BOLTED CON

ECTIONS

siru'ctures are to be formed by connecting available standard

sections there is need for designing
i.,.:!r*tng connections:

{rrru Hrlflsl
illlllllilrrrl ii"t

'u: 'nferent sections to form the required composite section of a member (e.g. connecting plates,
uq.les. channels, I-sections etc.)
: tLierent members at their ends (e.g. secondary beams to main beams, beams to
columns,
:,;iumns to footing or members of trusser etc.).
l"lll:rttrrlt

lllinur

of connections is very important because the failure ofjoint is sudden

and catastrophic.
i:i'-';w'ing three types of connections may be made
turs;iEn

in steel structures:

,,1

fur'eted

Eernted

'6'elded.

1r;

lm th$ chapter brief introduction is given

to riveted connection and detailed design procedure is extor bolted connections. The design of welded connections is explained
in chapter 4.

pl-tttiur':nre;

3,

RIVETED CONNECTION

Mrr"mng is a method ofjoining together pieces of metal

by inserting ductile metal pins called rivets into
lmmuri -f pieces to be connected and
forrning a head at the end of the rivet to prevent
ffiirn ;oming out. Figure 3.1 shows connecting two plates by
"""t
riveting.

i"""r"pi#

lfrlinre

holes are made in the structural members to be connected by punching

or by drilling. The size of
bole is kept slightly more (1.5 to 2 mm) than the size of rivei. After
the rivet holes in the members
mrc rnatched, a red hot rivet is inserted which
has a shop made head on one side and the length of which
um ilr4fttly more than the
combined thicknesses of the members to be connected. Then holding red
hot
mm,rtr ar shop head end, hammering is made. It results
into expansion of the rivet to compteteiy flll up
the
mrux hole and also into fonnation at driven head. Desired shapes
can be given to the driven head. The
m:rn,mlg may be in the workshops or in the field.
mlri"ff

Design of Steel Strucrures

36

ffi

..;i:.,'EEl{l

trfiid.

15*49

Riveting has the following disadvantages:

(a) It is associated with high level of noise pollution.

(b) It needs hedting the rivet to red hot.
(c) Inspection of connection is a skilled work.
(d) Removing poorly installed rivets is costly.
(e) Labour cost is high.
Production of weldable qualrty steel and introduction of high strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)
replaced use of rivets. Design procedure for riveted connections is same as that for bolted
except that the effective diameter of rivets may be takelSs rivet hole diarleter instead of nominal
eter of rivet. Hence riveted connection iq not discussed further in this chapter.
:

3.2 BOLTED

CONNECTIONS

shank threaded at the other in order to

rsed for joining together pieces of metals by inserting them through holes in the
tigtrteningttre nut at the threaded ends. Figure 3.2 shows a typical bolt.

bolt is a metal oin ivith

a head formed

3|E.[Atr *"

E-a

Bolts are classified

,f
)
\
L

as:

(a'l Unfinished (Black) Bolts

@) Finished (Turned) Bolts
(c) High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts.

Fi.trd
ttrt&rc-l
cd ' 'btai
tilrdFqtl
5*',righ#
dtubof

L{

bc'nGilti
bofrrcshd

cirrrrlrclrJf

Bolted Connections

-Bolt

37

Head

ominal Diameter

H,,,

u
Figure 3.2 Bolt and nul.

llu-rrrr rs.lrled/B la

ck Bo lts

mturuuur

tm&ts are made from mild steel rods with square

orhexagonal head. The shank is left unfinished i.e.
rumugururolled.Thoughtheblackboltsofnominaldiameter(diameterofshank)ofsizes

r"

l*n mr.''l 36

12,16,20,22,24,

mm are available, commonly used bolt diameters me 16, 20,24,30 and

36 mm. These bolts

mrugnated as M16, lfao,M24,etc. IS 1364 (r,afi l) gives

specifications for such bolts. In structural
to be connected holes are made larger than nominal diameter
of bolts. As shanks of black bolts
rnmn nrmfinnished, the bolt
may not establish contact with structural member at entire zone of contact
surface.
".trlfill,mq; ;E63i1quite loose resulting into large deflections.
The yietd strength of commonly used black bolts
N
N mm2 and ultimate sttength +oo N7m-2. These u"ro
,r"Jior light structures under static loads
"'rufli
1|||1tumr-t ss trusses,
bracings and also for temporary connections required during erections.
,ilmm

nilllllllrllllwmnrq'

*.

/Turned Bolts
thnsE bolts are also made from
mild steel, but they are formed from hexagonal rods, which are finished
n muning to
a circular shape. Actual dimension oithese bolts are kept l 2
mm to 1.3 mm larger than the
Mmmmal diameter. As usual the bolt hole is
kept 1.5 mm larger thanihe nominal diameter. Hence toler;WIr available for fiuing is quite small. It needs special
methods to align bolt holes before bolting. As

more tight, it results into much better bearing

lY*io'is
are used in special jobs
lnnums

r-! specifications for such bolts.

mer

contact between the bolts and holes. These

like connecting machine parts subjected to dynami;

*'gh Strength Friction Grip

liE HSFG bolts are made from

;;;rg..

iS :o+o

.or-

{HSFG) Bolts

high strength steel rods. The surface of the shank is kept unfinished
as
fre case of black bolts. These bolts are tightened to a proof load using
calibrated r,vrenches. Hence
mq' gnp the members tightly. In addition nuts are provided by using clamping
devices. If the joint is
srubjected to shearing load it is primarily resisted by
frictional flrce between the members and washers.
The shank of the bolt is not subjected to any shearing.
This results into no-slippage in the joint.
im

Hence
bolts can be used to connect members subjected to dynamic loads also.
The successful introduction
*:r HSFG bolt resulted into replacement of rivets
. rs 3747 specifies various dimensions for such bolts
amd for their washers and nuts. Commonly
available nominaf diameter of HSFG bolts are 16,20,24,30
aed 36 mm.
zuT"h

Design of Steel Structures

38

3.3 CLASSIFICATION

d{
dibaq!

OF BOLTS BASED ON TYPE OF LOAD TRANSFER

On the basis of load transfer in the connection bolts may be classified as

@rLi

naof&eficl
ffryofjniriXt

(a) Bearing Type

(b) Friction Grip Type.

revibraiosrf

Unfinished (black) bolts and finished (turned) bolts belong to bearing type since they transfer
force from one member to other member by bearing, whereas HSFG bolts belong to friction grip
since they transfer shear by friction.
Advantages of HSFG Bolts Over Bearing Type Bolts
HSFG bolts have the following advantages over unfinished or finished bolts:

1. Joints are rigid i.e., no slip takes place in the joint'

2. As load transfer is mainly by friction, the bolts are not subjected to shearing and bearing

trcudi

of the tuls *1
,&ction oflmd l-Distonce (t.lpl
fomeasuredatrigk

tuh

stresses.

3. High static strength due to high frictional resistance.

4. High fatigue strength since nuts are prevented from loosening

5.

and stress concentrations avoided

due to friction grip.

Smaller number of bolts result into smaller sizes of gusset plates.

Disadvantages of HSFG Bolts

[I

The following are the disadvantages of HSFG bolts over bearing type bolts:

1. Material cost is high.

2. The special attention is to be given to workmarrship especially to give them right amount
of tension.

3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

k):11
Fig.3.3).
End Distance k't: li
Edge Distance

Fig.3.3).
OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

The following are the advantages of bolted connections over riveted or welded connections:

1. Making joints is noiseless.

2. Do not need skilled labour.
3. Needs less labour.
4. Connections can be made quickly.
5. Structure can be put to use immediately.
6. Accornmodates minor discrepancies in dimensions'
7. Alterations, if any, can be done easily.
8. Working area required in the field is less.

Staggered

Distance:l

the memberas

shori

Bolted Connections

39

xmsiie strength is reduced considerably

due to stress concentrations and reduction ofarea at
Lr,i

"

r_|Jt of the threads.

t-g it]- ofjoints is reduced

due to loose fit, resulting into excessive deflections.

Irre :o Yibrations nuts are likely to loosen, endangering
the safety ofthe structures.

:..: -E,ulNoLOGY
*flr*

iirlL: &lng terms used in the bolted connections

are deflned below:

:' . ': ''tf the bolts (p); It is the

centre to centre spacing of the bolts in a row, measured
r:rdon of load. It is shown as op, inFig. 3.3.
':

: " te Di'vtance (g
)

along the

. It is the distance between the two consecutive bolts

of adjacent rows and

:! :reaSUred at right angles to the direction

of load. (Ref. Fig. 3.3)

-H

EF-

Figure 3.3 pitch, gauge distance and edge

distance.

i'lge Distance (e); I.J-is the distance of centre of bolt hole from
the adjacent
Fig. 3.3).

;:! ?X**e

edge ofplate (Ref.

(e'): It is the distance of the nearest bolt hole from

the end of the plate (Ref.

Sraggered Distqnce; It is the centre to centre distance

of staggered bolts measured obliquely on
the member as shown in Fig. 3.4.

"F
Figure 3.4 Bolt distance in staggered bolts.

4A

Design of Steel *rucfures

3.6

IS 8OO.2OO7 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SPACING AND EDGE.DISTANCES

BOLT HOLES

OF

1. Pitch 'p'shall not be less than 2.5d,where 'd?'is thehominal rliameter of bolt.
2. Pitch 'p'shall not be more than
(a) 16r or 200 mm, whictrever is lesi; in case of,tonsion members [Fig. 3.SJ,.,
P.

= l6t or 200 mm, whichever is less

Figqrq3.5

(b) I2r ar 20Ornm,r&ichever

,- ;.r,

is less,'in case ofcunpressioa rnembers where I is the

of thinnest member (Fig. 3.6).

-

""

F = l2t or 200 rnm, whichever is less

i milx

rl'--

D.-iAnn

Figure 3.6

(c) In oase of staggeredpitotLpilch uray be increased by 50 percmt-of values

specffied

provided gauge distance is less than 75 mm.

In case of butt joints maximum pitch is to be restrlctedto 4.5d for a distance of 1.5 times

-aP,^*l*
!?,J
*l p.* l+

aaaaa

aaaaa

:-

o,

I
e

Ltplmu

&s

l.s,

-J

per clause 31 and p2

Figure 3,.7

max as

-*for

per cfause 2 a

butt joints.

2b.

Tb

Bolted
-iru
,{

Connections

length 'g' should not be more than 100 + 4t or 200 mm whichever

is less.
*.r edge
distance shall not be
'iss than 1.7 x hole diameter in case of sheared or hand flame cut edges
fian 1.5 x hole diameter in case of rolled, machine flame cut, sawn and planed

gru--ge

i:rlr

r
t

-::

_ s:-

, ,,-=-,,*

-l;

l'-i

1.;rEilt

=.

edge distance (e) should not exceed

rvhere e

and I is the thickness of thinner outer plate

-'l/, where I is the thickness ofthinner connected plate, if exposed to corrosive influences
ftom the required bolt from the consideration of design forces, additional
bolts called

:l,urun_e

fasteners should be provided as specified below.

I Il r-alue of gauge length exceeds after providing design fasteners at maximum

edge dis:rnces tacking rivets should be provided

ri) At 32 r or 300 mm, whichever is less, if plates are not exposed to weather
riit At 16 t or 200 mm, whichever is ress, if plates ur, .*por.d to weather.
"r- ;3se of a member made up of two flats, or angles or tees or channels,
tacking rivets are to be
:r;"'ided along the trength to connect its components as specified below:
\ot exceeding 1000 mm, if it is tension member
Not exceeding 600 mm, if it is compression member

I
i

:::s situation is shown in Fig. 3.8

x)YC

ithe

Tacking fastener
i
I

Figure 3.8 Tacking fasteners required in a truss.

4l

42

D es ign of St e eL Struc tures

3.7

TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Types ofjoints may be grouped into tl3e folloping two;

(a) Lapjoint
(b) Buttjoint

(a) Lap Joint

It is the simplest type ofjoints. In this the plates to be cormected overlap one another. Figure 3.9
a typical lap joints.

(b) Butt Joint

In this type of connections, the two main plates abut against each other and the connection is
by providing,a single cover plate connected to main plate or by double cover plates, one on either
connected to the main plates (Ref. Fig. 3.10).

d
rd

oo
oo

refuxr

oo
(b) Double line bolting

fiiction
shear is
distributim
m agroup
stresse$

I is not
assumption
(c) Chain

(d) Zig-zag bolted

Figure 3.9 Types of lap joints.

stress

distributim

Butwithi

Ml

Bolted Connections

43

rll

olo
ill
loloi

jolol

(a) Single. uuvqr

cover buttjoint
uurr.lolnr

(b) Double cover

Lrutt

joinl

Figure 3.10 Bufi joints.

*,'IES

OF ACTIONS ON FASTEITERS

upon the types of connections and loads,

bolts are subjected to the following types

of

, .u-i one plane subjected to shear (single shear)

, planes subjected to shear (double shear)
}ire tension
r l*
rir,

&,.t moment

ii3ssrand moments in the plane of connection

!:,err and tension.

:rulllrNiili:

Jltes are shown in Fig. 3.11.

SSUMPTIONS IN DESIGN OF BEARING

BOLTS

rid"uu'ing assumptions are made

in the design of bearing (finished or unfinished)
bolted connections:

lhe friction between the plates is negligible

- lie shear is uniform over the cross_section of the bolt

' Ite distribution of stress on the plates between the bort holes is uniform
- 3olts in a group subjected to direct loads
the load equally
i 3,mding stresses developed in the bolts is share
neglected.
I is not correct because friction exists between the plates
lt:s assumption results on safer side in
the design.

IErptlon

'ii,,ii'r'ir*

r':r

as they are held

tightly by bolts.

stress distribution in the plate is not

uniform in working conditions. Stresses are very
high near
But with increase in load the fibres near the
hole start-yielding and hence stresses at
other parts

:Lr'les'

Desi,gn of Steel Struaures

*4

stait increasing. At failure, the stress distribution is uniform and the ultimate load carrying
given by the net area times the yield stress.
gro
The fourth assumption is questionable. The bolts far away from centre of gravity of bolt
of load
subject to rnore loads. In the ultimate stage all rivets have to fail,^till then redistri-bution
as$un'
permits
this
800-2007
IS
wrong.
tukihg place. Horce the assumption is not completely
being less than (5 x
short joints (distance between ii.rt *a the last 6olt in the direotion of load
long a reduction factor has been recoulmende( for finding the strength of.joint.

v
P--S

ll
*W,
-o

(a) Sheai plane on thread

"-fl-"
*L,
P.-E

w-'
(b) Two planes subject to shear

(a) eotts resrsting

(c) Biilts'in dkeci tension

Actions on fasteners.

p*" *9d"n

,,:

Bolted Connections

45

]olps

dwill
q$ion

,(d)).

(e) Bolts subject to shear and

tension

(f

Joint subject to shear and rnoment in its plane

Figure 3.11 (continued)

i O PRINCIPLES OBSERVED IN THE DESIGN

following principles are observed in the design of connections:

"
l"

.I

The centre of gravity of bolts should coincide with the centre of gravity of the connected
members
The length of connection should be kept as small as possible.
DESTGN TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLATES IN A JOTNT

in a joint made with bearing bolts may fail under tensile force due to any one of the following:

n. Bursting or Shearing of the edge @ig. 3.12).

Crushing of Plates (Fig. 3.13).
3. Rupture of Plates (Figs. 3.14 and 3.15).

i.
I

hent

The bursting or shearing and crushing failures are avoided

[5 800-2007 recommendations are provided.

if

the minimum edge/end distances as per

46

esign.of Steel Struclures

Figure 3.12 Bursting or shearing of plates.

Figure 3.13 Crushing of plates.

Figure 3..14 Rupture,of plate.

--1 4 F-.

-.-

Figure 3.15 Joint with staggered pitch.

,1,

..:-

v* nmiorl

Bolted Connections
mmrnr

di5aases are ensured in

joint, the design tensile shength of prate in

the joint is the
i

fur rhinns5l member against ruptureJ This strength is given

7_ _0.9

'dn -

: portial safety factor for

failure

til[

b/

fu

Iml
-

= 1.25

'

milttimete stress

ret effective area of the plate at critical section, which is givenby

of the material

,z I
[
=lb-ndo+>+1,
L
"Ei)

'mddh ofplate

= &ickness of thinner plate in

"

An

at ultimate stress

,1,

47

= rliameter

joint

of the bolt hole (2 mm in addition to the diarneter of the hole,

in case of directly

punched holes)

= sauge lengths between the bolt holes (Ref. Fig.

3.14)

= staggered pitch length between lines of bolt holes

' = number of bolt holes in the

critical section
= subscript for summation of all inclined legs
:m

rmmv

be noted that,

=:-

if there is no staggeriLE,psi=

0 and hence,

nds)t, which is the critical section shown

in Fig. 3.14.

] 12 DESIGN STRENGTH

OF BEARING BOLTS

lhc design strength of bearing bolts under shear is

the least of the following:

a) Shear capacity (strength)

rb) Bearing capacity (strength)

Shear Capacify (Strength) of Bearing Bolts in

a Joint

loig,

strength of the bolt, V4r6isgiven by

Vdrb

=@
/mb

where l/nr6, nominal shear capacity

of

bolt and y^6- partial safety factor of material of bolt.

Design of Steel Structures

48

t/

=
-fo

ff

("

A'6 +

n'

A'6)

where,

.f*=

ultimate tensile strength of the bolt

n,

= number

of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane

n"

= number

of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane

116

A16

= rtltshear

nominal shank area of the bolt, and

area of the

bolt at threads, may be taken as the area corresponding to root

ofthe thread.
A,n
-----r is pitch of thread
nu =L(d -0.9382p)2,' wherep
"

4a

= 0.78

L d'

fo, ISo threads.

Note: lnFig. 3.11(a), per bolt, nn=

andus = 0 and in Fig. 3;11(b), per bolt,

Reduction Factors for Shear Capacity of

'

Bolts

ni=

and,ns='1,

'",

The code sugge$ts the use of reduction factors for shear capacity in the fol,lorving,situations:

(i) If the joint is too long

(ii) If the grip length is large
(iii) If the packing plates of thickness
(i)

Reduction Factor

for Long Joints

more than 6 mm are used'

(pi1)

If the distance between the first and the last bolt in the joint (/r) measured in the direction of load
lid,theshear capacity Va6shallbe reduced by the factot By givenby

t,

[4=1.07s-o.oosi
subjected to the limits 0.75

(ii)

3pg<

1.0, where

:rddil"".&i

disnominal diameter of bolt.

Reduction Factor tf Grip Length is Large (86)

If the total thickness of the connected plates exceed

capacity Y66, sballbe reduced bY

5 times the diameter d of bolts, the design

frder{3
-omlr(i

.1I

Bolted Connections

49

.8d

lill

Fts =

mditions maximum vafue = py,where /r= gip length = total thickness of the connected plates.
I, be greater than'&d.
fitd*ction Factor if Packing Plates are Used (Bop)
ingplates of thickness more thal 6 mm are used in the joint, then shear capacity is to'be reduced

otctor

fpp=l-0.0125tp*

t*=

ttrickness of the thicker packing in mm.

bearing capacity of the bolts in shear

*(nn

A,u

* n, A,6)fy

lk !p*

Bearing Capacity of Bolts (Vapi

suggests,the follow.ing procedure to find bearing strength of bolts:
voou

'

Va, u

=fu
lmb

= designbearing strength

Vrou =nottinal bearing strength

y^u =partial safety factor of material = 1.25 (Table2.2).

shearing strength may be found from the following relation:

Vnpb= 2.5

K6 is smaller
which

e,

Kt

dt

fu

of =|, != - o.zs,4,t.o
' f,,
3do 3do

p = end and pitch distances.

= diameter tif hole.

i, = ultimate tensile stress of the

bolt and plate.

= nominal diameter of the bolt.

= summation of the thickness of the connected plates experiencing bearing stress in the same direction.
bolts are counter sunk, it is to be reduced by the half depth of counter sinking.

Design of Steet Structures

50

3.13

DESIGN PROCEDURE WITH BEARING TYPE BOLTS SUBJECT TO

SHEARING FORCES

Determine the design (factored) acfion acting on the joint. Then select connection with suitable
of the bolts. Determine the strength of connection and ensure that desigp.ttrength is not less than
design action. The following information is useful in the design ofjoint:

(1) Diameter of bolt hole

mm 12
Diameter ofbolt hole (ds) in mm 13

Nominal size of bolts (d) in

t6 20 22
18 22 24
30'37

14
15

24

30

26

JJ

44

56

.!,

Q)

Areaof bolt atroot(An6):

4'6 = 0'78
wherel"6 =ateaofbolt atsha:lu.=

'6

Ldz
4

(3) properties of materials of bolts: Cornmonly used bolts have the'followini! rnaterial properties:

1367):

4.6 frn=2fi}lvlPa fuu= O}MPa

Grade 4.8 fro=32}lvlPa .fuu= 420MPa
Grade 5.6 fy6=300MPa .4.,r = 500 MPa
Grade 5'8 fv6= 400MPa f*= 520lvlPa
Ctrade

(4) Properties of rolled

3.14

"i

; - ', .1'" :,' '',;

' : ' '

steel sections: These values have been shown in Appendix'

EFFICIENCY OF A JOINT

It is defined

as the

ratio ofstrength ofjoint and strength ofsolid plate intension.

in percentage. Thus,
effrciency ry =

Strength

ofjoint

'Jy=250N/mm2

T^o=l'l

fu=410N/mrn2

Y6=l'25

x100

Strength of solid Plate

Strength of solid plate is less in yielding compared to tearing

Fe 415 plates.

1'1

"".

of solid

It'ii

usually expressed

+j

Er*{{,
ofbofr, d:2Ofl
to[Bof

ofbofrhoh,+r*,
sEogihJfJ:

safttyfr@ 11la|
FE 410 (E 25O)

Pftrr

Bolted Connections

of solid plate per unit area

- zso
ls

xl=227.27 N/r.o"'

tl

- 0.9x410
"'-.'_
is
i'" xl=295.2N/mm2
1.25

of solid plate is governed by its strength in yielding.

lfnt

is the smaller of skength in shear and strength in bediing,

of the lap joint shown in Fig..3.16. GiveB: M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 410 (E

m'cM20 bolts of grade 4.6,

darneter of bolt, d = 20 mm

*-et$

of bolt hole,

ds=22mm

Uhimate strengthfu6= 400 MPa

hrtial

safety factor,

Tr*=

For Fe 410 (E 250) plates,

1.25

250)

'

Design of Steel Strugtqres

5"2

Ultimate stress,lf, = 410

. ; .i,r

MPa

Partial safetY factor, Tnt= 1.25

Strength ofPlates in the joint:

Thickness of thinner Plate, t = 20 mm

Width of Plate b = 180 mm

There is no staggeringPsi=

:.

Number of bolt holes in the weakest section =

.'. Net area at weakest section

Au= lb - nd6+ 0f t
= [180

3 x221x20 =2280 mm

DeSign strength of plates in the

joint

,.dn=0.9 f, An lmt

0.9x410x2280

1.25

673056 N = 673.056 kN.

Strength of Bolts:
Total number of bolts = 6
Number of shear planes at thread nn :

per bolt'

Number of shear planes at shank n" = 0 per bolt'

Totalnn=

x 6= 6 andtotal rs=

A ,. =O.78*Ld'
'-nb
4

= 0.78

x4x202 =245

iI
mmz

There are no reduction factors

Nominal shear

0'

i.".

fU

- f,r= frp*= |

'

of.loLc

flF

str_ength,

A'6)

tt
a n'
nnb +
Y
vn'b
s nsb )
ntb = --E \rtn A'6

ft

ffJ:

l"'

'

kN
16*2a5+ o)= 339432 N = 339'482

Bolted Connections

reth

in shear,

,,,t"h = vnrh= 339.492 = 271.586 kN

1, .
/mh
--l)5
--

fu:ength in Bearing:

frry6
il'*6=2.5 K6dtfu

least of the following:

3o
ilil ,t" - 3x22.
-o.4s4s

..

6P

M,-,

60
-0.25=3x22 -0.25=0.6591

4oo
n4 J'a f,, 4lo =0.9756

ffil

t.o.

Edge distance provided is less. Hence it is critical in this case.

i.. = 0.4545
t

.,,.=2.5x0.4545x2A x20x4l0=

Mign strengtlc

,:

1863;15

N perbolt

t/
v

npb

.
=L8jlli
rymb 1..25

Desien sfiength

ofjointr

= 149076 N

x 149A76=

894456.8 N

= 894.456 kN

.:

Design strength of bolts in

jointr 27l.5g6kN < fd,.

Efficiencv of Joint:
Area of solid

plate

180 x 20 = 3600 mm2.

lL

x A-

lmb "

x3600 = 818181.8 N = 818.182

-2i0
I.l

53

Design of Steel Stntctures

54

Efficiency of the joint =

Strength ofjoint
Strength ofsolid plate

x 100 percent

271 '586
xloo = 33. 1 9%
818.182

Example 3.2
Find the efficiency of the joint, if in the above example instead of lap, butt joi4t i5 mnds using two
plates each of size 12 mm and 6 numbers ofbolts on each side.

Solution:
ln this case strength of plates and stength of bolts in bearing are same as in example 3.1.
shear is different, since in each bolt a section in root and another section at shank resist shear.
this case total number of section resisting shear at shank n" = S
A^,
=Ld2
ru44

Nominal shear

=Lx202 =314.16

strength

fr,

mm2

A.,:0.78 L
4

*:z4s

A,6 + n, A,6)

=ao!
\
tr 6*z+5+6x314.16)
VJ

= 174795 N
= 774.795ld\

Design strength in

bearing

Design strength of

bolt

Design strength of plates

774'795

Design shear strength

T6n

= 619.836 kN

1.25

= 894.456 kN

(see example 3.1)

&=F=fl

L*t

= 619.835 kN

= 673.096

kN

Note; Since total thickness of cover plates = 2

.
x

12 =

24 mmwhich is more than thickness of

plates, strength of plates is the strength of main plates only.

Design strength

&prr

*"r4%

ofjoint = 619.836 kN

Design strength of solid plate =

?E,

39

20 =

818.182

75.76Yo

82 N = 8 1 8. 1 82 kN

of bslrr pcr

iryil

riBhpi**ry

J35
Efficiency ofjoint = 912
r 1gg

818I

'fi
{*

Answer

Bolted Connections,

55

rp of 14 mm thick Fe:415 plates. If the joint is double bolted lap joint with Ml6
tdi,stances of 50 mm, detennine the design stength of the joint per pitch width. Is it
eiuternal diameter of bolt is I m and steam pressure is 1.2 Mpa?

is subjected to hoop tension, the pitch ofjoint is as shown is_Eig. 3.l7.lnsuch cases
out per gauge width ofjoint and checked for safety and efficiency.

ofplateper 50 mm width:
ofbolts d=I6mm.

Ifmeter

of bolt hole d6 = 18 mm.

of plate per 50 mm width:

ri-t

nrnn,

b = p = 50

dbolts in double
"=(50

Ix

18)

mm, -fu= 4l}MPa

bolted joint per 50 mm width z

=I

x 14= 448 mm2

Designstrength,ofplpte per 50 mm width.

'

Tdn

0.9x410x448

of bolts per 50 mm width:

t.25

:':
.

:.r r,.

=132250N=132.250kN
' r -r

: :

_. : i.

i lap joint, shear planes at shanks = 0. As there arctrrsbolts'per pitih'width tonsidered,

r
Design of Steel Structures

56

Area of bolt at roots = o"r* o { 1to)2

4'

= 155.83 mm2
Ultimate strength

Afifi

Vn,,b

=;

(0 + 2 x i56.83)

vi
:72436N

Design strength, Vr,,

= 57949 N = 5?.949 kN
=?L =:#
L"LJ

ff,:rntru

) nh

Design strength in bearing:

b*

Ultimate strength in bearing per bolt:

K6 is least of the following:

(a)

5do

, since

'e'is not given, assume that sufficient

ht,t

edge distance is provided and

it will not decide K6.

50

o.25=0.6759
-!3do-0.25=3x18 t"l b- 4oo
=0.9756
f, 410

@)

(d)

_*

----i

1.0.

Kn= 0'6759'
Ultimate bearing strength of each bolt

=2.s Kbdtfu
=2.5xA.6759 x 16 x

14

x 410 = i55187 N = 155.187 kN

=310-374kN >

Z716

tu sErefrofjra

Strength of joint per 50 mm width is lesser of design strength of bolts (57.949 kN) and stre
plate (132.5 kN).

ofbohspr50m

As there are two bolts, design strength of bolts in bearing = 2

155.18 7

Design strength of bolts = 57.949 kN.

Design strength ofjoint = 57.949 kN per 50 mm width.

To check the safety

ofjoint:

Action of applied force is

a hoop strers

DEsign slrEnglh
be checkad

ofPU

dqr

Mflrlsms sEctiooal arEl tEr

=P'D
2t

,|rru

Scction(l)

II

-{r1'

Bolted Connpctions
pilessure and

57

D is diameter of boiler.
I.2 x 1000
=ffi:42'857

rrm length

= 42.857

14

N/mm2

x 50

:30,000 N

:30

kN

designaction = 1.5 x 30 = 45 kN

= 57.949 kN > Design action

Answer

dEsign is safe.

of the joint, if in the example 3.3,zig-zagbolting is used as shown in Fig. 3.18.

-l

so

*.n

F-

-*l

50 mm

l*

Figure 3.18

blstion:
Omider the strength ofjoint per 50 mm width

ilihber

as shown

in the figure..

of bolts per 50 mm width = 2

ft should be checked along section

(l) - (l)

and (2)

(2) as shown in Fig. 3.18.

Net cross sectional area resisting tearing along

(a)

Section(l)-(l) A4=(b-nds)t=(50- I x 18)x t4=448mm2

Desigi of SteelS*nctures

(b) Section (2)-(2).

I
|
[

^21

An2=lu-nao+)&
'4si

lr

"'
{-lxt+
2*
=lro-2x18+

ax2s )

= 644mrr?
Section (1)

(1) is weaker'

Hence plate strength

Tan

=0.9x443" {i'=i32250 N
= 132.250 kN

Strength of bolt per 50 mm width

a) In shear 7

57.949 kN

b) Inbearing = 155.187 kN

.:.

Strength

ofjoint:

(As inprevious example)

ofjoint. = 57.949 kN

Design action = 45 kN
Design strength (57.g4g k}'t) > Design action (45 k)0
Design is safe.

Example 3.5

joint shown
Find the maximum force which qaq bq transferred through the double covered butt
3.19. Find the efficiency of the joint also. Given M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 410 steel
usdd.

solution:

rr.;j*i,:.r-,,i,

:,: :i r.;r

ForM20 bolts of Grade 4.16,

i'

d= 20mm do=2}mm f*=400N/mm2.

For grade Fe 410 plates,fr= 4I0 N/rrmr2;

Bolted Cotnections

r
i
r
O

I
I
r'

r
6
r

'I
o
r

.i ri "i II o
, I i t
r

or rr o

140
l130
I-

.llj130

i
I

2qo

lI3o
lr40

rtt

O @@
401

I
I
I

All dimensions in mm

| 401 60 | 60 |

Figure 3.19

strength of one bolt in shear (double shear)

=4(trlaz
J:( 4

=#

--i t\

+o.tzxLa2\

l'tt)xLzo2
:i

= 129143 N
Ihsign sfrength of one bolt in double shear
-129143
1.25

=103314N''

qtre4gth.afjqi4tin double shear .

::
=6

,.

:,
,.i,. :..,
103314 = 619886 N = 619.886 kN

mmgth of bolts inbearing:

e P "'-''
-o.2s.Lt-.t.0
3do' 3do
.f, '-'"
40

60 o.zs. 4oo t.o

. 3x22
'410 .

3x22

-,7::r

60

Design of Steel Strercatres

i.e., K6= 0.6061

.':

For bolts on section (2)-(2) and

Kil= Kn=

(1)-(l),

oe'is large. Hence

0.6591, which is governed

o,

_ 0.25

Nominal strength of six bolts in bearing

= 3 (2.5x 0-606fx 20
1244957

x l6x

410) + 3 (2.5 x 0.6591 x 20

16

x 410)

Design strength in bearing

t244g5l
L25

= 995965 N
nt+,'!6

=995.965 kN > 619.886 kN

Strength of bolts in the joint = 619.886 lcl.[ and strength of each bolt = 103314 N
Strength ofplate:

It is to be checked along all the three sections.

Now, / = 16 mm (least of the thicknesses of cover plates and main plate)

.fu= 4L0N/mm2
(a) At section (1)

(1)
Tdn,

oPlr4r_
_
=-

0.9 x 4

1.25

l0 (200

'

22) x 16

l'.25

= 840730 N

(b) Atsection

lgrrmple

Q)-@

When this section fails, bolt in section (1) (l) also has tb fail. Heripe'Strerigiih'6f datBdtr
(2) - (2)
0.9 x 410 (zoo - 2x22)xt6

+ 103314

, dr,

1.25

= 840133 N

At section (3)

(3)

T4r.=Plate strength + strength of

3 bolts

_ 0.9x410 (200- 3x 12)x l6 + 3 x 1033 l4

l.2s
= 942851 N

Botted Cotrheettons

inthe

joint=

6*

840133 N

= 619.886 kN
force that can be fiansferred safely = 619.886 kN.

force at working condition

ofsolidplate =

6l?'!86

250x200x16
1.1

Ansiitr

413.25r'kN

ir

:':',

.,'"1

1.5

=727272N
:727.272t<N

of the ioint
'

619'886
727.272

x Ioo = g5.23%

Answer

:.,rrri ;l]J.{t{.":i..i:...

3.6

..

,,;11,.t., ,, ,.r .

1.r

r:

:rr.r

plates,l0mmand 18 mm thick are connectCd by a double cover butt joint ushg 6 mm cover
chown in Fig. 3.20. Find the strength of the joint. Given M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 415
used.

6 mm cover plate

" 'i'l

l8 mm plate
10 mm plate

Tacking rivet

mm cover plate

oo:oo

40

TO
I

60

ooloo

Oo1o,6'

60

ril
I

40

l40l 60

l40l

Figure 3.20

All dimensions in mm

6.2

Desiglt'.of.Steel Etruswres

Solwtion:

:.,

: ,:

.r'

Norej Stren4q of tacking rivets are not to be considered in the design.

In this connection packing plate of 8 mm thickness is to be used. Hence there shall be
:: :: r
shear strehgth ofbolt. The reduction factor is givenby

' fr4= (l -

0'0125

rg)

='r-o.oiiixs=o.q

Nominal shear strength of one bolts in double shear

B-'- {"!('*Z a2
= ,,^J3\

o.sx

4oi

+o'lgxL a2\

4 )

t.t8\xlx.2o2

J3t

'

= l 16228 N

Design shear strength of one bolt in

shear
:

ll62?"
"'

= 92982.6 N

- I 1.
t.-)

Design shear strength of 6 bolts tn the joint

=6X?29826=557896N,
r

,i.:

.,' .-

= 557.896 kN

1'-r

trIr.

Strength of bolts in bearing:

K6 is the minimum

of

e p

-,0.2s.{t.r.o

3do'3do

f,

l.e.

60 _o )5

40

jx22 '

3x22

400

410'

1.0

2-5

Kt dt.fu

4:

drtft

hei-

K. = 0.6061.
Nominal strength of one bolt in bearing =

*,G.-

5rd

=2.5 x 0.6061 x2Ax l0 x 410

, = 124250.5 N

-.

-ri

Bolted Coa"iectlqry

ofthirnerplate t= l0

mm

63

':

D42sA.s

ofabolt= LZ5:99400N
of

6 bolts in bearing =

6 x 99400

= 596400 N.

= 596.4 kN > 557.8q6kN

dbolts in connection=

557.896 kN.

plates in the joint = Strength ofthi-nagr plate at weakest section.

rtrength ofplate
__0.9 A,i

fu _

0.9 x [200

-3x22]x l0x

410

1.25

Vm

= 395568 N
r: -!'i

r:_r i', ii;i.:r'li:

= 395.568 kN < 597.896 kN

stnength of the

joint= 395.568 kN.

Answer

'

:::r ;

i I i.

3.7

joint between the two plates each of width 120 mm, if the thickness of one plate is l6 mm
o(her is 12 mm. The joint has to transfer a desigrr load of 160 kI.I. The plates are of Fe 410 grade.

a lap

type bolts.

Mt6 bolts of grade 4.6,

'J=

I6

mm

do

= i8

**

and

f*=

400 N/mm2

ftngth of abolt:
Since it is lap joint bolt is in single shear, the critical section being at the root of bolt.
t'/\

J:[
=

4oo

x 0.78

J:4

= 36218.N.

4
xLxl62

Design of Steel Structures

64

Design shearstrength

36218

G=28974

Minimum edge distance to be provided =

Minimum pitch to be provided = 2.5 x

1.5

N.

18 = 27 mm

16 = 40 mm'

Providihg e ='30 mm, p = 40 rnm,

K^ is least

"

i.e.,

of 30 . 40 -o.zs. 400 uod 1.0.

410
3xlE' 3x[8

K6= 0.4907
Npminal bearing strength = 2.5

dt

fu

=2.5 x0.49A7 x

16

x 12x 400

=94222N
g4222
Design bearing

strength

= 75378 N

Desisn strength is lessor of shearing strength and bearig

Design strength of a M16

bolt

= 28974 N

,.

I{e.nqe to

tralsfer

a design force

No. ofbolts required =

::

of 160 kN,

160

Z*r^=

S.S
.

.'.

Provide 6 bolts'.'They may be provided in two rows with

pitch of 40 mm as shown in Fig.

ffiGt

;iuf*flr*
jd

--, l*{

ff
1301401401601
Figure 3.21

(db(b)rilrtd

""Cl

Bolted Connections

55

f,FumSfr ofplate:

. , _ 0.9 A,1 .fu _0.9x02a -2x i 8)x l2 x 410

1.25

/m

=297562N =297.562 kN > 160 kN

I-$E

holted double cover buttjoint to connect boiler plates ofthickness 12 mm for maximum
\tl6 bolts of grade 4.6. Boiler plates are of Fe 410 grade. Find the efficiency of the

"in(mr d0 = 18
lnn

Lr

safe.

mm2

mm

.fuo=

4A0

N/mm2

t=72mm

u double cover buttjoint, the bolts are in double

shear one section at shank and another at

I stength of a bolt in shear

=oo!(r*"4 * 162+lx0.78x1rtO')
4)

J:\

= 82651 N
strength in

shear -

82551
1.25

= 66121 N

(a)

bearing strength is more than it. To get maximum efficiency, strength of olate per pitch width
be equated to strength ofa bolt.

rvoid failure of cover plates, the total thickness of cover plates should be more than the thickness
n,nin plates. Provide cover plates of 8 mm thicknesses.
[_En

strength of,plate per pitch width

0.exa10(p -18)xl2
1.2s

= 3542"4 (p

I 8)

(a) to (b) to get maximum efficiency, we get,

3542.5 (p

l8) = 66121

(b)

D es ign'of 'Ste el Strucfire s

66

P=36.67 mm'
Minimum pity!=?.s x

= 40

16

*t:

Check for strength of bolt in bearing:

K6 is the minimum

o,

Assuming sufficient

h,

J-

-0.25,

*,

''o
'

oe'will be provided
Kt=0'4907

Design strength of bolt in bearing

2.5x0.4907

xl6x12x400

Hence, the assumption thatbearing strength is more

=753'72 N > 66121N

t$l

desrgn shear

is-

correct.

,:.

of the
Since pitch provided is slightly more than required from strength consideration
strength of piate is more than the strength of the bolt'
.'.

'

Desigu strength ofjoint per 40 mm width = 66121 N'

Design strength of solid plate per 40 mm width

250x40x12

= 109091 N

1.1
.:..'::r'

Maximum efficiency

ofjoint =

j9J2!

169

= 60-61oh

Answer

Ltb
3.15

IS IN
ECCENTRIC CONNECTION WITH BEARING BOLTS WHEN LOAD
THE PLANE OF GROUP OF BOLTS

group of bolts, the

If the line of action of the load does not pass through the centre of gravity of

tion is known as eccentric connection. There are two types of eccentric connections.

(a)Lineofactionofeccentricloadisinthep1aleofgroupofbo1ts[Fig'3'22].
group of I
iti l,ir," of action of the eccentric load is in the plane perpendicular to the plane of
[Fig.3.23].

L-"-rJ
Pxc. tr
bdad*

Bo:lted Connections

67

mtric

load P may be replaced by load Pacting through centre of gravity of bolts plus moment
on the joint. In the connection shown in Fig. 3.22 bolts are subjected to direct shear fofce
sbear force developed to resist moment p x e.
c

&

rting

eccentric connection shown in Fig. 3.23 bolts are subjected to direct shear and tension in bolts
to resist bending moment.
(a) is discussed in this article whereas case (b) is discussed after presenting codal provisions
for
ofbolts and codal specifications for the dssign ofbolts subjected to shear and tension.

xr capacity

the eccentric connection shown in Fig. 3.22 whichis subjected to factored (design) load

(a) An axial load P and

o) amomentPxe.
z be the number of bolts in the bracket connection.

at

Destgn of Steel Strrytc.tures

f8

Figure 3.23
p

i
t

Direct shear force ia

bolt Fr = | and it acts in vertical direction.

n

It is assumed that the bracket is rigid and therefore the force in the bolt due to moment will
its radial distance from the centre of gravity of the bolts and will act at right angles to the radial
shown in the figure.
F^

r, or

FZ=

Kr

K can be found by equating resisting moment to applied moment. Thus

LPr, = P.e
\512 = P.e
K

P''=

reds*"S

Z,'

l.^=Kf=-

P'e'r

L,'

gaooairq.[,*

drEbdlSldsi

Boltpd Connections
F2act on the bolt.

F=I

ffiest

69.

If :0'is tle,angle betweenFl and,F2;t\enthe.resultantFis

Ft2 + Fr2

2F1 F2

cos}

bolt is subjected to maximum force.

vertical column is loaded as shown in Fig. 3.24.1fM20 bolts of grade 4.6 are
maxffirm va-lueof factored load P whicfr can be calried safely.
to

(Load per trracket plate)

T
80
I

T
80

l,'
AI
ll
ll
o I ol

10 mm plate

Figure 3.94
M20 bolts of grade 4.6,
rolled steel sections,

d=20

do=22'nrtm

1.,

= 400N/mm2

.fr= 4l}N/mm2

of web of ISMC 300, is

= 7.6 mm [Refer steel table].

Design of Steel Struetures

70

Since this is a lap joint between bracket plate and web of ISMC 300, the bolts,are in

Design strength of bolts in shear

I 92-( n.rr*Lx zo2

=t.2s
" J:[
4 )
')

452'l2N

Strength in bearing against 7.6mmweb of ISMC 300:

K6 is the least

of

3dn'

i.e.reastor

P -a.zs- Jub - r.a

3dn

.fu

'

:, .

+#,#r-0.2s, f#, ,.

i.e.

Kt = 0.96212

Design strength of a bolt in bearing

I

====x2.5k6dtf,,
1.25
I

--'1.25 x2.5x}.96212x20x1.6x410
=119919N>45272N
Design strength of a bolt is = 45272N
Force in extreme bolt:

Direct shear force

f,

= 0.2P

Centre of gravity of bolted connection is at the centre of central bolt.

For four bolts. r = J802 + 602 = 100 mm'

For central bolt r = 0

Lr'

cdnlhll

=4x1002 + 0 = 4xl00xl00

Force due to bending moment in extreme bolt

Pxexr Px250X100
= n
=;l4xl00xl00 =0.625p ::
Lr'

::

1t

ts'oltdd,Cc)nnections

fu

two forces is given by, 0 where cos0 =

60
100

= 0.6

frrce on extreme bolt

= r/1o.zr,)2 + (0.62s p)2 +

x 0.2p x0.625p x 0.6

r--:.--

= er/10.2;2 + (tt.62s)2 + 2xa.2x0 -(t25 xa

-5

= A.76199 P

strength of bolt we get

0.76199 P = 45272
P = 59413 N
P = 59.413

Ectored load on bracket

kN

Answer

:2 P :2 x 59.413: I I 8.426 kN

DESIGN OF BEARING tsO'.TS SUBJECTED TO E(CENTRIC LOAD!NG IN

rHE PLANE OF EOLTS

to the number of bolts, uniformly

p.T\e

force in a bolt is proportional to

from the neutral axis. This maximum force in the extreme bolt should not exceed the bolt
spaced at a distance

Y.

force per unit depth at extreme end

V
I --p

ilfuimum force
Ibtal forco above the neutral axis

^-,nvn
,-,
n*l pn.l
u_!Y n np
2pn-|2

hl

force below neutral axis is also equal to F and acts in the opposite direction. These two forcbs form
reonple and resist the applied moment. Let Mbe the factored applied momerrt. Then

M=Force x Lever arm

lV n no2
2 p n-l 2 3 '
Vp,l_
= 6{n-1)-vpn2
6 n-l
n

72

Desigtt of Steel Struetures

.v

np

(n'1)p

p
p
p/2

Figure 3.25

.'. n'

6M n-l
=__
Ypn
6M

This approximation is on safer side.

If there

are two vertical lines of bolts, a value of 2V isused and 'n' obtained is the number
guired in qach row. After manging the bolts, the connection is.checked for its safety.

of

Example 3.10

A bracket is bolted to the flange of a column as shown in Fig. 3.26, using 8 mm thick bracket
Using Ir4!,0 bolts of grade4.6 {esign the connection.

rhm

: ,tt

*.1

jfr-t;

Solution:
Flange thickness of ISHB 3OO @ 577 N/m is 10.6 mm. Thickness of bracket plate is 8 mm.
thickness of thinner member in the connection is 8 mm. For M20 bolts of grade 4.6,

d=20

mn do=22mn J)o=400 N/mrn2

--_ il

73

8 mm bracket plate

ll

il
il
il

l<_

'

250 mm

3.26

Figure

rolled section

Load on each plate ofbracket

fr= 4lO N/mm2

in single shear.

,E- Ibign strength of a bolt =

n:.

Ya=45272N

fugh
f5

(o*o.rr*Lxzo2 l
-1-r1P
t.2s J:[
4 )

of bolt in bearing:

is the least

of e . p - 0.25. fib
3do 3do
fu

and l.o

Adopting two rows of bolting, with edge distance of 55 mm and pitch of 50 mm (>2.5
hast

of

55 . 50
4oo
0.25.
and r.o
3x22 3x22
410
Kr=
I
Vdob

'

t.li

0'5076

x 2.5 x0.5076x 20x 8x 410 = 64972 N

di,K6

is the

Design of Steel Stntctures

74

Design strength of bolt, V = Vat= 45272N

M=300 x 350 kN-mm = 300 x 1000 x 350 N-mm.

Number of bolts required per row

,,-ltv_
r.l: xv.p
,

ii

I rlC,)l
_ "".
i ; ;r)
-= !l;i!"rfj
Zy.ts,5Z"iZ><50
r:

Provide 12 bolts in each row as shown nFig.3.27.

Distance of exkeme bolt from centre of gravity of bolts

f 1

^::;5'-"1 70' +?--l

1
.t,^L*.1t

lo
l'r-/

)
\i_..r,,-!!

ic\ '
L,=l
=+[ox
t-

]i

-:'ii

77 ni''r

hcrah

.\

-' )l

+2i2 + 7-il

l'l

+i2il,l7:r

_;
-tu

--:l-;2 v';l571I

=..3-1250[i nun2

i$

-,.1:,,,
--r

.!ldl

s&.

24liD0tt

I
I

,!
(,

SION CAPACTN

o
i
i
I
I
I

.?

lo

1t
tl

ll

tS

tm2m7-cb

!c;

,',

a
(,
I

lo
I

i...,._

Figur e3. 27

cryacity

Iaisgiu

75

Bolted.Connectio,nq

bolt due to bending

=t=
Per

Fz = 35786'5

tan0:

roe

)7\
''"
70

300x1000x 350x283.77
832600

.'.0

75.719"

Hence cos

0:4.24668

o-3ooxlooo=t25ooN
' 2xl2

force on extreme bolt

=lF?+r]+2fiF2cos0
t-t

= V12500' + 35786.5' + 2x12500x35786.5x0.24668

=40714N<Vat
Dllrgn is safe.
provide 24lvl20 bolts as shown inFig:.3.27.

TENSION CAPACITY OF BOLTS

to IS 800-2007, clause 10.3.5, nominal tension,capacity,of b,olt

T16

=0.9 .fut An < -fp

A*

v,

l2
/mo

capacity Q6 is given by
q1
tdb ---'

0.9
-db

Tnb

/mb

f,t An - -fyt Arn

Vmb

/,nu

7;

is give*by,

76

Design oJSteel Stntctures

where

fu6 --.ultimate tensile stress of bolt

,fyt = yield stress of the bolt
An =netarea ofthe rest ofbolt and
,416

= shank area of the bolt.

For ordinary @earing-bolt) bolt of grade 4.6,

.futr= 4ooN/mm2 .fyt=240 N/mm2

A-,,44
=0.78Ldz A"^

=Ldz

y*6=1.25 T-r=l.l
Hence,

z+0"([)a,

o.ex4oox o.i8(a\d2
Tdh

= t76.432

"'

r25
{.

tlt.zao a2

Tan: 17l360 &

Thus yield stress criteria governs the tension capacity i.e.

'
If Z6 is factored

3.18

24oxLd2

T4
,db __l)

tensile force, the design criteria

is

T6

Ta6.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BOLT SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR

AND TENSIOTI
According to IS 800-2007, clause 10.3.6, a bolt required to resist both design shear force Vr6
tensile force T6at the same time shall satisff

anLd

rE

(*)'.(#I.,,
where

V6-

design shear strength and 766 - design tensile capacity of bolts.

:F

Boked Connections

v7

SEARING BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOADING

IN THE PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE
OF BOLTS

kn is shown in Fig. 3.23. Referring to Fig. 328,let p be factored load

sction is subjected to a direct shear force P and moment M = p x e.

at an eccen-

of bolts in the connection, direct design shear force on each bolt is given by

Vru=!
n

tension

intop side and compression in the bottom side. on teosion side, only bolts

ofthe force is as shown in Fig. 3,28(c).

fuce in a bolt

Ts; is proportional to its distance

y; from the line of rotation.

Figure 3.28

t/
tt

_A

(b)

V
l'/
T

L)t /
(c)

Desigrt o'f Steel Structwes

18

T6i&

li

k is constant'
= kY,' wherc

.r

t L.'

k=,li

::

tensron'
M'provided by bolts in
Total moment of resistance

M'=Lro'Yi =2k

Y?

r) =loi\fi
li

= H-'yi

Tt

or

M, Y,
i = <--,

Lli

bolts
Total te-nsile force in

r=Lroi=W
For

equilibrium,

compressive-force
total tensile force = total

M,\,yi
r=C=tr
neutral axis'
Taking momeilt about

2h

M=M'*C17

=M'['.*#)

.'=v.*)
M

or

bolt canbe found'

Tensile fotce T76in extreme

Bolted Connections

,(

79

6mres the

ho&

f,

moment resisted by the bolts in tension from which the maximum tensile force
can be calculated. Then the design requirement is

(*)'.(+)'

< i.0

frdloe'ed in the design:

ffihsnominal diameter'af of bolts.

Stdryt

pitch Q) of 2.5dto 3dfor bolts.

Fuft* ae to be provided in two vertical rows. Number of bolts

necessary in each row is com-

fu

expression,

f6M
n= l.-.

\(zrt ) n

,fir

fte moment on the joint and Zis the design strength of bolt.

* Fmd the direct shear and tensile forces acting on the extreme bolt. If it is HSFG bolted conlU

prying force (Ref. Fig. 3.23) to direct tension. Check whether the interaction formula
is

3.11

r sritable

bolted bracket connection of a ISHT-75 section attached to the flange of a ISHB 300
N*h to carry a vertical factored load of 600 kN at an eccentricity of 60 mm. Use
M24 bolts of
{6. [Ref. Fig.3.28]

!,iurion:
frmM24 bolts of grade 4.6,

d=24mm do=26mn f,n=

Srm

40ON/mm2 .f*:2a1N/mm2

rolled steel section, .fu= 4lO N/mm2

Th:ickness of flange of ISHT 75 (from steel table)

= 9 mm.

SwISHB 300 @ 577 N/m, thickness of flange = 10.6 mm

Desig, strength of bolts in single shear =

P(

o+

''/3\

= 6-5192 N

0.78

x Lxzq2\
4
)

Design of Steel Smtetures

80

x d' = 1'5 x 26 = 39 mm
Minimum edge distanc e e = l'5
MinimumPitch P =2'5 d=2'5

x24=

6o mm

60 mm'
Providing e = 40mm andP =

K^is minimu mof

i.e., minimum

+,
! -o'zs, $Ju
3do' 3do

and

t'o

60 u'o', *61.6
-0.25.100
4lO
3;16, 3"%40

ot"

Kt=0'519

.'.

against 9 mm thick web of Tee section

Oesign strength of bolts in bearing

: =+ x 2.5 x kodtfu
1.25
i

:'

x2.5x0.519x 24x9x410

t.25

= 91925 N > 65192

N'

:'

:r

'

"

'

N
Desigu strength of bolts Y = Ym= 55192
Design tension caPacitY of bolts

O'gO fub A,
.r
.
tdb- -

fYt

/m

Aoa

/^o

240xLx242
Lox242

=q#qxo'78x

1.1

101624 N< 98703 N

:.766 -SSJS3

"'

number of bolts required in each row

Using two rows of bolting, approximate

xtooo i60'
2x65192x70

*g

e x7oo

inFig' 3'29'
Provide 6 bolts in each row as shown

h=40+60x5=340mm'

"

,*r

u&

fruciffil
t8

sN

340

:48.57 mm

Bolted Connections

81

600 kN
i

---r -

mm

40

5x60

3,10
I

40

T
la

_1

Ai[ climensions in

3.29

Figure

(Example 3.1i)

aris lies between 1st and 2nd bolts.

,-.i second

6slt = (40 + 50)

No.
7 in mm

.: .rire are two

'Snnl

48.57 = 5 1.43 mnr

Bolt

'

51"43

rows of bolts

X,

45

3
1,11.43

y:2

Zr' :2

171.43 231.4i

291.43

x 857"i5 rnm

182941 mmz

moment resisted by bolts in tension

600x1000x50

i,4'21
=

T,,l

*L\?14,* 218.YJ5

21

Z-,1 f, !

i.l-q77

2x182941

l0'; \..mm

T:nsile force in extreme bolt due to bending moment

.,b _.Vlr,
- ^-- n _3i.2577x105
lxlse-ti
)';

x2ql."tr.l= 2;3q,,

n-,m

Design of Steel Structures

82

,,''{/r

Direct shear force

Check by interaction formula=

6oox looo

= 5oooo N

2x6

(r,^l'-( ,nf
\uon ) \r,o

ffi--hliarH

IM

( 248e7 \)
/ 5ooo )2
I +!
-lI os toz.J I oazo; /
= 0.652 < 1.0

Smbh
ftuhr
sd hltJ

$CIdnctI

wueu

Hence the bolts are safe. Provide bolts as shown inFig.3'29'

3.2S

iuc'rrarb
[],-jd]@ir

SF,IEAR CAPACITY OF hISFG BOI-T5

iu-t..: i{ll;

As stated in Art. 3.2, these are the bolts made of high tensile steel which are pretensioned and
vided with nuts. The nuts are clamped also. Hence resistance to shear force is mainly by frictim-

":;i:
. i' ,
I

There are two types of HSFG bolts. They are parallel shank and waisted shanktype. Parallel shank
HSFG bolts are designed for no-slip at serviceability loads. Hence they slip at higher loads anil
into bearing at ultimate load. Such bolts should be checked for their bearing strength at ultimate I
Waisted shank HSFG bolts are designed for no slip even at ultimate load and hence there is no

l::lEdt

'l'tilf q
..liil,::tr

. -r.

sLddh

check for their bearing strength.

IS 800-2007 (clause 10.4) recommends use of the following expression for finding nominal

pacity of HSFG (parallel shank or waisted shank) bolts:

where,

ze

coefficient of friction (called slip factor) as specified in Table 3.1

li5. iffrcCi
lmd frd fre r*

L'nf= [LinuKhFg

Ff=

l-l{L iffrc

to the slip.
= rurnber of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance

lNote: nn=

I for

lap

joints and2 fot double cover butt jointsl

Kt = l.O for fasteners in clearance holes

holes loaded
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes and for long slotted
dicular to the slot.

parallel to the slot.

= 0.70 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded

rffi Sfry resiffiffi

'ffiil Sh resismtcs

is
is

dc{

Fo = Minimum bolt tension at installation and may be talien as An6fn

t' (i.ZU a'

i
|'4)

Anb=netarea of the bolt at threads I =

/,

= proof stress = 0.70

fut

I HSFG bolts of gre&

fl3| Fasteners ae in clct:
flX

rJt

Coefficient of

trictil

Bolted Coniections

83

&pil:al average value for coefficient of friction (/r) [Table 20 in IS 800-2007]

Treatment of Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface

ut

not treated

blalted with shot or grit with any loose rust removed, no pitting
blasted with shot or grit and hot-dip galvanized
blasted with shot or grit and spray-metallized with zinc

(tbickness 5G-70 /.m)

Surlaces blasted with shot or grit and painted with ethylzinc silicate coat
(thickness 3G{0 trim)
Sand blasted surface, after

light rusting

Surface blasted with shot or grit and painted with ethylzinc silicate coat
(thickness 60,80 pm)
Surt-ace blasted

with shot or grit and painted with alkalizinc silicate coat

(thickness 60-80 gm)

Surface blasted with shot or grit and spray metalled with aluminium
(thickrress -' 50 Tirrn)
Clean

miil

scalc

0.20
0.50
0.7
0.25
0.30
0.52
0.30
0.30
0.50
0.33

Sand blasted srirlace

Red lead painted surface

0.4 8
0.1

should be taken as

vr,

lq

-v"'f
/.[

= 1.10, if the slip resistance is designed at service load (parallel shank HSFG)
= 1.25, if the slip resistance is designed at ultimate load (waisted shank HSFG).

be noted that the reduction factors specified

also.

(fut. 3.11) for bearing bolts hold good for HSFG

commonly used HSFG bolts (grade 8.8), yield stress

$a
=t00N/mm2.
r

640 N/mm2 and ultimate stress

3.12
the shear capacity of bolts used in connecting two plates as shown in Fig. 3.30,

(,

Slip resistance is designated at service load

(ii) Slip resistance is designated at ultimate load

(1) HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 are used.

(2) Fasteners are in clearance holes.
(3) Coefficient of friction = 0.3.

if

Design of Steel Structures

84

*qfr
ffl,iiii-,; tiiis'i,;I,fl,i,j

,r+i;li

:tiEffi

r,'-*:i$$$'.tl,:ti'::.l;;:;i:ii

rEs|lslrr
S'olattion:

fr6'rondt

For HSFG bolts of grade 8"8,

/u,a

= 800 N/rnm:

For fasteners in clearance holes Kn= 1.0

Coefficient of friction

ltf=

0.3 (given)

Nominal shear caPacitY of

bolt

rrglc rcrl

Vn{ = }t1n"KhF{)
where

r,

F g =' 0 ''1 .1t,t

^
=,

n"=2,

0.7 x 800 x 0.78 x

since it is double cover butt

1x

202

i:lzzs

= a3 x

2'

1'A

L31225

'= 82335 lrl

(i)

Design capacity of one bolt, if slip resistance is designated at service load

=
Design capacity of joint = 6 x

8li3

,i
-4

uee-

Jr* =

frs hrhotts of grr&

il{TERACTION FO

ilt=74850N
7

Cur,=fuh

il;= I j5-

joint

L' nr.f

0--t

4850, since 6 bolts are used

= 449099 N
= 449.099 kN

rcrlndercombinodt

Bolred Connections
lIrunrmp

capacity of one bolt,

85

if the slip resistance is designated

at ultimate load

8233s
1.25

Design capacity

ofjoint = 6 x 65868
= 395208 N
= 395.208 kN

i. bearing strength at ultimate load should be checked.

..EMSION

If it is low that will

be the governing

RESISTANCE OF HSFG BOUTS

ion for nominal tension strength of HSFG bolts is also same as that for bearing bolts. i.e,

T,y = 0.9 f,,6

A n a.fyn

A,6

l,t
T.o

o.g
l uJ
tt:

.f*
t,
) nh

A,,

.fro

A,u

1,

[m"

{q = tret tensile area as specified in various parts -of IS 1367 , it may be taken as the area at the

:r:e thread =0.78+

'{sb

-:

= Shank area'

l^6= 1.25, T*o=

l.l

fu6for bolts of grade 8.8 is 800 MPa afldfyb= 640 MPa.

INTERACTION FORMULA FOR COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION

are under combined action

of shear and axial tension, the interaction formula to be satisfled

l*I.(+i ='o

Design of Steel Structures

86

3.23

PRYING FORCES

In the design of HSFG bolts subjected to tensile forces, an additional force, called as pryirv
to be considered. These additional forces are mainly due to flexibility of connected plates.
connection of a T-section to a plate as shown in Fig. 3.31, subject to tensile force 27".

T^+

0rr"
&d
il

T
lv

T"+ Q

_1_
Blc

Figure 3.31

As tensile force acts; the flange of T-section bends in the middle portion and presses
near bolts. It gives rise to additional contact forces known as prying forces. During late 80s
90s lot of research works were published regarding assessing prying forces. IS 800-2007 has
the following expression

,=+(, -frt fob,/\

nr-l

"iT)

where,

h f!g- i33.1
I6rrn, The holrr

Q = prying force

27"--total applied tensile force

/, = distance from the bolt centre line to the toe of the fillet weld or to half the root radius for

section.

/, = distance between prying forces and bolt centre line and is the minimum of either the end
tance or the value given bY:

rrnr

sreldd

Bolted Connections

,-=r.r,
"
bolts and

87

W-

\1,

I forpretensionedbolts

width of flange per pair of bolts.

in consistent units
of end plate.
forces do not develope in case ofordinary bolts, since when bolt failure takes place
the two c"onnecting plates is lost (Ref. Fig. 3.32).

Figure 3.32
3.13
int shown in Fig. 3.33, has to carry a factored load of 180 kN. End plate used is of size 160 mm
x 16 mm. The bolts used are M2OHSFG of grade 8.8. Check whether the design is safe.

,firlttion:
8 mm weld and edge distance 40 mm,

,,=ry-8-8

-40=24mm

Desigtr of Steel Stru'ctures

88

160

l-

140

16 mm

T +O

27 = 180kN

60 mm

l-

t,

t'
7oo*,,
i

+
I

Figure 3.33

Forplates,fi =0.7

fu, fu=4lgNIPa and

/' =1'1x16

fy=25Olv1Pa,fu6:800 MPa

1x 0.7 x 800

250

=26.34 < edge distance

l"=26'34mm
Pryrng force is given by,

Bnfob{'l
' =J-lr2l"l' - 271"1: l
o
Now, B= 1.0, for pretensioned bolts.

\= l'5
fo=0.7 x 800 = 560 MPa
b" = 140 mm, / =

16 mm.

o=#.34[eoooo= 32430.9 N
Tension to be resisted by the bolt

T=T+ g=90000

+32430.9 = 122430.9N

1x 1.5 x 560 x 140 x 16

1l

27

x26.34x242

Bolted Connections

ofthe bort

89

92*3
0.9x800x0.78

xLx20'

1.25

= I4Il45 N > 122430.9 N

is safe.

by welding a 20 rnm thick, 150 mm wide plate to a 12 nn thick plate as shown in

&ickness of fillet weld being 8 mm. This is to be connected to the flange of the column
577 N/m. Using M24 HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 design the bolted connection, assuming
Il = 0.48.

l2 mm plate

M24

355

- 40 -35
:280
281

40+70x9+40=710
8 mm

150 mm

weld

wide 12 mm plate

Figure 3.34

Design of Steel Structures

90

Solution:
For M24, HSFG bolts of grade 8'8,

d= 24mm,fu6=

800 MPa,.fr= 640lldPa

Design shear strength of bolts

,0, =*pf
F

=0'48,

ttekn Fo
fte =1, kn

Fo = Anufo= 0'78

=l'0

"1"

for fasteners in clearance

242

x 0'7 x

"'rrdfii

800

:197604N
V,-,
urr-'

Dlt" ;[=

x0.48x1x1.0x197604=75880N

1.25

. k,-

required per
Since there are two rows of bolts in the connection, number of bolts
i

p=T}mmandtaking

V=V67,weget
6M

" lr=

\2v )x p

br'h

----

6x600x1000x250
-o')
2x75880x70

hi4

Provide l0 bolts in each row with edge distance 40 mm as shown in Fig. 3.34.
Tensile capacrty of

bolts:

0.9 x.fubx

*"

Anb:

"0.9

.tJ-

-t

x 800 x 0'78

filucOto

I "O'

Q=

:203250
When there is no load, the bracket is held on to the column by compression developed due
bolt tension. This phenomenon continues even after the load is applied. Hence the interface
I 50 x 7 10 mm may be considered as a plane in the monolithic beam. The stress diagram is as
Fig 3.34.

Maximum bending stress-

:':H#-

-:

ToaltosibfuG

:11.9N/mm2
Bending stress at +o +

l9:
2-

75 mm from top fibre

:
Avemge stress:

11.9

(35s

7s)

: g.3gN/mm2

355

11.9+9.39
- - Nr'mm-., 1
:::'
-:--:-: 10.6'1

This average bending stress could be considered as tension in the bolt.

ryity T6 :

I:-<

:0i:{9
DirG

Bolted Connections
m"

9t

x 150 x 75
li9744N

extreme two bolt = 10.64

r"

119744

:59872 N

irim and thickness = 12 mm

i,,=l5o-6-B
-40=2rmm
"2
g

plate, /u = 410lVIPa, fy=250MPa

l" =

Llx,r*r@

=14.t4<

zso

edge distance

l" =14.74mm
for pretensioned bolts

', :irn. fo= 0.7, .f*=

0.7 x 800 = 560 MPa

llu

Prying force Q is given by

'=*1"#T)
/^l _

pd

2t lrrrrr_ lxl.5x56oxl5oxl2al
=2xta.ta
27 xt4.t4x2t2
|

due
tsrface of

[s

z]s

= 44354 N.
Total tensile force in the bolt
Tf = 59872 + 44354 N

= 104226 N
capacity

fat: fXIlft x0.9fu6An6=

lh

x 0.9 x 800 x 0.78

" Z "rO,

=203249N
Direct shear in the bolt

600 x 1000

2x10

= 30000 N

Design of Steel Stntctures

92

=[#ffiI

.(m)'
ffir

= 0.419 S 1.0

Hi"FO

The design is safe.

dIr

Questions

l.

Write short notes on

(a) Riveted connection.

(b) HSFG bolts.
2. Distinguish between

(a) Black bolts and turned bolts.

(b) Bearing bolts and friction grip bolts.

-, r**

3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages

of

(a) Riveted connection and bolted connection.

(b) Bearing bolts and HSFG bolts.
(c) Black bolts and turned (finished) bolts.
4. Explain the following terms:
(a) Pitch of Bolts

(b) Gauge Distance

(c) Edge Distance
(d) Staggered Distance
(e) Tacking Bolts.
5. List the assumptions made in the design of bearing bolts.
6. Two plates

16 mm axe to be joined using

(a) Lapjoint.
(b) Butt joint using

M20 bolts of grade 4.6 in

The dimensims

10 mm cover plates'

Determine the bolt value.

Tbcl
[Iinr.'Moment= 50o

ad

joint specified in Question 6 is made with M20 HSFG of grade 8.8, find the bolt value.
coefficient of friction = 0.48.

7. If

the

8. An angle section 8 mm thick carrying 120 kN factored load is to be connected to a gusset

(lap joint) using M20 bolts of grade 4.6. Find the number of bolts required and sketch
nection details.

9. The plates of a boiler are 10 mm thick, connected by M16 bolts of grade 4.6 at
50 mm. If it is lap joint, determine the efficiency of,the connection.

ofe;l

kminetheresul.orld
direct shear-

shear while vertical

rr

to be found.l
ilA- Design the bolted
of grade 4.6.

15.

ca

Designtheboltdcu

Bolted Connections

93

joint shown in
Find the efficiency of the joint also. M24 bolts of grade 4.6 andFe 410 plates are used.

mmaximum force which can be transferred through the double covered butt
lm9.

plates, l0 mm and 20 mm thick are to be connected by double cover butt joint using
plates (similar to refer Fig.3.20). Find the strength of the joint, if M16 bolts of grade
Fe 415 plates are used.

ffic safe load P carried by the joint shown in Fig. 3.35. M20 bolts of grade 4.6 are proac a pitch of 80 mm. The thickness of the flange is 6. I mm and that of the bracket plate is
Safe load =

Factored load

8i).nm

1.5

,4
,/- +'

61----l
,.----l\. -\j
\i

\1

\
-f

6)
G)

o
o

r*)

ra

{--:_
40 mm

Figure 3.35

oltvalue.
I

a gusset

tetch the

The dimensions of a plate, bracket bolted to the face of the stanchion are shown in Fig. 3.36. Determine the resultant stress in the most heavily loaded bolt of the group, allowing both tensional
and direct shear. The bolts used are M20 of grade 4.6.

lHint: Moment = 50 cos45 x 250 kN/mm; Horizontal component 50 cos45o kN causes horizontal
shear while vertical component 50cos45o causes vertical shear. Finally resultant of 3 forces a{e
to be found.l
Design the bolted connection shown in Fig. 3.28,if P = 400 Lan and e = 250 mm. Use M20 bolts
of grade 4.6.

Design the bolted connection specified in Q,No. 14 using M20 HSFG bolts of grade 8.8.