QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research is called the traditional method, because this method is

long enough to use so it's been a tradition as a method for research. This method is
referred to as the positivistic method because based on the philosophy of
positivism. This method is a scientific method because it has met the scientific
principles that concrete / empirical, objective, measurable, rationally and
systematically. This method is also called the method of discovery, because with
this method can be found and developed a variety of new science and technology.
In this paper will be discussed on
A. Research Desain: cross-sectional research design

and pre and post

research design
B. Sampling Methods: simple random sampling, stratified random sampling,
dan cluster sampling
C. compare the quantitative and qualitative research methods
1. Research Design
a. cross-sectional research design
cross-sectional research design (Chris Olsen Mathematics
Department George washington High School Cedar Rapids, Iowa
and Diane Marie M. St. George Master's Programs in Public Health
Walden University in Chicago, Illinois) epidemiology is the study
of public health. Some common examples of epidemiological
studies are usually associated with the causes of infectious disease
outbreaks and epidemics. when we first found out about SARS
(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in 2002, epidemiologists are
unsung heroes who try to discover the cause of the outbreak. One
of the many design studies known generally is a cross sectional
study design. This research involves either the entire population or
partially elected, and of those, the data collected to help answer
research questions of interest. This is called cross-sectional because
information about the Y and X are collected represents what
happens just at a time. For example, in a simple cross-sectional
study an epidemiologist might try to determine whether there is a
relationship between television viewing and the value of the

student because he believes that students who watch a lot of

television does not have time to do homework and did poorly in
school.(Olsen,2 004).
So epidemiology make some questions about the number of
hours spent watching television and of course the value, and then
sent the question sheet for all children in school. Activities he did
was cross sectional studies and documents which he submitted a
list of simple questions. In studying public health research, you
may find a lot of terms that appear to be used interchangeably:
cross sectional study, survey, questionnaire, survey questionnaires,
survey tools, survey instruments, cross-sectional survey. Although
many terms are needed are used interchangeably, they are not all
the same
According to Kumar (2006) Kumar cross sectional
approach attention to any information on the phenomenon. Cross
sectional approach includes three aspects:
1. Survey method
2.Experimental Methods
3. The comparative method or methods of ex-post
Said the survey comes from the word `` pur` or sor` and
veer` or `` velor` which means `` lebih` and melihat` respectively.
Survey described as a picture and intrepetasi what exists today. In a
survey we are more focused on Events or existing relationship, the
prevailing practice, belief, viewpoint or her stance, a process that
occurs, the influence that arise, and the growing trend.
The purpose and usefulness of survey

methods

Survey description is often performed as the first step to be

followed by researchers using tighter controls and more objective
method. Descriptive study helps us in planning a variety of
educational programs, the census at school, on school surveys are
used to solve problems in various aspects of school as teaching
staff, curriculum, teaching methods, learning objectives, and the
like.
b. pre and post research design

pre and posttest design is the only design with

nonequivalent group, one of the simplest methods of testing the
effectiveness of interventions. In this study design we used two
groups were given inrtervensi / action during the same time period,
are treated the same tests.
After the test against the two groups, then the data was
analyzed with statistical methods will determine how much
influence the intervention. At posttest not too many uses, limited in
scope and threaten the validity of the data it is in because decisionmaking random initial data.
Results of the study is limited to the scope and resources
allow. Pretest-posttest design is a single unit. Posttest only designs
with groups of non-equivalent is usually reserved for trials
conducted after the fact, as a medical researcher who wants to see
the effects of drugs that have been given.
The Two Group Control Group Design
This design is the simplest in design pretest and posttest, is
a useful way to ensure the level of internal validity. The study
involved two groups, the test group and the control. Both groups
were tested pretest, and groups into two in iuji podtest. The main
difference is a given treatment group. Internal validity of this
design is robust, because pretest ensure that similar groups. Various
analyzes that can be performed in the control group were the two
groups. Problems With pretest posttest design: The main problem
in the study using this design is the high degree of internal validity
but mempenngaruhi external validity is low. There is no way to
assess whether the process of pre-testing actually influenced the
results because there is no baseline measurement of the groups
remained completely untreated. For example, children are given
education pretest may be inspired to try a little harder in their
lessons, and both groups should outperform the child is not given a
pretest, making it difficult to generalize the results to include all
children. Another problem in this design that generally affect

sociological research and education are not able to isolate all

members of the population.
Two groups of control group design is a research method
that is very useful, as long as the limitations are fully understood.
For extensive research and very important, many researchers use a
method Solomon groups of four, the design is more expensive, but
avoid the many drawbacks of the sample pretest-posttest design.
2. Sampling Methods
in the Quantitative research has a big population. because of that we must use
the sampling methods. In These research used the probability sampling. in
probaliliti sampling is the same all population has opportunity.dalam probabitity
sampling, sample that is in use must repesentatif.and are included in the nonprobability samples are simple random samples, systematic samples, stratified
samples, cluster samples, stagesamples, and multi- samples.in phase Reviews
These assessments have axplain about:
a. simple random sampling
simple random sampling technique is simple random
sampling manner. This technique can be used when the population
is homogeneous, which means every member of the population has
an equal opportunity to become a research sample. how the
selection of the members of the population sample can be
performed by randomly selected from the tables list the name of
the respondent, the entire population must be clear about the
characteristics masing2 member pupasi.cara random selection can
be mengguankan list of members of the population or it can also be
used in the random lottery system. (cohen lois, 2005).
according to Kumar (2006) simple random sampling is
random sampling .teknik this can be done by: throw a coin, roll the
dice, Blind folded method, or can also use a table of random
'Tippett

Table'

As for the advantages of using simple Rando Sampling among

others: the researchers just enough to know that a simple sampling
method, the results more objective, provide data according to the
purposes of research and observation of the sample can be used as
4

an addition diferensial.di destination among other shortcomings as

for sample does not necessarily represent members population, do
not use the knowledge and conclusions of the study population
according to the size of the sample.
methods. In this method, the subjects are chosen from the
population with equal probability of selection. One may use a
random number table, or use techniques such as putting the
names of the people into a hat and selecting the appropriate
number of names blindly. Recently, computer programs have
been developed to draw simple random samples from a given
population. The simple random sample has the advantages that it
is easy to administer, is representative of the population in the
long run, and the analysis of data using such a sampling scheme
is straightforward. The disadvantage is that the selected sample
may not be truly representative of the population, especially if
the sample size is small.( WHO, 2001)

b. stratified random sampling

stratified random sampling is used if the study population is
not homogeneous, it can be grouped together based on common
characteristics. From the results of these data pengelompkan then
obtained sub-populations that are called the "strata". Members of
the population of each - each of these strata are homogeny.setelah
from each strata can be drawn at random to be made in the sample.
according to Kothari (2004) in using this sampling method
must know how to form a strata, grouping members of the
population in each - each strata that have been made, and how
much sample diambing of each - each stratum.
To form the strata then we must know the characteristics of
members of the population that is most homogeneous and
heterogeneous characteristic for distinguishing. Let's suppose that
of all members of the population earn 2 strata items, namely S1
and S2 Once the strata in for the entire population in the study
based on the characteristics of each - each then entered into strata.
Be Obtained the proportion of each stratum. Suppose a population
of 6000 Obtained the number of members of the population S1 =,
2000 (the proportion of Si = 2000/6000) and S2 = 4000 (proportion
S2 = 4000/6000). The next way is to calculate the sample. sample
size has been determined using the formula of the samples or use

the table (n) will be taken from each strata is the formula n.S1 it
can be obtained .misalkan number of samples in the sample
amount can be 40 then from each strata can be retrieved using
rumor follows: Strata 1 = 40 x 2000/6000 = 13 Stata 2 = 40 x
4000/6000 = 27. In determining the characteristics of the strata
should be as simple as possible, so it can be analyzed using
quantitative analysis. (Cohen lois, 2005)
There are three types of stratified sampling method that is
non-proportional sampling, sampling and optimum aplication
proportional stratified sampling.
The drawback with this method is more representative of
the data on random sampling, better than simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, observations can be used with the aim of
iferensial. And the shortcomings of this study are difficult
menentikan researcher stratification criteria, can only use 1 criteria
for statifikasi, cost and time is needed more, sample represents just
one strata criteria that has been set, there is a risk in generalizing.
c. Cluster Sampling
This sampling method is used when the population has
been flocking but no class order. in this case as an example is a
group based on religion, race etc.
population in this method is used in case of very large and
dispersed population, when done with simple random smpling
would entail huge costs. With this the researcher can choose a
place that has a certain criteria. in this method the possibility of
researchers require stratification method to obtain a sample group
(cohen lois, 2005).
Cluster sampling

method

has

its

advantages

and

disadvantages. Among the advantages of this method lainsangat

representative, the method is easy to use, economical, practical and
very suitable in educational research, the observation can be used
as a destination inreferensial. The following losses the use of
cluster sampling method that is not free of mistakes and not
comprehensive
3. Compare The Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods
6

a. goal investigation
Qualitative

research

found

an

association

between

variables, to test the theory, looking for generalizations that have

predictive value. In this study will also produce proof of the
hypothesis that has been previously specified.
the results of quantitative research in the form of the
quantitative data the data in numeric form and presentation of the
the data in the form of a table. qualitative research found a pattern
of interactive relationship, discovered the theory, describing the
complex reality and gain an understanding of meaning. in
qualitative research hypothesis in the set previously in other words
not to prove the hypothesis. (Acaps,2012)
b. sample size and sampling method
The number of samples in quantitative research is greater
than qualitatif.besar research sample determined from the total
number of samples can be mnggunakan populasi.menetukan besra
great formula sample that is if it has determined the percentage.
In terms of technique to obtain the amount (size) of the
respondents (sample) quantitative approach size (large number of)
the sample is representative (representative) and obtained by using
the formula, percentage, or table-population-sampled and have
been determined prior to data collection.
Qualitative research known when

the

respondents

collection.

collection

experiencing
started

from

saturation

data

interviewing

number

informants-early

of
Data
or

informants-key and stop the umpteenth respondents as a source

that is not providing new information again. That is stopped till the
umpteenth informant when the information is "no longer qualified"
through the snowball technique (snow-ball), because the same
information given or not vary more with informants before. So the
qualitative research the number of respondents or informants based
on a process of achieving quality information.
c. Data collection and method of data collection

In quantitative research in general use sampling.Metode

probability of data collection in quantitative research that is using
the following method:
1) Interviews: the quantitative study researchers usually use
interviefw guide with closed questions
2) Observation: observation done in one time. Diu methods that
can be used are cross-sectional, pre and post test method.
Researchers use a checklist for this observation method.
3) Questionnaire: researchers used a sheet quesionner in
collecting data and then made its way to the respondent.
Document Studies: study looked at data from official
documents concerning the respondent data.The main qualitative
methods for collecting the data are Individual interviews, Focus
groups, Observations, Action Research

Referance
Acaps (2012) , Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques for
Humanitarian Needs Assessment
Cohen Louis (2005). Research Methods In Education. London. Taylor & Francis
E-Library
Degu Getu and Yigzaw Tegbar (2006). Research Methodology,.USA . Funded
under USAID Cooperative Agreement
Kothari, C (2004). Research methodology Methods and Tecnique..New Delhi.
New Age International
Kumar,yogesh singh(2006), fundamental of research Metodology and Statistics,
New Delhi. New age International
Olsen, Chris (2004). Cross-Sectional Study Design and Data Analysis. Hicago
WHO ( 2001), Health Research Methodology - A Guide For Training In Research
Methods, Manila, Regional Office for the Western Pacific