QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Research is a way to acquire knowledge based on evidence or the fact. By

research we can get information about new facts `about the phenomenon that occurs.
Research is rasional, empirical and systematic. That is research methods.
Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Once can also
define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information
on a specific topic (Kothari,2004)
Rasional is research is done in way that makes sense so that can be acceped
human reasoning. Empirical is the means used can be observed using human senses.
Tthe last that systematic is steps carried out logically based on the rules of research.
In the research consisted of introduction, literature review, research methodology and
result. In the methodology we should follow the rules of writing begis, that is
introduction, literature review, research methods, and the result.
According Degu Getu and zigzaw (2006 ) there are two types of research is
the study of quantitative and qualitative research. Qualitative research is a study that
focuses on science sosial, for example spycology, sociology, antrhopology ect. This
research focuses on why and how social phenomena case or it acquired.
This assessment will discus about methodology qualitative research. In the
research methodology have three discussions, among others :
1. Sampling Methods
2. Data Collection
3. Data Analysis
A. SAMPLING METHODS
The whole object of the research is called population, and part of the
population which is considered to represent the entire population in the study called
the sample. The populasi is too large for us to collecting the data, in the hope the
samples are representative (Degu getu and zigzaw,2006)

The samples are very useful in terms economize on costs, save time, effort
and more accurate, it is in because the use of data sources that are not too big and
avoid the bias of data.
Similarly being addressed by kothari(2004) that is a theory states that the
greater the respondent then there will be a great chance that data is detected and more
accurate. It is inversely proportional to the fact the field. In this way it will cause a
data bias, the study is considered invalid. Beside that, it will take a lot more time ,
cost and energy.
In qualitative research in general populations in small quantities compared
to the population in quantitative research. The qualitative research sample was chosen
only for specific cases and not the named respondents, but as a resource or partisipan/
informan. The aim of research and characteristic responden will determine how large
a sample that is in use. There are three metods sampling which is often used in
qualitative research among others purposive sampling, quota sampling, and snowball
sampling (Natashamack, Woodsong Cynthia; et all, 2005)
It is also addressed by Cohen Louis,(2005) that in qualitative research using
non -probability sampling sample that is used in small quantities in comparison with
the probability, and are included in the non-probability sample is purposive sampling,
quota sampling, snowball sampling, convenience sampling (accidental Sampling),
and dimensional sampling.
1. purposive sampling
Purposive sampling is a sampling technique of data sources with
consideration of certain matters. The development of this particular example, the
person is deemed to know about what we expect in a research or maybe he is a ruler
that will allow researchers to explore the object or situation that is studied or in other
words the retrieval of samples taken by the researcher needs.
Purposive sampling, one of the most common sampling strategies, groups
participants according to preselected criteria relevant to a particular research question
Sample sizes, which may or may not be fixed prior to data collection, depend on the
resources and time available, as well as the studys objectives. Purposive sample sizes

are often determined on the basis of theoretical saturation (the point in data collection
when new data no longer bring additional insights to the research questions).
Purposive sampling is therefore most successful when data review and analysis are
done in conjunction with data collection. (Natashamack, Woodsong Cynthia; et all,
2005)
2. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is done by setting a number of sample members are
quontum . Sampling is done first is how large quantum of each group.
According to Natashamack, Woodsong Cynthia; et all (2005 ) that the
number of samples in this sampling quaota already when designing the study. In
addition to the number of samples in the characteristics of respondents also research
focuses on individuals that we think can provide complete information about the
purpose of research . After that we can go into members of the population to assign it
to another who becomes the next population.
There are 3 stages in using quota sampling . The first stage is to identify the
characteristics of each population having similarities characteristics (homogeneous).
Step to identify the proportion of the two is in the form of third is to ensure the
proportion based on the characteristics of existing ( lois cohen , 2005)
3. snowball sampling
Sampling technique of data sources that initially few in number has not
been able to provide a complete data , it must find someone else who can be used as a
data source.
Snowball sampling in the sample that is used in small quantities, which is
against someone who has characteristics that are consistent with the objectives of the
study. A person who has been determined as the sample used as informants, and from
sources that can allow it to determine the next resource persons who qualify as an
informant, especially useful when the population is difficult to access. ( Cohen Lois ,
2005)

4. Convenience Sampling (Accidental Samping)

Taking a sample of respondents who happened to come or in the unit
researchers not select respondents . Does not represent a group , not genaralisasi vast
population in other words relefans. Methode not widely used because sampling
easiest method. For example, required a study of 40 samples in research on breast
feeding by mothers in the work area health center X, the researcher can take in space
KIA X who visit health centers until the sample is needed are met. ( cohen lois ,
2005)
5. Dimensional sampling
How to simplification quota sampling method sampling. Researchers will
identify factors other factors that exist in the previous sampling at least get one
respondent of each quot . ( cohen lois , 2005)
Validity and Reliability
Validity and reliability are ways to minimize the lack of research. Validity is
to test the validity of research data . in the data qualitative subjectivitas, attitudes and
opinions of respondents can cause bias the data. Therefore in need of test validity
(Lisa M. Given, 2008). The following is a kind of validity
1. criterion-related validity;
2. construct validity;
3. internal validity;
4. external validity;
5. concurrent validity;
6. face validity;
7. jury validity;
8. predictive validity;
9. consequential validity
10. systemic validity;
11. catalytic validity;
12. ecological validity;
13. cultural validity;
14. descriptive validity;
15. interpretive validity;
16. theoretical validity;

17. evaluative validity.

According to Tamara van Gog and Paas Fred there is some validity that is
often used is contruc, contend and criterion - related validity.
1. Validity Contruct
Validity contruct is to examine the contents of the instrument for purposes
of research and hypotheses are measuring instruments in accordance with the concept
of the right theory.
2. Validity content
Content validity is a way of measuring the content of the instrument is
consistent with the objectives of the study. (Dawson ,2002).
3. Criterion - related validity
criterion - related validity is description how big the suitability of the study.
the result is in the form of a numeric value which is a correlation coefisient if the
result -1 then do negative and vice versa . There was also a face validity is the
measurement of the outer appearance of the test
Reliability
In addition to testing the reliability of test validity less important in the
study. Reliability test to assess the reliability of an instrument penelituian (if the
instrument test produces the same answer of the respondents). There are three ways to
assess the reliability of the method retest, alternative forms and Internal konsisteni.
The first is a method test retest, this method is done by giving the test
repeated two times terhadapa same respondents, then calculated the correlation
between the two. If the result is close to 1.00, it is considered there is a strong
relationship between the two. The second way is a form of alternative methods which
provide two forms of tests equivalent to a group of respondents in a separate time.
After the reliability coefficients were calculated, with the result of the higher
reliability coefficient, the more reliable. The third is the internal consistency of
assessing the reliability of the administration of a single test.

Note : we recommend in this qualitative study principal investigator and his team are
locals so that he can better understand the characteristics of the respondents. In the
development of research and determining how the research sample we can consult
with superiors or members of the public
B. DATA COLLECTION
According to K. Yin (2011 ) In a qualitative study are the data collection
techniques are Interviewing ; Observing ; Collecting and examining ; and Feeling .
1. Interviewing
A method of collection of data in the which researchers got information
verbally from responden. Researchers and mutual meet in interview respondents are
divided into :
a. Structure the interview: the interviewer uses an interview guide , the data in
can get carefully and thoroughly , the data can be presented in qualitative and
quantitative data obtained systematically
b. Qualitative interview : do not use a questionnaire containing the complete list.
Researchers should be able to determine the framework of interviews , have
the good questioning skills , and should establish a good relationship premises
respondents. the qualitative researcher does not try to adopt any uniform
behavior or demeanor for every interview . Rather , the qualitative interview
follows a conversational mode , and the interview itself will lead to a social
relationship of Sorts, with the quality of the relationship individualized to
every participant ( K. Yin , 2011).
In more qualitative interviews reflect the individual experience . At this
interview researchers better understand the state of the informant . In the
interview process does not depend on the list of questions.
c. structur interfiew:Usually this is used for a lengthy interview , thus requiring
the question as guidelines . Results of interviews representatif.with results
using this technique , researchers can be a survey. When researchers make use

of a structured interview and also using qualitative data collection methods

that other means used mixed methods.Answers were obtained from the study
is limited to the question that has been set researchers suggested that the data
that was obtained by structured interviews valid compared with open
interviews .Some steps that can help in the interview process to be
comfortable is as follows :
1) Familiar with the research instruments .
2) Practicing interviews with role play previous
3) Practice using research instruments
2. Observing
Observation is an activity by using the five indra.dalam penelituian this case
the researchers observed . Observation is a research method by observing the objects
penelitian.pengamatan menggukan primary data . In the process researchers act
passively observing the objects of research . Usually can study examined two groups
of cases ( quasi - experimental ). This research should be carried out in one location ,
the space and the same time based on the guidelines of observations. ( K.Yin , 2011)
In addition, the observer can also play a role or to feel ap experienced by
members of the sample who researched or often called Participant Observation . it
aims to report what hey believe and that in lakukan.hal also aims to understand the
state of the physical , social , cultural and economic , inter- personal relations ,
activity and behavior , as researchers participate directly involved in it .
( Natashamack , Woodsong Cynthia ; et al , 2005)
Time is needed for research denagn this method depends on the setting ,
activity and population . The fundamental difference in the observer and participate is
if the observer is only an observer outside duty to observe and document the results
of observations of things that are learned behavior eg , events , etc. , but if it becomes
participant observation is in addition to observing and documenting observations we
also take part in these activities .
C.

DATA ANALYSIS

According to Kumar (2006 ) data analysis is the application of inductive

logic dandeduktif . Data is divided into subgroups , then analyzed and synthesized if
the hypothesis is accepted or rejected..
The main advantages of research qualitave that a comprehensive data
analysis , conducted on all studies , ranging from conceptual and data collection and
interpretation. according to Goetz and Le Compte describe the process of analysis and
making the research called the analysis and interpretation .
Data Reduction
Data reduction is a theoretical concept describing the research . In this way
researchers define the type of data that used to be looking for relationships between
variables . Qualitative researchers will be involved in the search data , the researcher's
role can be directly on observation , conducting interviews . Data collected in detail
and then record .
Data reduction is an overview of theoretical concepts of research . In this
way researchers define the type of data that is used to look for relationships between
variables .Qualitative researchers will be involved in the search data , the researcher's
role can be directly on observation , conducting interviews . Data collected in detail
and then recorded . Researchers will develop the raw data obtained in different ways
what if the initial response has not been able to meet the goal. It would be easier if
researchers had participants document for example in the form of logs , journals ,
diaries , notes , letters and others. but it is also an official document of a particular
organization can also be analyzed for example in the form of photographs danVideo
Coding Data
When designing the study , researchers have made a kategogori
phenomenon called with code . In this process the researchers process data on the
label , and store data and retrieve the code . Coding data can be done in a descriptive
or interpretively . (Tamara,2004)
Data Management
In qualitative research are many ways to organize, retrieve and analyze data.
Data code that has been created can then be analyzed comprehensively. The computer

has software to facilitate analysis of data, but need instructions from a book or
webside which discusses how to use the software. (Tamara,2004)

Referance
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Kingdom
Degu Getu and Yigzaw Tegbar (2006). Research Methodology,.USA . Funded under
USAID Cooperative Agreement
K. Yin (2011) . Qualitative Research - From Start To Finish..New York London . The
Guilford Press
Kothari, C (2004). Research methodology Methods and Tecnique..New Delhi. New
Age International
Kumar,yogesh singh(2006), fundamental of research Metodology and Statistics, New
Delhi. New age International
Lisa M. Given (2008) . The Sage Encyclopedia of
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Mason (2002).Qualitative Researching Second Edition. London. SAGE Publications.

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