Tense
Active
Passive
Present continuous
James is designing the ads.
The ads are being designed by James.
Past continuous
James was designing the ads.
The ads were being designed by James.
Perfect tenses
Continuous tenses
Generalmente la pasiva no se usa en los dems tiempos verbales.
Modal verbs and be going to

Tense
Active
Passive
Present modals
James must design the ads.

James could design the ads.
The ads must be designed by James.

The ads could be designed by James.
Modal perfects
James must have designed the ads.

James could have designed the ads.
The ads must have been designed by James.

The ads could have been designed by James.
have to / need to
James has to design the ads.

James needs to design the ads.
The ads have to be designed by James.

The ads need to be designed by James.
be going to
James is going to design the ads.
The ads are going to be designed by James.
Form of the passive

1 Tiempos simple, perfecto y continuo
2 Verbos modales
Afirmativa: verbo to be + participio pasado

(p. ej. They were photographed.)
Afirmativa: verbo modal + be / have been +

participio pasado
(p. ej. Ads should be banned. The road must have been closed.)
Negativa: verbo to be en negativa + participio pasado

Negativa: negativa del verbo modal + be / have been +
(p. ej. She wasnt fired. I wont be chosen.)
participio pasado
Interrogativa: interrogativa del verbo to be +
(p. ej. This mustnt be done. It couldnt have been stopped.)
participio pasado
Interrogativa: interrogativa del verbo modal + be / have
(p. ej. Have you been told?)
been + participio pasado
(p. ej. Should they be checked? Could this have been prevented?)
23
Grammar reference
Uses
Se usa la pasiva cuando se tiene ms inters en la accin que en la persona o cosa que realiza la accin:
The house was completely destroyed by the fire.
Tambin se usa la pasiva cuando se tiene ms inters en la persona que recibe la accin que en la
persona que la realiza:
I cant believe it! The President has been arrested by the police.
Tambin se usa la pasiva cuando no se sabe (o no se quiere decir) quin realiza la accin:
A man has been shot.
Se usa by para introducir a la persona o la cosa que realiza la accin (el agente):
He was hit by a car.
Watch out!
En ingls se usa con frecuencia la pasiva cuando en otros idiomas se usara otro tipo de
construccin (como una activa, una impersonal o un verbo reflexivo):
It is reported that
This house was built by my father.
English is spoken here.
I was told that
Verbs with two objects

En ingls algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto de un objeto directo como de un objeto indirecto.
He gave me a great present.
En esta frase, a great present es el objeto directo: es la cosa que se ha dado. Me es el objeto indirecto:
se me ha dado a m.
They only told three people the bad news.
En esta frase, the bad news es el objeto directo: es la cosa que se dice. Three people es el objeto
indirecto: solo se le ha dicho a tres personas.
Cuando transformamos estas frases en pasivas, la informacin que queremos destacar / enfatizar va
despus del verbo:
I was given a great present.
The present was given to Joe on his birthday.
Watch out!
Presta atencin a la forma de los pronombres:
los pronombres objeto se convierten en pronombres sujeto, p. ej. me I.
Causative passive
Se usa have / get + nombre + participio pasado para indicar situaciones en las que planificamos
que alguien haga algo por nosotros (nos preste un servicio):
I had / got my house painted last week.
Shes going to have / get her eyes checked next week.
Get es ms informal que have.
Watch out!
I had / got my house painted last week. (Contrat a alguien para que me pintara la casa)
I painted my house last week. (Lo hice yo mismo)
Tambin se usa have / get + nombre + participio pasado para indicar acciones desagradables que
nos afectan:
He had his flight cancelled last month.
Ive had my car stolen!
Watch out!
I had my hair cut last week.
They cut my hair last week.
I cut my hair last week.
24
Grammar reference
Unit 8
Reported speech
Tense changes
En general, los verbos del estilo indirecto retroceden un tiempo verbal ms hacia el pasado que
el verbo correspondiente del estilo directo.
Tense changes
Direct speech
Reported speech
present simple past simple
I work in a school.
He said that he worked in a school.
past simple past perfect simple
I worked in a school.
He said that he had worked in a school.
present perfect simple past perfect simple
I have worked in a school.
He said that he had worked in a school.
future simple conditional
I will work in a school.
He said that he would work in a school.
future perfect past conditional
I will have worked in a

school.
He said that he would have worked in

a school.
present continuous past continuous
I am working in a school.
He said that he was working in a school.
past continuous past perfect continuous
I was working in a school.
He said that he had been working in

a school.
present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
I have been working in a

school.
He said that he had been working in

a school.
future continuous conditional continuous
I will be working in a school.
He said that he would be working in

a school.
Simple tenses
Continuous tenses
1 Verbos modales: cambios

Direct speech
Reported speech
can
could
may
might
must / have to
had to
2 Verbos que NO cambian

past perfect, conditional, past conditional
could, might, should, ought to, used to
all modal perfects
En el estilo indirecto, a menudo, tenemos que cambiar los pronombres personales:

I like you, he told Emily. He told Emily that he liked her.
We split up because he cheated on me, said Deborah.
Deborah said that they had split up because he had cheated on her.
that
El uso de that despus de un verbo en estilo indirecto es opcional. Se usa that en contextos ms
formales y cuando ayuda a aclarar el significado.
He said (that) it was a joke.
(informal)
The President said that he had declared war. (formal)
25
Grammar reference
Changes to adverbs and reference
Direct speech
Reported speech
today
(on) that (very) day
yesterday
the day before
tomorrow
the next day / the following day
tonight
in the evening / that evening
last year / a year ago
the year before
next (week / year)
the following (week / year)
now
at the moment / at that moment / then
here
there
this / these
that / those
that / those
the
Reporting verbs
1 say / tell
Se usa say cuando no hay objeto indirecto:
He said that he would be late.
Se usa say to o tell cuando hay objeto indirecto:
He said to us that he would be late. / He told us that he would be late.
Watch out!
He said to me that he would be late.
He said me that he would be late.
He told me that he would be late.
He told to me that he would be late.
2 Otros verbos de comunicacin

Para comunicar lo que dice la gente, generalmente, se usan los siguientes verbos:
add
admit
agree
announce
answer
argue
deny
explain
maintain
point out
predict
remark
reply
report
suggest
warn
He denied that he had made a mistake.

She argued that streaming was unfair.
3 Verbos + gerundio
En la pgina 6 hay una lista con los verbos que van seguidos de gerundio. Para comunicar
lo que dice la gente se pueden usar los siguientes:
deny
discuss
imagine
recommend
suggest
He denied making a mistake.

She suggested going to the theatre.
26
Grammar reference
Reported questions
En las preguntas indirectas siempre se usa la forma afirmativa del verbo y no se usa signo de
interrogacin:
He asked me where I lived.
He asked me where did I live?
1 Preguntas de respuesta S / No
Para introducir preguntas indirectas en las que la respuesta es yes o no se usa if o whether. El
formato de las preguntas de respuesta s / no en estilo indirecto es:
if / whether + sujeto + verbo en afirmativa
Direct speech
Reported speech
He asked me, Do you work in a school?
He asked me if / whether I worked in a school.
Watch out!
He asked me did I work in a school?
2 Preguntas con partcula interrogativa WhLas preguntas con partcula interrogativa Wh- empiezan con palabras como what, where, why,
how. Estas preguntas no se pueden responder simplemente con yes o no. El formato de las
preguntas con partcula interrogativa when el estilo indirecto es:
partcula interrogativa + sujeto + verbo en afirmativa
Direct speech
Reported speech
She asked me, When are you leaving?
She asked me when I was leaving.
Watch out!
She asked me when was I leaving?
Reported requests and commands

1 ask / tell
Peticiones: ask + objeto indirecto (me, him, her, etc.) + infinitivo
rdenes: tell + objeto indirecto (me, him, her, etc.) + infinitivo
Type
Direct speech
Reported speech
Request
She asked me, Can you open the window?
She asked me to open the window.
Command
He said to her, Do your homework!
He told her to do her homework.
Watch out!
He told her to wait for him.
He told her that she waited for him.
They asked him to send the email.
They asked that he sent the email.
Con las peticiones y rdenes negativas se pone not delante de infinitivo:
He said to me: Dont touch the fire!
He told me not to touch the fire.
He told me dont touch the fire.
27
Grammar reference
2 Otros verbos + objeto indirecto + infinitivo
Se pueden usar los siguientes verbos, tambin seguidos de objeto indirecto + infinitivo, para
comunicar peticiones y rdenes en estilo indirecto:
advise
allow
beg
encourage
force
help
need
order
persuade
remind
They begged us to come.

She encouraged him to try harder.
Compound adjectives
Los adjetivos compuestos constan de dos palabras unidas mediante un guin (): well-balanced,
part-time.
Cuando los adjetivos compuestos formados por un adverbio acabado en -ly + adjetivo
(p. ej. badly run, strongly held) van antes del nombre que describen, generalmente no llevan
guin. Cuando van detrs del nombre no lo llevan nunca.
He has strongly held / strongly-held views.
He has views that are strongly held.
28
Grammar reference
Basic rules for punctuation and capital letters
El objetivo principal de la puntuacin es dejar claro
el significado.
Punto
El uso principal del punto es marcar el final de una frase
que no sea interrogativa ni exclamativa.
Hes been living in London for three years.
Tambin se usa el punto para indicar los decimales:
10.56 0.67%
Coma
El papel de la coma es agrupar las palabras que van
juntas y separar las que no van juntas para aclarar el
significado de las frases. Generalmente, se usa la coma
donde se hara una pausa al hablar.
Usos
1 Antes de las conjunciones (and, but, or, etc.) que
separan oraciones, no palabras individuales:
He likes speaking English, but he doesnt speak
it very well.
There are no women or children here. (sin coma)
2 Para introducir el estilo directo:
Sam said, Do you like living here?
3 Para indicar contraste o simetra:
He was happy, but tired.
4 Para separar palabras / frases que no son parte de la
oracin principal (se necesitan dos comas):
Peter, however, is not his real name.
5 Para separar oraciones de relativo explicativas:
Maria, whos Spanish, has relatives in England.
6 Despus de adverbios y oraciones adverbiales al
comienzo de una frase:
Slowly, he walked up the hill.
7 Para separar los elementos de una lista:
Ive visited Paris, Berlin, Barcelona and Madrid.
Generalmente no se pone coma antes de la palabra and
cuando esta introduce el ltimo elemento de la lista.
8 Para separar adjetivos referidos al mismo concepto:
an ugly, unpleasant city
Pero no se usan comas para separar los adjetivos que
se refieren a conceptos diferentes:
a big red car
9 Para separar los miles y los millones en los nmeros:
1,345 30,395 5,234,402
Apstrofe
El apstrofe tiene dos usos principales:
1 Para indicar verbos contrados:
Im watching it.
Shes been crying.
Id like some ice cream.
2 Para indicar posesin:
Darrens house, the Smiths car
Watch out!
a) Si el nombre est en plural y termina en s, se aade el
apstrofe despus de la misma.
the Smiths car
b) Its solo es una forma verbal contrada. Nunca puede
indicar posesin:
Its too late to cancel.
I want to learn about London and its history.
Signo de interrogacin
El uso principal de un signo de interrogacin es indicar
una pregunta directa:
Are you coming tonight?
Tambin se usa un signo de interrogacin en las
preguntas de confirmacin:
Youre coming tonight, arent you?
No se usa signo de interrogacin en las preguntas
indirectas:
He wants to know if youre coming tonight.
Signo de exclamacin
Se usa un signo de exclamacin:
1 Para expresar una emocin intensa:
What a pity!
Im so happy!
What a great film!
2 Para dar una orden o una advertencia:
Look out!
Listen!
3 Para llamar a alguien:
Hey, Bryan!
Taxi!
Dos puntos
Se usan los dos puntos antes de una lista o una
explicacin:
Ive bought some food: six eggs, some butter and a pint
of milk.
29
Grammar reference
Comillas en el estilo directo

1 Cuando las comillas de cierre estn al final de una
frase, el punto / signo de interrogacin / exclamacin
que cierra la cita se coloca dentro de las comillas:
Mark said, I like living here.
Jason asked, What are you doing?
2 Cuando las comillas de cierre no estn al final de la
frase, no se permite poner un punto: este se sustituye
por una coma inmediatamente antes de las comillas
de cierre. Los signos de exclamacin o interrogacin al
final de la cita se conservan.
I like living here, Kate said.
What are you doing? Sally asked.
Letras maysculas
Se usa mayscula:
1 Al principio de una frase nueva:
They want to emigrate.
2 Al principio del estilo directo:
He asked me, How are you?
3 Con los nombres propios, incluyendo los nombres de
personas:
Madrid, Chicago, Holland, James Rice, Helen Grey.
4 Con las nacionalidades y los idiomas:
Im learning Italian.
I think Brazilians are very spontaneous.
Theyre Swedish.
5 Con los das y meses:
Monday, September
6 Con el pronombre (de primera persona) I:
You and I are the best couple ever!
30

Grammar Performance 1

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Performance 1

I / you / we / they live

I / you / we / they dont (do

Do I / you / we / they live?

Yes, I / you / we / they do.

he / she / it / one* lives

he / she / it / one doesnt

Does he / she / it / one live?

Yes, he / she / it / one does.

Expressions often used with the present simple

To describe habits or routines

He gets up at eight oclock

To describe facts or scientific laws

Many people live in China.

The train leaves at five

always, in general, on the whole, usually, normally, often,

Pero la negativa del verbo to be no usa dont / doesnt: Im not, he isnt,

Performance 1 / Grammar reference Pearson Educacin, S. A., 2013

Im (am) not living

you / we / theyre (are) living

you / we / they arent (are

Are you / we / they living?

Yes, you / we / they are.

he / she / its (is) living

he / she / it isnt (is not)

Yes, he / she / it is.

Expressions often used with the present continuous

She is crossing the road.

now, right now, at the moment

To describe situations that are

He is living with his sister this

currently, for the time being, at present, this week / month /

With always, to express

Youre always arriving late.

1 Afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa

2 Ortografa de la forma -ing

3 Partculas interrogativas comunes

Why dont you like me?

How do you spell this word?

Which colour do you prefer?

How much homework do you do?

Who do you know at this party?

How many Facebook friends do you have?

Whose coat is that?

How often do you come here?

Performance 1 / Grammar reference Pearson Educacin, S. A., 2013

I / you / we / theyve (have)

I / you / we / they havent

Have I / you / we / they

Yes, I / you / we / they have.

he / she / its (has) seen

he / she / it hasnt (has not)

Has he / she / it seen?

Yes, he / she / it has.

Expressions often used with the present perfect simple

This has been a big problem up

up to / up till / till / until now, so far

1 Afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa

I / you / we / theyve been

Have I / you / we / they been living?

Yes, I / you / we / they have.

he / she / its been (has

he / she / it hasnt been

Has he / she / it been living?