THE MATERIAL OF BIOLOGY IN SEVENTH YEAR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Biotic and abiotic natural phenomena

Biotic object are organism existing around us including various
plants, animal, and microorganism
Abiotic object are all non living things existing around us or in the
surrounding organism
Biotic natural phenomena is the condition of the environment
around us whish is shown by the condition of the organism
Abiotic natural phenomena is the condition of the enfironment of
non-living things in it
Brancities of Biology
Cytology studies about cell
Histology studies about tissues
Anatomy studies about part of body structure
Morphology studies about organism body-appearance
Physiology studies about body-organs function
Ecology studies about interaction of organism to environment
Zoology studies about animal
Botany studies about plants
Genetica studies about heredity
Microbiology studies about microorganism
Evolution studies about organism
Ornithology studies about bird
Bacteriology studies about bacterias live
Mycology studies about fungi
Entomology studies about insects
Pathology studies about disease and its effect
Virology studies about virus
Ichthyology studies fish
Herpetology studies about amphibian and reptile
Cardiology studies about heart
Scientific method
Honest
Open mind
Objective
Accurately
Carious
Step of scientific method
Summary of biology_7

Page 1 of 13

Observe the object

Create subject matter
Collecting data observation
Making hypothesis
Performing experiment
Make conclusion
Analyzing the conclusion

Kind of observation
a) Qualitative observation
Observation using the sense
Examples: smelling, watching, touching, etc
b) Quantitative observation
Observation using standard measurement
Example: ruler, thermometer, watch, scale, balance, etc
Kind of variable
a. Control variable
b. Free variable
c. Bound variable (variabel terikat)
d. Manipulating variable (variable pengganggu)
Microscope
Microscope use for observe ring the microscopic object
Part of microscope and its function
1. objective lens

Enlarges the size or image of the specimen

2. tube
to connect objective lens and ocular lens

3. coarse adjustment knob

make coarse focusing

4. find adjustment knob

find coarse focusing

5. revolver

to choose objective lens that will be used

6. ocular lens/eye piece

enlarges the size of the image of the specimen

7. stage

support the slide

8. diaphragm
controls the light entering the objective lens

9. mirror
Summary of biology_7

Page 2 of 13

rebound the light in a hole diaphragm

10. base
support the microscope in a stable position

11. arm

to hold the microscope

12. clip
keeps the slid in position

Work safety
The symbol in the laboratory

No Symbol Means

Example

N
o

1.

radioactiv
e

Carbon-14

4.

explosiv
e

2.

Poisonous
chemical

Mercury
5.
Carbon
tetrachlorid
e

Corrosiv
e

3.

flammabl
e

Alcohol
Phosphor
Sodium
ether

Strongly
odorous

6.

Symbo Means
l

Example
Hydrogen
Potassium
Helium
Chloride
acid
Sulphate
acid
Ammonia
c
Brom

Characteristic of organism
- breathing
- reproducing
- growing and develop
- responding
- need food and water
Need food for:
a. to produce energy
b. to grow
c. to replace broken cell
d. to retain their life
- moving activity
a. active activity (changing place)
Human and animal
b. passive activity (cant involve change of plant)
Plants
- excreting the excrete
Summary of biology_7

Page 3 of 13

need certain temperature

Classification of organism
The objective of classification of organism is to simplify the diverse
object
The founding father of classification is Carolus Linnaeus
The basic that Carolus Linnaeus use in the classification are:
a. Classification based on the similary and difference of organisms
characteristic (Naturalistic classification)
b. Classification is performed gradually and its hierarchic (Taxonomic
Classification)
c. Classification is dichotomous (make a group of organism are
classified into two different groups)
d. Taxonomy classification by Carolus Linnaeus is made into 7 taxons.
No

Taxons

No

Taxons

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

Classification 5 kingdoms made by RH Whittaker in 1969, there are:

a. Kingdom Monera
b. Kingdom Protist
c. Kingdom Fungi
d. Kingdom Animalia
e. Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera
- prokaryotic (have no nucleus membrane)
- consist of microorganism which:
a. have no nucleus membrane
b. procariota
c. have nucleus material : cytoplasm, nucleus acid(DNA), and cell
membrane
- consist of bacteria and blue algae
- bacteria
a. characteristic of bacteria
the size is 4-8 mikron
Summary of biology_7

Page 4 of 13

unicellular
group to live
have no chlorophyll
can live in various environment
bred asexually by dividing its self and sexually by
conjugation
if environment condition is bad, bacteria form spores which
are called endospores

b. shape of bacteria
bacill
monobacil
diplobasil
streeptobasil
coccus
monococcus
diplocaccos
streeptocaccus
sarcina
stapylocaccos
spiral
spiral
vibrio
spirocetes
c. Method of living
Heterotropic organism
Saprophytic bacteria (live freely in nature by decomposing
rubbish, corpses and dirt)
d. Reproduction of bacteria
Sexually conjugation
Asexually dividing its self (binary fission)
e. Need oxygen
Aerobic bacteria
Anaerobic bacteria
f. rote of bacteria in everyday live
a) useful bacteria
1. azoto bacteria
2. acetobacteria
3. rhizobium legumenosum
4. lactobasil casei
5. Escherichia coli
b) harmful bacteria
Summary of biology_7

Page 5 of 13

1.
2.
3.
4.

phatogenic
vibrio comma
mycobacterium tubelcolosis
mycobacterium leprae

Blue algae
a. characteristic of blue algae
unicellular of multicellular
have chlorophil
live on ground, stone, wood skin, fresh water, and the sea
b. rote of blue algae
a) useful blue algae
1. Anabaena azollae
Catch N2 from the air, so they can increase soil fertility
b) harmful blue algae
Making easily decay

Kingdom Protist
- eukaryote cell
- divided into 3 as follow
a. plant-like protist
b. animal-like protist
c. fungus-like protist
- Plant-like protist algae
a. phylum chrysophyta (golden algae)
b. phylum chlorophyta (green algae)
c. phylum phaeophyta (brown algae)
d. phylum rhodophyta (red algae)
e. phylum euglenaphyta
- Animal-like protist protozoa
a. phylum rhizopoda
example: amoeba
b. phylum cillata
example: paracemium
c. phylum flagellate
example: volvox globator, uglena viridis
d. phylum sporozoa
example: plasmodium
- Fungus-like protist
a. mucus fungus (myxomycota)
b. water fungus (oomycota)

Summary of biology_7

Page 6 of 13

Kingdom Fungi
- eukaryote
- based on their sexual reproduction method, its divided into 4
subdivisions as follows:
a. subdivision zygomycota
example: tempe fungus (rhizopus), mycorhiza
b. subdivision ascomycota
example: neurospore, saccharomyces, pencillum, aspegillus
c. subdivision basidiomycota
example: ear fungus, rice straw fungus, amanita phalloides

d. subdivision deuteromycota
example: epidemophyton floccosum
reproduction of fungus
1. Asexual reproduction
done by budding and hypha fragmentation
2. Sexual reproduction
fusion happens between positive hypha and negative hypha
to form zygote

Kingdom Animalia
- based on have no a backbone, kingdom animalia drouped into two
group, as follow
a. invertebrates animalia (have no bacbone)
b. vertebrates animalia (have backbone)
- Invertebrates animal are divided into 8 phyla
a. Porifera
on the body surface there are fine holdes called porus
Example: Luecosolenia, Hyalonema
b. Colenterata
flat and bilateral symmetry form
Example: hydra, Aurelia aurita, anemon
c. Plathyhelminthes
flat and bilateral symmetry form
Example: Planaria, Taenia saginata, taenia soltum
d. Nemathelminthes
body wall has 3 layers
Example: Ascaris humbricoides, filarial bancrofti
e. annelida
body wall has three layers
Example: leech, lumbricus terrestis
f. arthropoda
Summary of biology_7

Page 7 of 13

 Internodes
based on the number of legs, divided into 4 group, as follows:
Group
Number of legs
Examples
Insect
2 pairs of legs
Butterfly, Beatles,
mosquitoes, ants,
flies, etc
Arachnoidea
3 pairs of legs
Spider, Scorpion,
Crustacea
4 pairs of legs
Pawl, Crab,
Myriapoda
Many legs
Centipedes

No

g. mollusca
having soft and mucous body
Example: snail, squid, shell
h. echinodermata
Moving with ambulakral feet
Example: starfish, sea urchin, basket star, sea lily
Vertebrates animal are divided into 5 phyla

Characteristic

Body covered

Pisces
Scaly

Movement organ

Fins

The way of
reproduction

Oviparo
us
(laying
egg)

Body
temperature
Number of hearts
chambers

Summary of biology_7

Amphibians
Mucous
skin
2 pairs of
legs

Vertebrates
Reptiles
Aves
Dry skin
Feather

Mammals
Hair

Oviparous

2 pairs of
Wings
legs
Legs
Stomach
Muscle
Oviviparous Oviparous

Legs
Arm
Wings
Fins
Viviparous
(giving
birth)

Poikoter
m

Poikoterm

Poikoterm

Homokoiterm

Homokoiterm

2
An
atrium
A
ventricl
e

3
An atrium
2 ventricles

4
2 atrium
2 ventricles

4
2 atrium
2 ventricles

4
2 atrium
2 ventricles

Page 8 of 13

Breathe organs

Gills

Example

Goldfish
,
gouram
e, shark

Tatpole:
Lungs
gills
Adult: lungs
Frogs,
Snake,
Salamander Turtles,
Crocodiles

Lungs
Air bag

Lungs

Chicken
Bird

Monkeys,
cow, goat,
dolphin,

Kingdom Plantae
- Eukaryote
- Based on the carrying vessels, the kingdom plantae is divided into
two, as follows:
a. Have vascular tissues,
Example: Pterodophyta, Spermatophyta
b. Have no vascular tissues,
Example: Bryophyta
- Bryophyta (mosses)
Have characteristics:
a. have no vascular tissues
b. Have unreal, steam, and leaf. The structure of moss rood is rhizoid,
its function to absorb water and mineral salt an to stick themselves
to their living media
c. Reproduction by spore
d. Live in humid or wet place
- Pteredophyta (fern)
Have characteristics:
a. Have vascular tissues
b. Have real root, steam, and leaf
c. Reproduction by spore
d. young leaves scroll
- Spermatophyta
a. Gymnospermae (seeds are not covered by cotyledons)
Example: Gnetum gnemon, cycas rumphii, pinus merkusii
b. Angiospermae (seeds are covered by cotyledons)
1) Monocotyledonous
2) Dicotyledonous
No Difference
Monocotyledonous Dicotyledonous
1
Seed
Single seed leaf Two seed leaves
2
Root
Fibrous root
Tab root
3
Steam
- has no
- has branches
branches
- has cambium
- has no cambium
- has no segment
- stem segments
clearly
clearly
- pack xylem and
- pack xylem and
floem are
floem are
regularly
Summary of biology_7

Page 9 of 13

Flower part

The leaf veins

Example:

irregularly
located
3 or its
multiples
Parallel or
curved
Zea mays, Oriza
sativa

located
2,4,5 or their
multiples
Pinnataly or
radialiy arranged
Arachis hypogenaea,
manihei utilisima
Mangifera indica

Life Organization
ORGANISM
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGAN
TISSUES
CELL

Cell
cell is smallest basic units in organism
Robert Hooke, have observed cork in the microscope, then he found
the space in the cork, and its called cell
part of cell
a) plasm membrane
protecting and place for the substance exit or enter the cell
In plants cell, plasm membrane is wrap with cell wall
b) cytoplasm
its content of 70%-80% water and organelles or cell
c) nucleus
controlling all cell activity
The different between plant cell and animal cell
No
The different
Plant Animal
Function
cell
cell
1
Plasm Membrane

Wrapping the cell,

regulating input or output
the substance from the cell
2
Cell wall
Forming and protecting the

-cell
Summary of biology_7

Page 10 of 13

Mitochondria

Ribosome

Nucleus

Reticulum
endoplasm

Vacuole

Lysosome

--

Golgi bodies

10

Plastid

--

Site for burning or

respiration, produce
energy
Protein synthesis
Controlling all cell activity
Helping metabolism of
protein, fat, and
carbohydrate
Store of crystal/material,
digestive food of
unicellular animal
Recycling foreign stuff in
the cell
Helping the protein
forming, excreting the
substance from the cell
Site for photosynthesis

Tissues
the similiar cell together form tissues
Animal and human tissues
a) maristem tissues
b) epithelia tissues
a) flat epithelia tissues
b) columnar epithelia tissues
c) cuboids epithelia tissues
c) supporting tissues
d) muscle tissues
d) sketal muscle
e) smooth muscle
e) nerve tissues
Plant tissues
a) supporting tissues
example: collenchyma, sclerenchyma
b) base tissues
example: parenkim for photosynthesis
c) protecting tissues
example: epidermis
d) transporting tissues
example: xylem and floem
Summary of biology_7

Page 11 of 13

Organ
the similar tissues together form organ
human and animals organ
a) kidney
b) heart
c) lungs
d) intestive
e) blood vassels
plant organ
a) root
b) trunks
c) leaves
Organ Sytem
the similar organ together form organ system
human and animal organ system
a) digestive food
mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, digestive
gland
food digesting to be absorbed by small intestine
b) reproduction
testes and ovarium
reproduction
c) respiration
nose, throat, lungs
introducing to the body and releasing C02 and water vapor
d) blood circulation
heart, veins, and arteries
transporting food, 02 ,C02,and other subtance
e) movement
g) coordination
f) excretion
h) nerve
plants organ system
a) respiration
stomata, lenticels, root
site for photosynthesis and exit C02
b) Transportation
leaves, trunk, and root
transporting water and food
c) Photosynthesis
leaves, trunk, and root
Summary of biology_7

Page 12 of 13

d) Move
leaves, trunk, and root
reacting to stimulus

Summary of biology_7

Page 13 of 13