Fundamentals of Stress Analysis - Lec 04

Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering
Production and Mechanical Design Engineering Department
PRE5311- Fundamentals of Stress Analysis - Lecture No. (4) : Strain and material properties.
Dr. T. A. ENAB, Production & Mechanical Design Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University.
Introduction
Introduction::
Deformations and strains are necessary to an analysis of stress
They relate to changes in the size and shape of a body
The state of stress at a point can be determined if the stress components on
mutually perpendicular planes are given
A similar operation applies to the state of strain to develop the transformation
relations that give 2D and 3D strains in inclined directions in terms of the
strains in the coordinate directions
The plane strain transformation equations are especially important in
experimental investigations
Deformation
Deformation::
If a body subjected to external loading that causes it to take up the position
pictured by the dashed lines (see Fig.)
Point
P i t A is
i displaced
di l d to
t A,
A B to
t B,
B andd so on, until
til all
ll the
th points
i t in
i the
th body
b d
are displaced to new positions
Displacements of any two points such as A & B are may be a consequence of:
deformation (straining)
rigid-body motion (translation and rotation)
or some combination
The body is said to be strained if the relative positions of points in the body
are altered.
altered
If no straining has taken place, (rigid-body motion) the distance
between A and B remains fixed (L0 = L)
Deformation
Deformation::
The magnitude and direction of the displacements described by the location
of points within the body with respect to an appropriate coordinate reference
(e g the xyz system).
(e.g.
system)
In the 2D case the components of displacement of point A to A can be
represented by
b u and v in the x and y coordinate directions,
directions respectively.
respecti el
In general, the components of displacement at a point, occurring in the x, y,
andd z directions,
di i
are denoted
d
d by
b u, v, andd w, respectively.
i l
The displacement at every point within the body constitutes the displacement
field, u = u(x, y,z), v = v(x, y, z), and w = w(x, y, z).
In engineering structures mainly small displacements are considered
Superposition
Superposition::
The principle of superposition valid whenever the quantity (stress or
displacement) to be determined is a linear function of the loads that produce
it.
it
For the foregoing condition to exist, material must be linearly elastic.
Superposition cannot be applied to plastic deformations.
The motivation for superposition is the replacement of a complex load
configuration by two or more simpler loads.
In superposition situations, the total quantity owing to the combined
loads acting simultaneously on a member may be obtained by determining
separately the quantity attributable to each load and combining the
individual results.
Superposition
Superposition::
For example:
Normal stresses caused by axial forces and bending simultaneously may
b obtained
be
bt i d by
b superposition,
iti
provided
id d that
th t the
th combined
bi d stresses
t
d nott
do
exceed the proportional limit of the material
Shearing stresses caused by a torque and a vertical shear force acting
simultaneously in a beam may be treated by superposition.
Strain definition
definition::
Line AB of an axially loaded member has suffered deformation to
become AB.
The
Th length
l th off AB is
i x.
Points A and B have each been displaced:

A an amount u, and B, u + u.
Stated differently,
y ppoint B has been displaced
p
by
y an amount u in addition to
displacement of point A, and the length x has been increased by u.
Normal strain,, the unit change
g in length,
g , is defined as:
If the deformation is distributed uniformly over the original length, the normal
strain may be written as:
where L, Lo and are the final length, the original length, and the change
of length of the member,
member respectively.
respectively
Strain definition
definition::
Strain a quantity used to measure the intensity of deformation.
deformation
Stress is used to measure the intensity of internal force.
Normal strain, , used to measure change in size.
Shear strain, , used to measure change in shape
Plane strain:
strain:
In plane strain all points in the body before and after application of load
remain in the same plane.
Two-dimensional
T
di
i l views
i
off an element
l
t with
ith edges
d
off unit
i lengths
l th subjected
bj t d to
t
plane strain are shown in three parts in figure.
We note that this element has no normal strain z and no shearing strains
xz and yz in the xz and yz planes, respectively.
Strain components x, y, and xy in the xy plane

10
Plane strain:
strain:
For an element with dimensions dx,
dx dy and of unit thickness.
thickness The total
deformation may be regarded as possessing the following features:
a change
h
i length
in
l th experienced
i
d by
b the
th sides
id (Fig.
(Fi a))
a relative rotation without accompanying changes of length (Fig. b)
Deformations of an element: (a) normal strain; (b) shearing strain
The two normal or longitudinal strains are:

A positive sign is applied to elongation; a negative sign, to contraction.
11
Plane strain:
strain:
The angular change between lines in the x and y directions,
directions is defined as the
shearing strain and denoted by xy:
The
Th shear
h
strain
t i is
i positive
i i when
h the
th right
i h angle
l between
b t
t
two
positive
iti (or
(
negative) axes decreases.
That is, if the angle between +x and +y or x and y decreases, we have
positive xy; otherwise the shear strain is negative.
12
Three
Three--dimensional strain:
strain:
In the case of a 3D element
element, a rectangular prism with sides dx,
dx dy,
dy dz,
dz an
essentially identical analysis leads to the following normal and shearing
strains:
Noting that components of shearing strain are similarly related:

The above expressions
p
are the straindisplacement
p
relations of continuum
mechanics .
They are also referred to as the kinematic relations,
relations treating the geometry of
strain rather than the matter of cause and effect.
13
Three
strain:
In tensor notation:
or
where ux = u, uy = v, xx = x, and so on.

The factor in Eq. facilitates the representation of the strain transformation
equations in indicial notation.
The longitudinal strains are obtained when i = j; the shearing strains are found
when i j and ij = ji.
It is apparent from Eqs. that:
Just as the state of stress at a ppoint is described by
y a nine-term array,
y, so strain
Eq. represents nine strains composing the symmetric strain tensor (ij = ji):
14
Three
strain:
For stresses: the equations of statics pertain to the deformed state,
state and the
coordinate set is thus established in a deformed body; xyz is, in this instance,
a Eulerian coordinate system.
system
For deformation: the xyz set is established in the undeformed body. In this
case xyz is referred to as a Lagrangian coordinate system.
case,
system
Strains are indicated as dimensionless quantities
The normal and shearing strains are also frequently described in terms of
units such as inches per inch or micrometers per meter and radians or micro
radians, respectively.
The strains for engineering materials in ordinary use seldom exceed 0.002,
which is equivalent to 2000 106 or 2000 .
15
Three
strain:
Example:
A 0.8-m by 0.6-m rectangle ABCD is drawn on a thin plate prior to
l di
loading.
S b
Subsequent
t to
t loading,
l di
th deformed
the
d f
d geometry
t is
i shown
h
b the
by
th
dashed lines in Fig. Determine the components of plane strain at point A.
16
Three
strain:
Solution:
The straindisplacement relations are:
By setting x = 800 mm and y = 600 mm
The normal strains are calculated as follows:
In a like manner, we obtain the shearing strain:

The ppositive sign
g indicates that angle
g BAD has decreased
17
Large strains:
strains:
Small deformations or deflections are considered in most applications and are
consistent with the magnitude of deformations usually found in engineering
practice.
practice
The more general large or finite straindisplacement relationships are given
in terms of the square of the element length instead of the length itself.
itself
Therefore, with reference o figure we write:
In which:
and AD = dx
18
Large strains:
strains:
Then,
Then a two-dimensional
two dimensional finite normal straindisplacement
strain displacement relationship:
Similarly, we have:
It can also be verified that the finite shearing straindisplacement relation is:
In small displacement theory, the higher-order terms in the above Eqs. are
omitted.
omitted
The expressions for three-dimensional state of strain may readily be

generalized from the pprecedingg equations.
g
q
19
20

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Mansoura University - Faculty of Engineering

Production and Mechanical Design Engineering Department

Points A and B have each been displaced:

Strain components x, y, and xy in the xy plane

Deformations of an element: (a) normal strain; (b) shearing strain

The two normal or longitudinal strains are:

Noting that components of shearing strain are similarly related:

where ux = u, uy = v, xx = x, and so on.

In a like manner, we obtain the shearing strain:

The expressions for three-dimensional state of strain may readily be

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