Goals

Objectives
Background
Nomenclature
Theory
Nylon 6,10 Experimental
Pre-lab Quiz

Nylon 6 Experimental
Extension topics
Safety considerations
Notes
References
Self-test

For background information, visit these funfilled Macrogalleria pages:

Nylons
Making Nylon 6,6
Making Nylon 6

Goals
The primary goal of this exercise is to teach you the student the
fundamental laboratory skills necessary for making nylons.
That's right, YOU are going to be able to make nylon when we're
through here. In addition, this exercise seeks to teach you the
fundamental concepts and theories involved with nylon synthesis.
We're going to do this so that you know just WHY you're doing
what you're doing, and not just following instructions like little
obedient sheep. Furthermore, by the time you're done we hope
that by having a firm grasp of the theory behind nylon synthesis,
and having mastered the hands-on skills involved, you'll know
how to alter the properties of your nylon by altering the
appropriate reaction conditions, plus be able to troubleshoot your
reaction should things go awry, all without having to go running
to your TA to ask what to do at every little step. You're here to
learn how to be independent, not codependent!
Objectives
The objectives to be reached in achieving the above stated goals
fall into two categories. First are the lab skills to be obtained, and
second are fundamental concepts to be learned. Let's list them:

Lab skills you will learn, if you don't already know them
Weighing out quantities of reactants
Preparing of solutions of known concentrations
Using a Bunsen burner without burning yourself and
without producing deadly amounts of carbon monoxide
The proper technique for heating a test tube in a flame
without shooting the contents at your lab partner
Safe handling of pyrophobic materials such as NaH
Drawing fibers from a molten polymer without burning
yourself
The Nylon Rope Trick, a neat visual demonstration
Concepts to be learned, if you don't already know them
The structure of nylons
The different kinds of nylon and how they differ
The monomers from which nylons are produced
The reactions by which nylons are produced
Which reaction variables affect the properties of the
product (e.g., molecular weight, tensile strength) and how.
What features of nylons make them good fibers
Background
Commercial Importance
Nylons are some of the most important fibers produced
commercially. If you've ever slept in a tent or used a toothbrush,
you've used nylon fibers. But nylon can be more than just fibers.
It's also used for self-lubricating gears and bearings. Nylon-clay
composites are used to make under-hood automobile parts.
The two most important kinds of nylon are nylon 6,6 and nylon 6.
These two nylons have almost identical properties. Both were

invented in the late 1930s. Nylon 6,6 was discovered first. It was
invented in the United States by Wallace Carothers who was
working for DuPont.10 Not long after that Nylon 6 was invented in
Germany by Paul Schlack who was working for I.G. Farben. 11
Physical Properties
You may ask yourself, "Why does nylon act as it does?" You may
ask yourself, "Why does nylon make such good fibers?" The
answer to both is pretty simple: intermolecular forces. Just for
review, Table 1 lists the different kinds of intermolecular forces.
When we're talking about nylons, the most important
intermolecular force is hydrogen bonding. The nitrogen-bonded
hydrogens of one nylon chain will hydrogen bond very strongly
with the carbonyl oxygens of another nylon chain. These
hydrogen bonds make crystals of nylon very strong, because they
hold the nylon chains together very tightly. Of course, these
strong crystals make strong fibers.
Unless it has been drawn into fibers, only about 20-30% of the
nylon in a given sample is crystalline when in solid form. The rest
is in the amorphous phase. But even though it's non-crystalline,
the chains are still bound strongly to each other by hydrogen
bonds. This combination of crystalline and strongly associated
amorphous phases is what makes nylon thermoplastics so tough.
(This onlyapplies to nylons used as thermoplastics, mind you.
When drawn into fibers nylons become almost entirely
crystalline.

We all know that a lot of the nylon produced ends up as clothing.

But it also ends up as other everyday things like rope, tents, and

toothbrush bristles. Sometimes nylon is used to make the belts

that reinforce tires. Most passenger car tires have steel belts, but
tires for aircraft, trucks and off-road vehicles are often made of
nylon. Under the hood of your car you'll find nylon fibers
reinforcing rubber belts, too.
Table 1

Nylon Nomenclature
There are several systems for naming nylons. There is the
traditional system, the monomer system, and some newer
systems, like the IUPAC method, which is the method Chemical
Abstracts uses.2

In the traditional system, the name includes the word "nylon"

followed by either one number or two numbers. If the nylon is
made from an A-B monomer there will only be one number. But if
there are two numbers, then you know that the nylon was made
from an A-A/B-B monomer system. For nylons made from A-B
monomers, the number tells you how many carbon atoms are in
the monomer, which of course is also the number of carbon atoms
in the repeat unit of the nylon. Hence, if a nylon is named "nylon
6", you know that it is made from an A-B monomer, and that A-B
monomer has six carbon atoms. For nylons made from A-A/B-B
monomer systems, the two numbers tell you how many carbon
atoms are in the diamine monomer, and how many carbons are in
the diacid or diacid chloride monomer. For example, if your nylon
is called "nylon 6,10", you know that it is made from an A-A/B-B
monomers system, you know that the diamine from which it was
made has six carbons, and that the diacid or diacid chloride from
which it was made has ten carbon atoms.
The monomer system, also called source based nomenclature, is
not used very often. It is confusing because different monomers
can be used to make the same nylon. For example, you can
polymerize -caprolactam to get poly(-caprolactam), and you
can polymerize aminohexanoic acid to get poly(aminohexanoic
acid). But in fact, you get the same polymer each time: nylon 6. So
don't waste a lot of time worrying about this system. just know
how to interpret its names so you won't be confused if you ever
come across them.
Finally, there are the structure-based names. The two main ones
are the IUPAC and the non-IUPAC systems. Both attempt to
unambiguously describe the repeat unit, but the non-IUPAC is
much simpler.
Take a look at Table 2 to see examples of all of these
nomenclature systems.
Table 2
Naming Conventions for Alkyl Polyamides3

Theory
Step-growth Polymerizations and Chain-growth Polymerizations
All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth
polymerizations and chain-growth polymerizations. Both stepgrowth polymerizations and chain-growth polymerizations are
used to make nylons. Making nylon from a diacid and a diamine
is a step-growth polymerization. So is making nylon from an
amino acid. Making nylon from lactams is usually a chain-growth
polymerization.
So what is the difference between the two types of
polymerization? That would take a long time to explain, so if you
want to know, go read the Macrogalleria page called Putting Them
Together. But there are some practical differences you should
know about for this experiment...
In a step-growth system, we start off with monomers. The
monomers combine and grow into dimers, trimers, tetramers,
and so forth. The molecules get bigger and bigger, but only when

we're done (when the polymerization reaches high conversion) do

we have high molecular weight polymers.
But in a chain growth system, we start off with monomers, and
the monomers quickly form high molecular weight polymers.
There are high molecular weight polymers present in your test
tube just after you start the polymerization. What's more, you
won't have dimers, trimers, and other oligomers hanging around.
A growing polymer chain grows so fast that it reaches high
molecular weight quickly, and it doesn't spend any real length of
time as an oligomer.
Polycondensations
Please don't get confused, but there is another way to describe
polymerizations other than the step-growth/chain-growth system.
There is also the condensation/addition system. To know more
about this system, again go visit the Macrogalleria page Putting
Them Together. The most important thing you need to know about
this system is that it classifies all polymerizations as
polycondensations or polyadditions. Polycondensations are
polymerizations in which a small molecule by-product is
produced. The by-product is usually something like water, HCl,
or once in awhile NaCl. Polyadditions on the other hand are
polymerizations in which no by-product is produced.
We're going to talk now about using polycondensations to make
nylons. The simplest polycondensation for making nylons is the
polymerization of a diacid and a diamine. This reaction might not
normally go to high conversions, but by removing the water byproduct (usually by carrying out the reaction under vacuum so
the water evaporates), we can force this reaction go to higher
conversions.

Removing water makes the reaction go to high conversion thanks

to LeChatlier's Principle. The self-condensation of an amino acid is
a simple modification of the above reaction. Again, this reaction is
forced to high conversion by removing the water formed with a
vacuum.

Take a look at the above two reactions. Because the first one uses
two different types of monomers, one which has two amine
groups and one with two acid group, we call this an AA-BB
system. Think of the amine groups as A's and the acid groups as
B's, and you can figure out why. Likewise, the second reaction,
the one using the amino acid, is called an AB system. This is
obviously because the monomer contains both an amine group
(A) and an acid group (B) in the same molecule.
AB systems have an advantage over AA-BB systems. The
advantage is that in an AB system, one always has the same
amount amine groups and acid groups. As we all know,
stoichiometric balance of amine and acid groups is absolutely
critical when making nylons. With AA-BB systems, the amounts
of the two monomers must be measured very carefully to ensure
perfect stoichiometric balance.
Interfacial Polymerizations
Making nylon 6,6 is even easier if you use a diamine and a diacid
chloride instead of a diacid. This is because acid chlorides are
much more reactive than acids. The reaction is done in a twophase system. The amine is dissolved in water, and the diacid
chloride in an organic solvent. The two solutions are placed in the
same beaker. Of course, the two solutions are immiscible, so there
will be two phases in the beaker. At the interface of the two
phases, the diacid chloride and diamine can meet each other, and
will polymerize there. There is special way to do this called the
"Nylon Rope Trick"4, and we'll show you how to do that in just a
minute.
While this is a neat party trick, it isn't used commercially
because, first, acid chlorides are a lot more expensive than acids,
and second, acid chlorides stink horribly, and are much more
toxic than acids. And third, the fibers produced by this trick
aren't very strong, anyway.
Ring-Opening Polymerization
The ring opening-polymerization of lactams is a chain-growth
polymerization. It is also a polyaddition reaction, that is, no

byproducts are produced. The thermodynamic driving force for

ring-opening polymerizations is ring strain. Cyclic molecules
polymerize in order to relieve the strain. Take a look at Table 3,
and you'll see that 5- and 6-membered rings don't have very
much ring strain, so they don't polymerize well. But 7-membered
rings, like -caprolactam, are much more strained and
polymerize easily. As you can see in Table 3, so do many larger
cyclic monomers.
Table 3
Polymerizability of Lactams5
Type of
Polymerization
anionic (strong base)
hydrolytic (water initiated)
cationic

Order of Polymerizability
(ring sizes)
7>5>6
7 > 8 > 9 >> 5 > 6
8 > 7 > 11 > 5 > 6

There are two ways to carry out a ring-opening polymerization

of -caprolactam. Down at the nylon factory, nylon 6 is made
using a water-initiated process. Read about it on the
Macrogalleria page Making Nylon 6
The second way to make nylon 6 is to use a strong base as an
initiator.6 How strong a base? Very strong. A normal strong base
like NaOH isn't going to work here. We'll need an extra strong
base like sodium hydride (NaH). The hydride anion is an
incredibly strong base, and when it sees caprolactam, it runs
straight to the amide hydrogen and pulls it right off, as you can
see in Figure 1.
Figure 1

Now the leftover sodium cation can form a salt with the
negatively charged nitrogen that is left behind when the hydrogen
is extracted. But we don't want that. We want the nitrogen to be a

free anion, because it will be more reactive that way. So we're

going to throw some poly(ethylene oxide) into the reaction
mixture. This will complex the sodium cation, keeping it from
associating with the anionic nitrogen. You can see this in Figure 2.
Figure 2

So the nitrogen, free to react, will donate an unshared pair of

electrons to the carbonyl carbon of another caprolactam
molecule. (Remember, carbonyl carbons are electron deficient,
and are easily attacked by anions.) After some electron-shuffling
in which the electrons in the bond between the carbonyl carbon
and the amide nitrogen shift to the nitrogen, the second
caprolactam molecule ring-opens, as you can see in Figure 3.
Figure 3

The new molecule formed also has a negatively-charged nitrogen,

an amine anion. This is an unstable species, so the activation
energy is high for this step. This makes this the slow step of the
reaction. For this reason, there is an induction period at the
beginning of the reaction before polymerization begins.
Being unstable, that anionic nitrogen will abstract a proton
from another molecule of -caprolactam, as Figure 4 clearly
shows.
Figure 4

We have an anion of -caprolactam once again, and the

negatively charged nitrogen attacks the ring carbonyl carbon of
the species we just formed. Take a look at Figure 5 and you'll see
what's happening.
Figure 5

This step is faster than the that first ring opening step, the one in
Figure 3, because the starting species involved this time is much
more reactive. You see, the reacting compound this time is
an imide, a compound with a nitrogen atom bonded
to two carbonyl carbons. The last time we were reacting an amide,
which is a compound with a nitrogen bonded to only one carbonyl
carbon. Imides are much more reactive than amides.

Part of the reason why imides are more reactive than amides is
the fact that when an imide ring-opens we get an amide anion,
whereas the product of an amide ring-opening is an amineanion.
Amine anions are very unstable, but amide anions are more
stable because the negative charge is stabilized by the carbonyl
group bonded to the nitrogen atom.

Of course, this gives us another unstable nitrogen negative

charge, and it takes a proton from another -caprolactam
molecule, which then adds to the growing chain in the same way
as we saw before. This keeps happening over and over until we
get high molecular weight nylon 6.
Just one more thing...remember that the first ring-opening step
was so slow? We can get around this slow step by throwing a little
bit of N-acetylcaprolactam into the reaction mixture. Not only is
this is a reactive imide, just like the rings in our growing chain,
but it produces an amide anion when it ring-opens rather than an

unstable amine anion. It takes the place of -caprolactam in the

first step, so the slow step is eliminated, and so is that annoying
induction period.

This reaction won't work well without poly(ethylene oxide) or Nacetylcaprolactam. But add both of them and you can get high
molecular weight nylon 6 after heating the mixture for 2-3
minutes. Just don't heat it longer, because your polymer will
thermally degrade. The molecular weight will drop, and then you
won't be able to draw good fibers from your polymer. Your fibers
will be hard to draw and they will also be brittle, so don't let it
cook for too long!
Nylon 6,10 Experimental
Materials:
hexamethylene diamine (1g)
sebacoyl chloride (1g)
hexane (25ml)
two 100 ml beakers
glass stirring rod
balance
Procedure:
1. Dissolve about 1 g of hexamethylene diamine in 25 ml of water
in a 100 ml beaker.
2. Make solution of about 1 g of sebacoyl chloride in 25 ml
hexane.

3. Gently pour the sebacoyl chlorie/hexane solution on top of the

hexamethylene diamine/water solution in the beaker, using a glass
rod to pour down. A film will form at the interface.
4. Draw a thread out of this interface using a glass rod, and draw
the thread out of the beaker. Using a second 100 ml beaker as a
spool, slowly wind up the thread as you draw it out.
5. After all the polymer has been collected, wash it thoroughly
with water, dry it superficially with a towel, then let it air dry.
6. Unwind the dry thread and let the students examine its
physical properties. Rarely will this material display any
significant strength.
Nylon 6 Experimental
Materials:
disposable test tube, 18 x 150 mm or larger
test tube holder
Bunsen burner
disposable Pasteur pipette
balance
-caprolactam (recrystalized from cyclohexane)
sodium hydride (NaH), 60% dispersion in oil
polyoxyethylene [also called poly(ethylene glycol)]
N-acetylcaprolactam
Procedure:
Weigh out the following:
caprolactam (10g)
polyoxyethylene (POE) (molecular weight = 2000-7500) (0.2
g)

N-acetylcaprolactam (3-5 drops)

1. Mix the above in a test tube. Hold the tube with a test tube
holder. (Don't hold it with your hands; it's going to get HOT!)
2. Light your Bunsen burner and adjust the flame to about 1 inch.
Heat the tube in the flame, moving it around, passing it in and out
of the flame. This is to ensure even heating. Uneven heating can
cause an explosion, which would mean you'd lose your reactants
when they shoot out of the tube, and the hot reactants wil splatter
all over your lab partner causing severe burns.
3. When the mixture in the tube melts, add a spatula tip of NaH
(move NaH from large contaner to smaller vials to prevent the
whole can of NaH from burning up). Make sure all of your NaH
reacts by carefully tilting your test tube so that any NaH stuck to
the sides of the tube comes into contact with the reaction mixture.
Be careful not to spill the contents when you tilt the tube!
4. Keep heating the test tube for 2-4 more minutes. Be careful to
keep moving the tube to ensure even heating. If you don't, you
can get hot spots, which will boil. This will lead to "bumping",
which is when your reaction mixture shoots out of the tube. The
liquid is very hot (220-230 o C) and will cause severe burns.
5. The reaction should be done about the time the reaction
mixture starts to reflux, or simmer. You will know it has
polymerized because the mixture will become much more viscous.
If polymerization does not occur within several minutes, cool to
just above the solidification temperature, add more NaH, and
reheat.
Caution! Adding too much initiator or heating too long will lead
to low molecular weight and brittle fibers. Also, heating too
slowly allows the active species (the sodium salt of caprolactam)
to react with moisture in the air, andit will no longer be abel to
initiate polymerization.
You may not get it right on the first try. After several attempts,
you will figure out just how much NaH to add and how long to
heat it (Note 3).
The most exciting part of the experiment involves pulling fibers
from the molten polymer. The polymer is ready when the viscous
mass no longer bubbles freely and barely flows at the

polymerization temperature. Fibers are drawn by dipping a glass

rod into the polymer and rapidly drawing out the solidifying
material. It may be necessary to let the polymer cool some to get
just the right combination of viscosity and strength. With two
students working together and one of them walking down the
hallway trailing barely-visible fiber behind him, thin strands 75100 feet long have been made with this method. These fibers will
stretch under tension to complete polymer orientation and are
then very tough. You should be able to make material similar to
commercial nylon thread or fishing line (Note 4).
Extension Options
As the ratio of NaH to monomer increases, the molecular weight
of the polymer decreases. The experiment can be extended by
having the same or different students use varying ratios of NaH
to caprolactam. The polymers synthesized can then be tested in
one of two ways. A rough test is based on the fact that as the
molecular weight of the polymer decreases, the fibers become
weaker and finally the polymer cannot be drawn into fibers at all.
A more quantitative approach is to make a capillary
viscometer9,10. Either method should show an inverse relationship
between amount of NaH used and the molecular weight of the
polymer synthesized.
Safety Considerations
Do not point the test tubes at a fellow student when heating
it since heating too rapidly can cause splattering.
The test tube and the molten polymer are hot. Don't touch
the test tube or the fiber with their hands until they are
cool.
The NaH must be kept away from water. Hydrolysis will
generate hydrogen gas which will burn or explode!
Both caprolactam and N-acetylcaprolactam are slightly
toxic chemicals. Don't eat them (duh!) or touch them with
your hands.
Wear safety goggles or glasses at all times.
Notes

1. 18-Crown-6 may be used instead of POE in the

procedure. With the crown ether, the reaction is even faster
and the final polymer is lighter in color. However, 18crown-6 is expensive when compared to the linear
polyether. Also, poly(ethylene oxide) is very safe, while
crown ethers are toxic and easily absorbed through the
skin!
2. Although weighing out the reactants is good practice, this
procedure is versatile enough to work even with rough
estimates of the reactant amounts.
3. If repeated attempts at polymerization fail, the
caprolactam may be impure. Caprolactam may be
recrystallized from cyclohexane.8
4. The experiment can be made more challenging for a by
including the synthesis of caprolactam as the first part of
the experiment. Caprolactam can be synthesized be the
Beckman rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime. An
excellent lab experiment for this synthesis has been
reported8. Final purification by recrystallization followed
by polymerization makes this a sequence of experiments
representing the complete commercial synthesis of nylon,
and giving a product with excellent "hands-on" properties.
References
1.a. B. F. Greek, Chem. Eng. News, May 30, 1983, p.14;
b. Chem. Eng. News, April 18, 1983, p. 6.
2. R. B. Fox, J. Chem. Educ., 1974, 51, 41 and 113.
3. B. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 2nd edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Publishers, New York, 1981, p. 12.
4. P. W. Morgan and S. L. Kwolek, J. Chem. Educ.,
1959, 36, 1982.
5. Ref. 3, p. 542
6. H. R. Allcock and F. W. Lampe, Contemporary Polymer
Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1981,
pp. 128-129.

7. B. Z. Shakhashiri, Chemical Demonstrations, Vol. 1,

University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, p. 213.
8. Procedures and References cited in L. J. Mathias, J.
Chem. Educ., 1983, 60, 990.
9. E. Pearce, C. E. Wright and B. K. Bordolo, Laboratory
Experiments in Polymer Synthesis and Characterization,
Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA,
1982, pp. 133-152.
10. Carrothers, W.H. (to E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.),
U.S. Patent 2,130,523 (1938).
11. Schlack, P., German Patent 748,253 (1938), U.S. Patent
2,241,321 (1941).
Self-Test
1. Name five common uses for Nylons in general and Nylon
6 in particular.
2. Name the following polyamides with Nylon, source and
structure names.

3.Why would you expect the following two polyamides

(aramids) to have better thermal and mechanical
properties than aliphatic nylons?

4. Which of the above aramids would you expect to have

better properties? Why? (Hint: What is Kevlar and what is
it used for?)
5. Why are nylon ropes better in many applications than
cotton, jute, and metal cables? (A good example is on boats,
barges, and ships.)

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The Physical Properties of Nylon 66

The Physical Properties of Nylon 66

By John Brennan, eHow Contributor

Print this article

Many ropes are made from nylon 6,6.

Nylon 6,6 is a polyamide fiber synthesized by combining adipic acid with hexamethylene diamine.
The 6,6 notation indicates that both reactants donate six carbons each to the polymer they form,
unlike nylon 6, which is produced through a different process. Nylon 6,6 is one of the most versatile
man-made fibers and finds a host of applications -- everything from carpet material to parachute
cords. Its distinctive physical properties are responsible for its success.

Other People Are Reading

How Is Nylon Made?

Uses of Nylon 6

1.
o

Structure
In nylon 6,6, there are six carbons intervening between two amide groups. (An amide
group involves an oxygen double-bonded to a carbon directly next to a nitrogen bonded to a hydrogen
and another carbon.) Nitrogen and oxygen are both very electronegative elements, meaning they are
"selfish" when sharing electrons with another atom and the electrons tend to spend more time around
the nitrogen/oxygen atoms. Consequently, hydrogen bonds form where the partially positivelycharged hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen interacts with the oxygen atom in an amide group on a
neighboring chain. This feature accounts for many of nylon 6,6's remarkable properties.

Strength and Density

o

One of nylon 6,6's most valuable properties is its high tensile strength -- greater than
that of wool, silk or cotton. Its strength derives from hydrogen bonds between neighboring chains,
which enable the nylon to form tough, durable fibers that hold together under stress. The specific
gravity of nylon 6,6 ranges from 1.02 grams per cubic centimeter to 1.49 grams per cubic centimeter,
depending on its amount of crystallinity -- which in turn depends on how it is formed.
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Heat Capacity and Conductivity

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Nylon 6,6's heat capacity -- the amount of heat energy needed to raise its temperature
by 1 degree Celsius -- is 1.67 joules per grams Celsius, only about 40 percent of the heat capacity of
water. Its thermal conductivity (the rate at which it conducts heat) ranges from 0.200 to 0.290 watts
per meter Kelvins; although this value is much higher than many insulating materials, it is lower than
glass and far lower than good conductors like metals. Nylon 6,6 is also a poor conductor of electricity.

Other Properties
o

Nylon 6,6 is abrasion-resistant and resistant to attack by many chemicals; it is easy to

wash and can be dyed during preparation, making it even more valuable for use in clothing and
accessories. Its melting point is 263 degrees Celsius. The melting point for nylon 6,6 is much higher
than the melting point for nylon 6, which is otherwise fairly similar to nylon 6,6 in terms of its
physical properties. The lower melting point of nylon 6 is a disadvantage since garments made from
nylon 6 poorly tolerate ironing.
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Gas Properties

References

UT Knoxville College of Engineering: Nylon Fibers

MaterialsWeb: Overview of Materials for Nylon 66, Unreinforced
Engineering Toolbox: Thermal Conductivity of Some Common Materials

Resources

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Nylon 6-6 is named this because of how its molecules link together. This synthetic fabric was the first
man-made silk substitute. Developing...

Properties of Molybdenum
Comments. You May Also Like. Physical Properties of Molybdenum. Physical Properties of Molybdenum.
Discovered in 1791 in Uppsala, Sweden, molybdenum is mined...

Nylon 66 Specifications
Nylon 66 Specifications. The Remington Nylon 66 is a tough and trouble free .22 automatic rifle. The key
parts, which never require...

The Properties of Ripstop Nylon

Ripstop is a type of nylon blend fabric that is woven using a special technique that makes it extremely
durable. It is...

How to Refinish a Remington Nylon 66

The Remington model 66 iss a .22 caliber semiautomatic rifle produced by Remington arms from 1959 to
1991. The rifle was the...

What Is a Thermal Shirt?

Thermal shirts are designed to help you retain heat in cold temperatures. Made from blends of cotton,
nylon, spandex, polyester, wool or...

Motobecane Super Mirage Specs

Motobecane Super Mirage Specs. Motobecane is a major French company specializing in the bicycle
manufacturing industry since the late 1970s. The Super...

Thermal Conductivity of Soils

Thermal conductivity is an intrinsic property of the soil (or any other substance) that is related to its
ability to conduct heat....

Why Is a Nylon Rope Stronger Than a Plastic Rope?

Nitrogen and oxygen are much more electronegative than carbon or hydrogen, meaning that they exert a
stronger pull on electrons shared between...

Urethane Vs. Rubber

Most manufacturers compare many compounds, including polyurethane and rubber, when determining
what materials to use in the manufacturing process. These are compounds...

What is the Definition of a Nylon Ripstop?

Ripstop nylon has grids of heavy threads sewn in to its material that increase its strength and durability.
Even if the material...

Nylon vs. Polyester Carpeting

There are actually six different materials that can be used in most of the carpets manufactured in the
United States. Nylon and...

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