Diversity and Conservation of Plants and Traditional Knowledge 59 - 79. 2012.

Edited by: S. Panda & C. Ghosh

Published by: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region an Appraisal

V. Sampath Kumar
Botanical Survey of India (SRC), TNAU Campus, Coimbatore 641 003,
Tamil Nadu, India
Present address: HLAA, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond,
Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
E-mail: vskumar10@rediffmail.com

The family Magnoliaceae in Indian region has been studied as in the last
decade. All the genera of the subfamily Magnolioideae in India are reduced
to infrageneric level of the type genus Magnolia Linnaeus and a total of 30
species and one variety are recognized under the type genus. The species,
Michelia wardii Dandy has been reduced to varietal level. Each taxon is
enumerated with important synonyms and citations. In this account, only
two species are recognized as endemic to India compared to six listed in
Flora of India by Raju in 1993. A detailed distributional data of all the taxa
found in Indian subcontinent are provided. Cultivated non-indigenous
species are also listed separately at the end.
Key words: Magnoliaceae, Magnolia, Indian region, Enumeration, Endemic
species.

INTRODUCTION
The family Magnoliaceae is considered to be one of the primitive families of
Angiosperms and is usually of trees or large shrubs with persistent or deciduous
stipulate leaves. Due to its often large, showy and fragrant flowers, many Magnolias
are cultivated as ornamentals. The family is economically also important as the
wood of some species is used in furniture and cabinet works.
The family is divided into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and
Liriodendroideae, the latter is monogeneric and not reported to be found in wild
in the Indian region i.e. India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar/
Burma and Sri Lanka. However, two species of the genus Liriodendron Linnaeus
are reported to be cultivated here.
The generic delimitation within Magnolioideae has been subject of
persistent debate and disagreement among taxonomists, botanists, horticulturists
and morphologists (Figlar 2000). In the second half of the 19th century Baillon
(1866, 1868, 1871) suggested the merger of three genera, Aromadendron Blume,
Manglietia Blume and Talauma Jussieu with the type genus Magnolia Linnaeus.

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Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

After two decades, King (1891) supported the Baillons view and remarked, I
think there are good grounds for the opinion of Baillon that Michelia and
Manglietia should both be merged in Magnolia. However, Dandy (1927, 1964,
1971, 1978, 1979) continued to treat them as separate genera and opined that they
are well-defined ones. In 1978, Keng based on morphological and anatomical
characters as well as field observations on Malaysian species concluded that
Aromadendron, Mangleitia and Talauma (but not Michelia) should be merged
with Magnolia, a view originally expressed over a century ago by Baillon (l. c.).
Raju & Nayar (1980) and Chowdhery & Daniel (1981) advocated the view of Keng
(l. c.) and merged the taxa of Manglietia and Talauma with Magnolia and made
many new combinations mainly of Indian taxa. But authors like Nooteboom (1985,
1988, 1993), Chen & Nooteboom (1993) and Law et al (1996) considered Manglietia
as a separate entity. Figlar & Nooteboom (2004), on the basis of latest available
DNA data (Azuma et al 1999, 2000, 2001; Kim et al 2001) as well as morphological
characters (Figlar 2000, 2003a, b; Nooteboom 1998, 2000) relegated all the genera of
Magnolioideae under the genus Magnolia. They recognized 3 subgenera viz.,
Magnolia (with 8 sections and 7 subsections), Yulania (Spach) Reichenbach (with
2 sections and 6 subsections) and Gynopodium Figlar & Nooteboom (with 2
sections).
Hooker & Thomson (1872) in The Flora of British India accounted a total
of 8 genera in the Magnoliaceae by following the circumscription of Bentham
(1862) in Genera Plantarum. Eventually, four genera of these were placed in three
newly created families, viz., Eupteleaceae (Euptelea Siebold & Zuccarini), Illiciaceae
(Illicium Linnaeus) and Schisandraceae (Kadsura Kaempf. ex Jussieu and
Schisandra Michaux), which is widely accepted and almost all the authors treat
them in separate family from that of Magnoliaceae (e.g. Hutchinson 1964;
Mabberley 2008).
In 1961, Raju placed different species of Indian Magnoliaceae under six
genera (Manglietia, Magnolia, Michelia, Talauma, Alcimandra and Pachylarnax).
However, in 1993, Raju recognized only three genera in Flora of India work
(Table 1). After this publication, many changes not only in nomenclature but
circumscription of the taxa have also occurred (see Law et al 1996; Frodin &
Govaerts 1996; Figlar 2000; Kim et al 2002; Figlar & Nooteboom 2004; Nooteboom
& Chalermglin 2009). Further, additional distribution of the Indian taxa in some
states especially from NE region as well as outside the country was also reported
(e.g. Chowdhery et al 1996; Law et al 1996; Frodin & Govaerts 1996; Chauhan et al
2000; Press et al 2000; Kress et al 2003; Xia et al 2008), which resulted in reduction
of endemics to merely two species (Magnolia pealiana King and M. pleiocarpa
(Dandy) Figlar & Nooteboom) rather than six reported by Raju (1993). Sampath
Kumar (2006a) listed 21 species and 3 varieties from India and discussed about the
distribution of Magnolias in various states of India as well as in Himalayas.
It can be seen from the Table 1 that invariably all the authors recognized the
genus Michelia in their work. Traditionally this genus is distinguished from
Magnolia by stalked gynophore (King 1891). Besides, Michelia is distinguished

V. Sampath Kumar

61

by its monopodial growth and flowers on brachyblasts in the axils of leaves (Chen
& Nooteboom 1993). As stated by King (l. c.) two species of Indian Magnolia (M.
griffithii Hooker f. & Thomson and M. pealiana King) have distinct, although
short, stalks to their gynophores. Figlar (2000) also argued by quoting some
examples from Magnolia that the presence of gynoecium in Michelia may be
useful in defining species or sections but its value in delimiting genera in
Magnoliaceae is doubtful. He has also shown that the characters of axillary flowers
and monopodial growth are found in Magnolia itself.
In Hutchinsons The Genera of Flowering Plants, Dandy (1968)
differentiated the genus Manglietia from Magnolia based only on number of
ovules per carpel! Since some of the species of Magnolia also possess more than
two ovules as stated by Keng (1978), Sampath Kumar (2006b) transferred the
species of Manglietia to the genus Magnolia.
In this account, the classification of Figlar & Nooteboom (2004) is followed
and a total of 30 species and one variety is recognized. All the taxa are enumerated
with important synonyms and citations. Authors names are abbreviated following
Brummitt & Powell (1992) and as far as possible the important literatures including
Regional and Indian State floras are provided in the citation. Since it is not only felt
that the descriptions of the taxa are mere repetition of the same found in Flora of

Present account

Sri Lanka
(Nooteboom 1987)

Myanmar
(Kress et al 2003)

Bhutan
(Grierson 1984)

Gen era

Nepal
(Dandy 1979 &
Press et al 2000)

Sl.
No.

Ind ia
(Raju 1993)

Table 1. Number of taxa of Magnoliaceae recognized by different authors

in the countries of Indian region1 (number of species is indicated inside
parenthesis).

1.

Alcimandra Dandy

1 (1)

2.

11
(11)
-

3 (3)

3 (3)

7 (7)

3.

Magnolia
Linnaeus
Manglietia Blume

1 (1)

4 (4)

31
(30)
-

4.

Michelia Linnaeus

4 (4)

4 (4)

9 (9)*

Pachylarnax
Dandy
Talauma Jussieu

2
(2)**
-

5.

12
(12)
1 (1)
-

1 (1)

1 (1)

Total

24
(24)

9
(9)***

9 (9)

20
(20)*

2 (2)*

31
(30)

Present account

25
(24)

9 (9)

9
(9 )

24
(24)*

2 (2)*

6.

62

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

1

in Pakistan represented by only three cultivated species

(Khanzada & Khan 1974).

* including Michelia champaca, a naturalized one.

** Michelia nilagirica Zenker var. walkeri Hooker f. & Thomson
found in wild while M. champaca is reportedly naturalized. In
this account the former taxon is treated as synonym of typical
variety nilagirica.
*** Poudel et al in Watson et als (2011) described only 8 species
under the genus Magnolia and M. pterocarpa Roxburgh has not
been treated although it is included in the key for certain specific
reasons!
India by Raju (1993), Magnoliaceae of China by Chen & Nooteboom (1993),
Flora of China by Xia et al. (2008) etc., but also beyond the scope of this
enumeration study, the descriptions are not provided. Indeed this work is aimed to
bring clear cut picture of the nomenclature as well as distribution of the Magnolias
found in Indian subcontinent. While this manuscript was going to press, Flora of
Nepal (volume 3) edited by Watson et al (2011) was received at Kew Library and
accordingly necessary additions were made especially in the taxa citations.

ENUMERATION OFTAXA
Magnolia baillonii Pierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1: t. 2. 1880. Michelia baillonii
(Pierre) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Dandy in Bull.
Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 310. 1927; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al, Fl. India 1: 174.
1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 72. 1996; Kr. P.
Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 132, f. 5. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl.
Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287.
2003. Aromadendron baillonii (Pierre) Craib, Fl. Siam. 26. 1925. Paramichelia
baillonii (Pierre) Hu in Sunyatsenia 4: 144. 1940; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 59.
1981; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 61. 1985. Talauma spongocarpa
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47bis. 1891. Aromadendron
spongocarpum (King) Craib, Fl. Siam. 25. 1925. Talauma phellocarpa King in Ann.
Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47ter. 1891; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 18.
1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 79.
1981. Michelia phellocarpa (King) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 44. 1906. Magnolia phellocarpa (King) H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian
J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram & Tripura),
Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.

V. Sampath Kumar

63

Note: This is the only species well represented in NE India but not reported from
Himalayas. All the other species distributed in N. & NE India are recorded from
Himalayas.
Magnolia campbellii Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl.
Brit. India 1: 41. 1872; Hooker f., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 4-5. 1855 & in Bot. Mag. 111: t. 6793.
1885; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 208, t. 51-52. 1891; Gamble, Man.
Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 37. 1906;
Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 19(2): 20.
1966; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India
3: 352. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 1: 95. 1966 & 2: 36. 1971; Dandy in H. Hara &
L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 24. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 166. 1993 & in
Fl. W. Bengal 1: 137. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal
Pr. 1: 66. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al.
in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs,
herbs and climbers of Myanmar, in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003; Poudel et
al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 2, fig. 1a-c. 2011. Magnolia grandiflora sensu
Griffith, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 273. 1847, non Linnaeus 1759.
Distribution: India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh & Manipur), Nepal,
Bhutan, Myanmar, SE Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).
Note: This lofty tree is cultivated as an ornamental in NE region of the country
because of its spectacular flowers of white or rose colour.
Magnolia cathcartii (Hooker f. & Thomson) Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 88. 1985; S.
Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 333. 2002. Michelia cathcartii Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl.
Ind. 1: 79. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; Hooker f., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 7.
1855; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 214, t. 60. 1891; Gamble, Man.
Ind. Timb. 11. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906;
Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 21. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1:
175. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 76. 2000. Sampacca cathcartii (Hooker f. & Thomson) Kuntze, Revis.
Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891. Alcimandra cathcartii (Hooker f. & Thomson) Dandy in Bull.
Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 260. 1927; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 60. 1981;
Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 237. 1984. Michelia gustavii
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209. 1891.
Distribution: India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Nagaland & Manipur),
Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, China and Vietnam.
Note: This evergreen tree species can easily be distinguished by its 12 16 pairs
of lateral leaf nerves and ca 3 cm long stamens embedding the gynoecium.
Distribution of this species from Myanmar is included here based on Raju (1993)
and Frodin & Govaerts (1996) although Kim et al. (2002) and Kress et al. (2003) did
not mention its distribution from Myanmar.

64

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

Magnolia caveana (Hooker f. & Thomson) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J.
Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S.
Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 166. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et
al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 66, f. 8. 1996. Manglietia caveana Hooker f. & Thomson,
Fl. Ind. 1: 76. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot.
Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 211, t. 57. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 34. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv.
India 3: 352. 1961; Tiep in Feddes Repert. 91: 555. 1980; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For.
Fl. Meghalaya 1: 57. 1985; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and
climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Nagaland), Myanmar
and China.
Raju (l. c.1993) mentioned that this species is endemic to NE India. But the species
is reported to occur in Kachin province of Myanmar by Kress et al. (l. c.). Similarly
in Flora of China, Xia et al. (2008) reported its occurrence in SE Xiang and SE
Yunnan provinces.
Magnolia champaca (Linnaeus) Baillon ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: t. 3.
1880; Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl
Nepal 3: 3, fig. 1f. 2011. Michelia champaca Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; DC.,
Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; Blume, Bijdr. 1: 7. 1825; Wall. Cat. No. 969. 1829; Roxburgh, Fl.
Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 656. 1832; Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 6. 1834; Wight, Ill.
Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840; Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 79. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl.
Brit. India 1: 42. 1872 p.p. excl. syn. M. doltsopa; Miquel, Fl. Ind.-Bat. 1: 16. 1859;
Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 25. 1877; King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 58: 371. 1890 & in
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 216, t. 64. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 12.
1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 45. 1906; Gamble, Fl.
Madras 6. 1915; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2: 8. 1921; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1:
22. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 2: 36. 1971; Khanzada & S.A. Khan in
Nasir & Ali, Fl. W. Pakistan 64: 1. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum.
Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 79. 1981; Grierson in Grierson &
D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 2. 1984;
C.J. Saldanha & B.R. Ramesh in C.J. Saldanha, Fl. Karnataka 1: 37. 1984; H.J.
Chowdhery et al. in H.J. Chowdhery & Wadhwa, Fl. Himachal Pr. Anal. 1: 32. 1984;
Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 59. 1985; Parmar in B.V. Shetty & V.
Singh, Fl. Rajasthan 1: 58. 1987; Nooteboom in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl.
Ceylon 6: 155. 1987; A.K. Mukherjee in D.M. Verma et al., Fl. Madhya Pr. 1: 126.1993;
H.O. Saxena & Brahmam, Fl. Orissa 1: 14. 1994; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 175. 1993 & in Fl W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et
al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 72. 1996; Pullaiah & Chennaiah, Fl. Andhra Pr. 1: 66.
1997; P.S.N. Rao in Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman-Nicobar Isl. 1: 59. 1999; Press et al,
Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 76. 2000; N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Bihar Anal. 26. 2001; Kr. P. Singh in N.P.
Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 134. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs,

V. Sampath Kumar

65

herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003; Sasidharan in
KFRI Handb. 17: 15. 2004; N. P. Balakrishnan in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 127. 2005.
Michelia rufinervis DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 449. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824. Michelia
doltsopa auct. non. Buchanan-Hamilton ex DC. 1817: Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 7, t.
3. 1824. Michelia aurantiaca Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 39, t. 147. 1831 & Cat. No.
6492. 1832; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840. Michelia rheedei Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1:
14, t. 5, f. 6. 1840.
Distribution: India (throughout). Naturalized in many parts of Indian region, E. &
SE Asia. This species is native to India (Don 1831; Nooteboom 1987).
Note: This species is cultivated mainly for its fragrant flowers in religious places.
For commercial purpose, it is cultivated in large scale where Champa oil is extracted
from flowers used in perfume industry. The wood is also used in carpentry work.
The Indian population of the plant is to be considered as var. champaca as var.
pubinervia (Blume) Miquel is confined to Malesian region.
Magnolia doltsopa (Buchanon-Hamilton ex DC.) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.
1998: 21. 2000; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 3, fig.1g-h. 2011. Michelia
doltsopa Buchanon-Hamilton ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 448. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; D.
Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 226. 1825; Dandy in J. Bot. 65: 279. 1927 & in Bot. Mag. 164: t.
9645. 1943; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1966 &
2: 37. 1971; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; N.P.
Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 59. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2):
235. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 59. 1985; D.C.S. Raju in B.D.
Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 176. 1993 & in Fl W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; B.L. Chen &
Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 1063, f. 10. 1993, p.p. excl. syn M. wardii;
H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996; Press et al.,
Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 76. 2000; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 134. 2002; W.J.
Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl.
Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Magnolia excelsa Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 5, t. 2. 1824. Michelia
excelsa (Wallich) Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 9. 1829; Wall. Cat. No. 6494. 1832; Hooker f.
& Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 80. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; Wight, Ill. Ind.
Bot. 1: 14. 1840; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 215, t. 63. 1891; Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb. 11. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906;
Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 21. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953;
D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961. Sampacca excelsa (Wallich) Kuntze,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891. Michelia calcuttensis P. Parmentier in Bull. Soc. France
Belgique 27: 213, 282. 1896. Michelia manipurensis Watt ex Brandis, Indian Trees 8.
1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 25. 1934.
Distribution: India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Manipur & Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).
Note: This is a much variable species, which is evident from the number of synonyms
cited under this (for more see Frodin & Govaerts 1996). This species is reported to
be cultivated in Gardens as an ornamental in Northwestern Himalayas.

66

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

Magnolia doltsopa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex DC.) Figlar var. wardii (Dandy) V.S.

Kumar comb. & stat. nov. Michelia wardii Dandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1929:
222. 1929; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 26. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India
3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 182. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in
Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 77. 1996. Michelia doltsopa auct. non
Buchanan-Hamilton ex DC. 1817: B.L. Chen & Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 80: 1063. 1993 & D.G. Frodin & R. Govaerts, World Checklist Bibliogr.
Magnoliaceae 56. 1996, p.p. quoad syn M. wardii.
Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh) and Tibet.
Note: Chen & Nooteboom (1993) reduced this taxon as synonym under M. doltsopa.
However, the latter is characterized by the rufous or tawny indumentum on lower
surface of lamina, bracts and peduncles. Apart from this, both the taxa differs in
leaf base and in number of lateral nerves too (cuneate to slightly obtuse and 7 10
in M. doltsopa while attenuate and decurrent into petiole and 9 14 in the other).
Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnepain) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.
1998: 21. 2000. Michelia floribunda Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 46. Pl. 7, f. b. 1906. Michelia kerrii Craib in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1922:
166. 1922, non Talauma kerrii Craib 1922.
Distribution: Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
Magnolia globosa Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit.
India 1: 41. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 208, t. 50. 1891;
Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4):
39. 1906; Dandy in Bot. Mag. 159: t. 9467. 1936; Johnstone, As. Magnol. 116, f. 16
c-d, 17 left. 1955; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352. 1961; H. Hara, Spring
Fl. Sikkim Him. f. 127. 1963 & Fl. E. Himal. 1: 95. 1966; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J.
Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 24. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 167. 1993 & in
Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal
Pr. 1: 68. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; W.J. Kress et al.,
Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45:
287. 2003; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl Nepal 3: 2. 2011. Yulania japonica var.
globosa (Hooker f. & Thomson) P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Begique 27: 258.
1896. Magnolia tsarongensis W.W. Smith & Forrest in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 12: 215. 1920. Oyama globosa (Hooker f. & Thomson) N.H. Xia & C. Y.
Wu in Fl. China 7: 67. 2008.
Distribution: India (West Bengal, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan,
Myanmar, Tibet and China.
Note: The flowers of the tree are white and fragrant. Often, cultivated as an
ornamental in NE region of India.
Magnolia griffithii Hooker f. & Thomson in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 41. 1872;
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209, t. 48. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind.

V. Sampath Kumar

67

Timb. 10. 1902; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 14. 1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:
254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al.,
Fl. India 1: 167. 1993, p.p. excl. syn. M. pealiana King; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in
Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 68. 1996; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et
al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; S. Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 334. 2002; W.J. Kress et al.,
Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45:
287. 2003. Michelia griffithii (Hooker f. & Thomson) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull.
Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland & ?Manipur),
Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Note: According to Deb (l. c.) this species is cultivated in Imphal and based on the
specimen of Deb 2422 (CAL) from Imphal, Chauhan et al. (l. c.) reported it from
Manipur.
Magnolia gustavii King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209, t. 61. 1891;
Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.
Assam 1: 15. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in J. Assam
Sci. Soc. 8: 23. 1965 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 168. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery
et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 68. 1996; S. Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 334.
2002.
Distribution: India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar and Thailand.
Note: Till the last decade this species was known to occur only in Assam.
Chowdhery et al. (l.c.) and Kim et al. (l. c.) reported it from Kameng, Siang and
Subansiri districts of Arunachal Pradesh and Petchaburi province in Thailand
respectively. Its Myanmar distribution is included here based on the report of its
occurrence in that country (as Burma) by Nooteboom & Chalermglin (2009).
Magnolia henryi Dunn in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 484. 1903; B.L. Chen & Nooteboom
in Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 80: 1008. 1993. Lirianthe henryi (Dunn) N. H. Xia &
C.Y. Wu in Fl. China 7: 63. 2008. Talauma kerrii Craib in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew
1922: 226. 1922, non Michelia kerrii Craib 1922.
Distribution: Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand and Laos.
Magnolia hodgsonii (Hooker f. & Thomson) H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Singapore
31(2): 129. 1978; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in H.J. Chowdhery & Wadhwa Fl. Himachal
Pr. Anal. 1: 32. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 62. 1985; D.C.S.
Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 168, f. 24. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997;
H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69, f. 9. 1996; A.S.
Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh
et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 130. 2002; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 6, fig.1m.
2011. Talauma hodgsonii Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 74. 1855 & in Hooker f.,
Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872; Hooker f., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 6. 1855 & in Bot. Mag. 121: t. 7392.
1895; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 204, t. 47. 1891; Gamble, Man.
Ind. Timb. 8. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 32. 1906;

68

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 17. 1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 2: 37. 1971; Dandy
in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 26. 1979; N.P. Balakr., Fl. Jowai
1: 60. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; Press et al.,
Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000.
Distribution: India (?Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,
Myanmar, Tibet, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand and Malaysia.
Chowdhery et al. (l. c., 1984) reported the species M. hodgsonii from Himachal
Pradesh. Based on this, its distribution in that state is provided here, but identity
needs to be confirmed.
Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & W.W. Smith) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J.
Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S.
Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 170. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et
al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69. 1996. Manglietia hookeri Cubitt & W.W. Smith in
Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 273. 1913; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; D.C.S. Raju
in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352. 1961; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Manipur 1: 75. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of
Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh & ?Manipur), Myanmar and SW
China.
According to Raju (1993) this species occurs in Meghalaya and Manipur. But no
specimens or report has been traced to support its distribution in these states. In
Flora of Manipur (l. c.) this species has been included based on the report of Raju.
Kanjilal (l. c.) reported this from Lakhimpur (Assam) and specimens from this state
are examined during this study. Interestingly, Frodin & Govaerts (1996) in the
World Checklist of Magnoliaceae didnt mention India while citing the distribution
of this species. They mentioned only Myanmar and China.
Magnolia insignis Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 3, t. 1. 1824 & Cat. No. 973. 1829 & Pl.
Asiat. Rar. 2: 78, t. 182. 1832; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 170, f. 25.
1993; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 3. fig. 1d-e. 2011. Manglietia
insignis (Wallich) Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 23. 1829; Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1:
76. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 25. 1877;
King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 211, t. 55. 1891, p.p.; Gamble, Man. Ind.
Timb. 10. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 34. 1906; Kanjilal
et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953; Deb
in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352.
1961; Dandy in Bot. Mag. 175: t. 443. 1964 & in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl.
Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 60, f. 2. 1981; Haridasan & R.R.
Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 57. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl.
Arunachal Pr. 1: 72, f. 10. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S.
Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 75. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl.

V. Sampath Kumar

69

Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287.
2003. Manglietia insignis (Wallich) Blume var. angustifolia Hooker f. & Thomson,
in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2):
212. 1891. Magnolia insignis Wallich var. angustifolia (Hooker f. & Thomson) H.J.
Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981. Manglietia insignis (Wallich)
Blume var. latifolia Hooker f. & Thomson, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872.
Magnolia insignis Wallich var. latifolia (Hooker f. & Thomson) H.J. Chowdhery
& P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.
Distribution: India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Nagaland & Manipur), Nepal, Myanmar, Tibet, China and Vietnam.
This is a widespread species displays many variations in shape and size of the
leaves as well as colour and size of the flowers. It is grown as an ornamental tree
and its woods are used in making furniture. Although this species is distributed in
Himalayas from Uttarakhand to Arunachal Pradesh through Nepal, it is yet to be
reported from Bhutan. The mention of this species as endemic to India by Raju
(1993) might be a printing error.
Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 22. 2000.
Michelia kingii Dandy in J. Bot. 66: 321. 1928; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 26. 1934;
D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long,
Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984. Michelia glabra P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique
27: 213, 282. 1896, non Magnolia glabra P.Parmentier (1896); D.C.S. Raju in B.D.
Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 177. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl.
Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 77.
2000. Michelia montana auct. non Blume: King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)
3(2): 218. 1891, p.p. quoad spec. G. King & G. Mann; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 25.
1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961.
Distribution: India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya
& Manipur) and Bangladesh.
Raju (1993), followed by Chowdhery et al. (1996) and Chauhan et al. (2000) continued
to treat Michelia kingii as accepted name although M. glabra was having priority.
However, in Magnolia the latter specific epithet is pre-empted. The distribution of
this species from West Bengal is based on the report of Grierson (l.c.) from Jalpaiguri.
Magnolia kisopa (Buchanan-Hamilton ex DC.) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.
1998: 22. 2000; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 4, fig. 1i-j. 2011.. Michelia
kisopa Buchanan-Hamilton ex DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 448. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824;
Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 8, t. 4. 1824 & Cat. No. 970. 1829; D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
226. 1825; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840; Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 81. 1855
& in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)
3(2): 217, t. 58B. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906;
Dandy in J. Bot. 65: 277. 1927; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 23. 1934; Banerji in J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 417. 1953 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 19(2): 20. 1966;
D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1966 & in

70

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

2: 37. 1971; Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26: 83. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara &
L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 235. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 178. 1993 & Fl.
W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr.
1: 74. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000. Sampacca kisopa
(Buchanon-Hamilton ex DC.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891. Michelia doltsopa
Buchanon-Hamilton ex DC. subsp. kisopa (Buchanon-Hamilton ex DC.) J. Li in
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 19: 135. 1997. Michelia zila Buchanon-Hamilton ex Madden in
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 5: 127. 1858.
Distribution: India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan,
Tibet, China and Vietnam.
Li (1997) reduced this species to a subspecies of Michelia doltsopa although
distribution of both the taxa is not geographically isolated. The species M. kisopa
can easily be distinguished by its 3 outer tepals (rather than 4-5) and absence of
pedicels (up to 5 mm long in the other).
Magnolia lacei (W.W. Smith) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 24. 2000.
Michelia lacei W.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 216. 1920.
Michelia uniflora Dandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 203. 1927. Michelia
tignifera Dandy in J. Bot. 68: 213. 1930.
Distribution: Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan) and Vietnam.
Magnolia lanuginosa (Wallich) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Poudel
et al. in Watson et al., Fl Nepal 3: 4, fig. 1k-l. 2011. Michelia lanuginosa Wallich,
Tent. Fl. Nepal. 8, t. 5. 1824 & Cat. No. 6493. 1832; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840;
Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 80. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872;
Hooker f. in Bot. Mag. 101, t. 6179. 1875; C.B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc. 25: 3. 1889; King
in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 215, t. 62. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 11.
1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 24. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.
Assam 1: 22. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 417. 1953; Deb in Bull.
Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; W.J.
Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca lanuginosa (Wallich) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:
6. 1891. Michelia velutina DC., Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1996;
Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26: 83. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams,
Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2):
235. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 181. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal
1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75. 1996;
Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh
et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 77. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and
climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca velutina
(Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891. Magnolia velutina (DC.) Figlar in Proc.
Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000, nom. illeg. (non M. velutina P. Parm. 1896).
Michelia lanceolata E.H. Wilson in J. Arnold Arbor. 7: 237. 1926.

V. Sampath Kumar

71

Distribution: India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland

& Manipur), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).
This tree species is often cultivated in NE India for its valuable timber. It is found
wild in Bhutan, China and Myanmar and not confined to India and Nepal as stated
by Raju (1993).
Magnolia liliifera (Linnaeus) Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1: 141. 1868; W.J. Kress et al.,
Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45:
287. 2003. Liriodendron liliiferum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 755. 1762. Talauma
liliifera (Linnaeus) Kurz in Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43(2): 47. 1874; Kuntze, Revis. Gen.
Pl. 1: 6. 1891, p.p. excl. var. Talauma candollii Blume in Verh. Batav. Genootsch.
Kunsten 9: 147. 1823; Hooker. in Curtis Bot. Mag. 72: t. 4251. 1846; Kurz in J. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal 43(2): 47. 1874 & Forest Fl. Burma 1: 24. 1877. Talauma mutabilis
Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 35, t. 10, 11, 12B. 1829; Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75.
1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872; King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, pt. 2.
Nat. Hist. 58: 373. 1889 & in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3(2): 203, t. 44. 1891.
Talauma liliifera (Linnaeus) Kuntze var. mutabilis (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.
1: 6. 1891. Magnolia mutabilis (Blume) H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J.
Forest. 4: 64. 1981. Talauma andamanica King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, pt. 2. Nat.
Hist. 58: 372. 1889 & in Ann. Roy Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 203, t. 43. 1891; Finet &
Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 32. 1906; C.E. Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman
Isl. 73. 1923; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961. Magnolia andamanica
(King) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P.
Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1:
165. 1993; P.S.N. Rao in Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman-Nicobar Isl. 1: 58. 1999. Magnolia
decandollii H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978, non Savi 1819;
Nooteboom in Blumea 32: 369, f. 9. 1987 & in Fl. Males. I, 10(3): 581, f. 6. 1988 (as
candollii (Blume) H. Keng), non M. candollii Link 1829.
Distribution: India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Myanmar, China, Thailand,
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Malesia.
It is also one of the widespread species of Magnolia but not found in Indian
mainland. In almost all the Magnoliaceae work dealt on this species (including in
World Checklist of Magnoliaceae), the synonym Magnolia decandollii H. Keng
(nom. nov.) was cited as M. candollei (Blume) H. Keng by considering Keng
(1978) made combination based on Talauma candollii Blume. Actually, he proposed
a new name since the specific epithet candollii was preoccupied in Magnolia.
Interestingly the specific epithet decandollii also existing under Magnolia which
Keng was unaware.
Magnolia mannii (King) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 22. 2000. Michelia
mannii King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 218, t. 70. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain
in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 25. 1934; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 178. 1993;
H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996.

72

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

Distribution: India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh.

In the World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Frodin & Govaerts 1996), Magnolia
mannii King has been cited as synonym by quoting the same page number of the
protologue. Although King opined the merger of Michelia with Magnolia, in his
account on Magnoliaceae of British India treated Michelia as a separate entity,
which is evident from plate legends. Frodin & Govaerts (l. c.) mentioned its
distribution as Assam only, but it is reported from Bangladesh as well.
Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000.
Michelia nilagirica Zenker, Pl. Ind. 21, t. 20. 1835; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840 &
Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 938. 1845; Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 82. 1855; Thwaites,
Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5. 1860; Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 62. 1870; Hooker f. & Thomson
in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2):
216, t. 65. 1891; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 14. 1893; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 13.
1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 45. 1906; Gamble, Fl.
Madras 7. 1915; Fyson, Fl. South Indian Hill Stn. 1: 10. 1932; D.C.S. Raju in Bull.
Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Ramamoorthy in N.C. Nair & A.N. Henry, Fl. Tamil
Nadu Anal. I, 1: 3. 1983; B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 2. 1984; C.J. Saldanha
& B.R. Ramesh in C.J. Saldanha Fl. Karnataka 1: 39. 1984; Nooteboom in Dassan. &
Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 153. 1987; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 179. 1993; Sasidh. in KFRI Handb. 17: 15. 2004; N.P. Balakr. in P. Daniel, Fl.
Kerala 1: 128. 2005. Sampacca nilagirica (Zenker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6.
1891. Michelia ovalifolia Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840. Michelia nilagirica
Zenker var. ovalifolia (Wight) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5. 1860. Michelia nilagirica
Zenker var. wightii Hooker f. & Thomson in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872.
Michelia glauca Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840. Michelia pulneyensis Wight, Ill.
Ind. Bot. 1: 14, t. 5. 1840. Michelia walkeri Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840. Michelia
nilagirica Zenker var. walkeri (Wight) Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 82. 1855 & in
Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872; Nooteboom in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb.
Fl. Ceylon 6: 154. 1987.
Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Karnataka) and Sri Lanka.
It is a very rare plant, but variable in its morphology. Hooker f. and Thomson
reduced the species Michelia walkeri to varietal level in Flora Indica (1855) itself
and not in The Flora of British India (1872) as cited in the World Checklist of
Magnoliaceae by Frodin & Govaerts (1996).
Magnolia nitida W.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 212. 1920;
Dandy in Curtis Bot. Mag. 155, t. 16. 1948; Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 88. 1985.
Parakmeria nitida (W.W. Sm.) Y.W. Law in W.C. Cheng, Sylva Sinica 1: 472. 1983.
Distribution: Myanmar, Tibet and China (Xizang & Yunnan).
Magnolia oblonga (Wallich ex Hooker f. & Thomson) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp.
Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000. Michelia oblonga Wallich ex Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl.
Ind. 1: 81. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.

V. Sampath Kumar

73

(Calcutta) 3(2): 218, t. 67. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 13. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain
in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 24. 1934; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 179.
1993; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 60. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al.
in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75. 1996; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Mizoram 1: 136. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers
of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca oblonga (Wallich ex
Hooker f. & Thomson) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891. Michelia lactea Wall.,
Cat. No. 6491. 1832. nom. nud.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Mizoram),
Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Distribution of this species extends outside the Assam (NE India) region and not
confined to Assam (Khasia) as mentioned by Frodin & Govaerts (1996).
Magnolia pealiana King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 210, t. 59. 1891;
Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 10. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France
52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 14. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv.
India 3: 353. 1961; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69.
1996; Govaerts in Frodin & Govaerts, World Checklist & Bibliogr. Magnoliaceae
71. 1996; S. Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 336. 2002. Magnolia membranacea var. pealiana
(King) P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 200. 1896. Michelia pealiana
(King) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906. Magnolia
griffithii auct. non Hooker f. & Thomson 1872: D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 167. 1993, p.p. quoad syn. M. pealiana.
Distribution: India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh). Endemic.
Raju (l.c.1993) reduced this species under M. griffithii but latter workers maintained
this as a separate entity. Kim et al. (2002) in their taxonomic revision of the section
Magnolia keyed out these species based on presence and absence of white papillae
on the lower surface of the leaves. Apart from absence of papillae, this endemic
species differs by lacking pedicels (ca 1 mm in the other) and having shorter length
of follicetums (ca 8 cm vs. ca 15 cm).
Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 95. 2004.
Pachylarnax pleiocarpa Dandy in J. Bot. 71: 313. 1933; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1:
19. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.
India 1: 182. 1993; Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 98. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in
Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 77. 1996.
Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh & Nagaland). Endemic.
Raju (l.c.1993) mentioned this species distribution only from Assam, but it is reported
to occur in Naga hills and some districts of Arunachal Pradesh as well.
Magnolia pterocarpa Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel. 3: 62, t. 266. 1820; Wall. Cat. No.
975. 1829 (as sphenocarpa); Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 78. 1855 & in Hooker

74

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 41. 1872 (as sphenocarpa); Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 1: 24. 1877 (as
sphenocarpa); King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 207, t. 53. 1891; Gamble,
Man. Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Prain, Bengal Pl. 1: 197. 1903; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull.
Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 13. 1934; Banerji in J.
Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953 (as sphenocarpa); D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2:
24. 1979; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 78. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.
Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 56. 1985; D.C.S.
Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 172. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997; H.J.
Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 71. 1996; Press et al., Ann.
Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and
climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003. Michelia macrophylla
D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 226. 1825. Talauma roxburghii G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 85.
1831. Liriodendron indicum Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 642. 1825. Liriodendron
grandiflorum Roxburgh, [Hort. Beng. 43. 1814, nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 653.
1832.
Distribution: India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya & Tripura), ?Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand.
In the World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Frodin & Govaerts, 1996) doubted this
species distribution in Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand. Kress et al. (l. c.) in their
Checklist of Myanmar plants included this taxon, which is corroborated by a
specimen at CAL herbarium.
As stated by Poudel et al. (in Watson et al 2011), based on Michelia macrophylla,
Hooker & Thomson (1855) and Hooker (1872), reported this species from Central
Nepal, but type of this species, Wallich collection could not be traced for
confirmation.
Magnolia punduana (Hooker f. & Thomson) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp.
Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000. Michelia punduana Wallich [Cat. No. 974. 1829,
nom. nud.] ex Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 81. 1855 & in Hooker f., Fl. Brit.
India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 217, t. 66. 1891;
Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.
Assam 1: 23. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Balakrishnan,
Fl. Jowai 1: 59. 1981; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 60. 1985;
Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D.
Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 180, f. 26. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al.,
Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75, f. 11. 1996; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al.,
Fl. Manipur 1: 77. 2000. Sampacca punduana (Hooker f. & Thomson) Kuntze,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891. Liriodendron liliifera sensu Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 654.
1832, non Linnaeus 1762.
Distribution: India (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Manipur), Bhutan
and Bangladesh.
The distribution of this species from Sikkim is based on the report of Grierson (l. c.).

V. Sampath Kumar

75

Magnolia rabaniana (Hooker f. & Thomson) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian
J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981;
D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 173. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in
Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 71. 1996; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.
Mizoram 1: 131. 2002. Talauma rabaniana Hooker f. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75. 1855
& in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872, p.p., excl. syn.; Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 1: 24.
1877; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 204, t. 46. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain
in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 32. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 18. 1934; D.C.S.
Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961.
Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya & Mizoram) and
Myanmar
Magnolia rostrata W.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 213. 1920;
B.L. Chen & Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 80: 1011. 1993. Houpoea
rostrata (W.W. Smith) N.H. Xia & C. Y.Wu in Fl. China 7: 65. 2008.
Distribution: Myanmar and China (Xizang & Yunnan).
Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S. Kumar in Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006. Manglietia utilis
Dandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 310. 1927. Manglietia dolichogyna Dandy
ex Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 95. 1985. Magnolia dolichogyna (Dandy ex
Nooteboom) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 95. 2004.
Distribution: Myanmar, Thailand and Malesia.
Magnolia utilis was considered as endemic to Myanmar, but following merger of
M. dolichogyna with former, its distribution is extended up to Malaysia from
where the latter was originally described.
Cultivated Species:
1. Liriodendron chinense (Hemsley) Sargent: Native of China; reported to be
cultivated in India.
2. Liriodendron tulipifera Linnaeus: Native of N. America; cultivated in India and
Myanmar.
3. Magnolia coco (Loureiro) DC.: Native of E. Asia; cultivated in India and Nepal.
4. Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux: Native of China; cultivated in Pakistan.
5. Magnolia figo (Loureiro) DC.: Native of China; cultivated in India and Nepal.
6. Magnolia grandiflora Linnaeus: Native of N. America; cultivated in India,
Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan.
7. Magnolia liliflora Desrousseaux: Native of China; cultivated in India and Nepal.
8. Magnolia x soulangeana Soul.-Bod.: Known only from cultivation; cultivated
in Botanic gardens of India.

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Magnoliaceae of Indian Region

Excluded / Dubious species:

1. Magnolia ferruginea P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 203. 1896,
non M. ferruginea Hort. ex W. Watson in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1889: 305. 1889
(= M. grandiflora).
This species, described from India, could not be assigned confidently to any of
the species of Magnolia or maintained as separate one based on the protologue.
Frodin & Govaerts (1996) in the World Checklist kept this under insufficiently
known taxa.
2. Magnolia fuscata Andranszky var. hebeclada DC., Syst. Nat. 1: 458. 1817 &
Prodr. 1: 81. 1824; G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 84. 1831 [= M. figo (Loureiro) DC.].
Don (l. c.) in his General system of gardening and botany mentioned this taxon is
native of India. In protologue de Candolle ascribed as ex India orta. However,
Chen & Nooteboom (1993) in their work on Chinese Magnoliaceae mentioned the
type as Mauritus, Thouars s.n. and treated this taxon under M. figo.

Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to the Curators, Keepers and Scientist-in-charges of the
following herbaria for kindly granting permission to consult the specimens: ARUN,
ASSAM, BM, BSA, BSD, BSHC, BSIS, CAL, CALI, DD, FRC, JCB, K and MH. The
author is also grateful to the Director, BSI, Kolkata for providing necessary facilities
to carry out this work. Special thanks to R.B. Figlar, USA for sending of reprints as
well as PDF format of certain Magnoliaceae literatures.

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