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LOGICAL DEDUCTION
Logical Deduction is another form of syllogism. Before learning
logical deduction a student has to learn first syllogism. In
Syllogism a conclusion has to be drawn from two propositions.

WHAT IS A PROPOSITION?
A proposition is a sentence which comprises a subject, a predicate
and a copula. Subject is that about which something is said.
Predicate is a term which states something about a subject and
copula is that part of proposition which denotes the relation
between the Subject and the Predicate.
A proposition also known as a Premises.
Examples : (a) All cows are

white

Subject copula predicate

(b) Some flowers are

Subject

red

3.

4.

* SOME DEFINITIONS :
1.
2.
3.

copula predicate

Categorical Proposition : A categorical proposition makes a direct

assertion. It has no conditions attached with it.
For examples, All S are P, Some S are P, No S is P etc.
But Either S or P, If S, then P are not categorical proposition.
Types of Categorical Proposition : Categorical proposition has
been classified on the basis of quality and quantity of proposition.
Quantity represents whether the proposition is universal or
particular and quality denotes whether the proposition is affirmative
or negative.
Hence there are four types of categorical propositions :
(1) Universal affirmative (A)
(2) Universal negative (E)
(3) Particular affirmative (I)
(4) Particular negative (O)
1.
Universal Affirmative Proposition (denoted by A) :
A proposition of the form All S are P is called a Universal
Affirmative Proposition i.e. Universal Affirmative
Proposition fully include the subject. Universal affirmative
propositions begin with All, Every etc.
2.
Universal Negative Proposition (denoted by E) :
Universal Negative Proposition fully exclude the subject.
Therefore, a proposition of the form No S is P is called a
Universal Negative Proposition. It begins with No, None
of the, Not a single etc.

Particular Affirmative Proposition (denoted by I) :

Particular affirmative proposition partly include the subject.
Hence, a proposition of the form some S are P is called a
Particular affirmative proposition.
Particular Negative Proposition (denoted by O) :
A proposition of the form some S are not P is called Particular
Negative Proposition. Particular Negative Proposition partly
exclude the subject.
Major term : The predicate of the conclusion is called
major term.
Middle term : The common term in the premises is called
the middle term.
Minor term : The subject of the conclusion is called minor
term.

METHOD FOR SOLVING SYLLOGISM :

Immediate Inference and Mediate Inference : Immediate inference
is drawn from a single statement whereas the mediate inference is
drawn from two statements.

METHODS FOR IMMEDIATE INFERENCE :

(a)

Implication : In implication, the quantity of a given

proposition are changed. The subject, predicate and the
quality of proposition remain unchanged. Thus, A will be
changed to I and E will be changed to O.
Examples :
(1) Statement :All tables are trees. (A)
Conclusion :Some tables are trees. (I)
(2) Statement :No table is tree. (E)
Conclusion :Some tables are not tree. (O)
(b) Conversion : In conversion, the subject becomes the
predicate and the predicate becomes the subject. The
quantity of the proposition remains unchanged.
Thus, A-type proposition can be converted into I-type.
E-type proposition can be converted into E-type.
I-type proposition can be converted into I-type.
But O-type proposition cannot be converted.

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2
Examples :
(1) Statement :
Conclusion :
(2) Statement :
Conclusion :
(3) Statement :
Conclusion :

All tables are trees. (A)

Some trees are tables. (I)
No table is tree. (E)
No tree is table. (E)
Some tables are trees. (I)
Some trees are tables. (I)

METHOD FOR MEDIATE INFERENCE :

Format of the Conclusion - The conclusion is itself a proposition
whose subject is the subject of the first statement and whose
predicate is the predicate of the second statement and the common
term disappears.
Example : All dogs are cats.
All cats are bats.
Conclusion - All dogs are bats.
STEP I : Aligning : Two propositions are said to be aligned if
the common term is the predicate of the first proposition
and the subject of the second one.
If the sentences are not already aligned then they can be aligned
by changing the order of the sentences or converting the
sentences.
Example : All flowers are birds.
Subject

predicate

All birds are red.

Subject

* REMARK :
There are only 6 cases where a conclusion can be
drawn. In other cases, no conclusion can be drawn.
A + I No conclusion; E + O No conclusion.
A+O
E+E
2.

(I) Some cars are roads.

(II) Some roads are buses.
Since, both statements are I-type, therefore, no mediate
conclusion follows. But immediate conclusions can be
followed from conversion of statements (I) and (II).
Conversion of statement I : Some roads are cars.
Conversion of statement II : Some buses are roads.
Example 2 :
Statements : (I) Some men are lions.
(II) All lions are foxes.
Here, some men are lions. I type

All lions are foxes. A type.

Conclusion : I + A = I - type
Some men are foxes.
Also, conversion of statement I : Some lions are men.
Conversion of statement II : Some foxes are lions.
and Implication of statement II : Some lions are foxes.
Example 3 :
Statements

: (I) All birds are books.

(II) All books are cars.
Here, both statements are of A-type.
and A + A = A-type conclusion.
All birds are books.

predicate

Here, common term is birds and it is the predicate of the first

proposition and the subject of second proposition.
STEP II : After aligning the two sentences properly, use the
following table to draw conclusions.
Type of I prop. Type of II prop. Type of conclusion
A
+
A
=
A
A
+
E
=
E
I
+
A
=
I
I
+
E
=
O
E
+
A
=
O*
E
+
I
=
O*
Here, O* mean that the conclusion or inference is of type O but
the subject of inference is the predicate of the second statement
and the predicate of the inference is the subject of the first
statement i.e. its format is opposite to the normal format of the
conclusion.

1.

Example 1 :
Statements :

No conclusion; I + I No conclusion.
No conclusion; I + O No conclusion.

If two propositions have no common term then no

conclusion could be drawn.

All books are cars.

Conclusions : All birds are cars.
Some birds are books.
(Implication of statement I)
Some books are cars.
(Implication of statement II)
Some books are birds. (Conversion)
Some cars are books. (Conversion)
Example 4 :
Statements

: (I) Some dogs are cats.

(II) No cat is cow.
Since I + E = O-type conclusion.
Conclusions : Some dogs are not cow.
Some cats are dogs. (conversion of I)
Some cats are not cow. (Implication of II)
No cow is cat. (conversion of II)

Example 5 :
Statements

: (I) All fathers are sons.

(II) No son is educated.
Here, A + E = E-type conclusion.
Conclusions : No father is educated.
Some fathers are sons. (Implication of I)
Some sons are fathers. (conversion)
Some sons are not educated.
(Implication of II)

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3
Example 6 :
Statements

: (I) No magazine is cap.

(II) All caps are cameras.
Since E + A = O*-type conclusion.
Conclusions : Some cameras are not magazine.
Some caps are cameras. (Implication of II)
Some magazines are not cap.
(Implication of I)
Some cameras are caps. (conversion of II)
No cap is magazine. (conversion of I)
Example 7 :
Statements : (I) No table is water.
(II) Some water are clothes.
Here, E + I = O*-type conclusion.
Conclusions : Some clothes are not tables.
Some tables are not water.
(Implication of I)
No water is table. (conversion of I)
Some clothes are water. (conversion of II)

PROBLEMS BASED ON LOGICAL DEDUCTION

TYPE I : In this type of question, five or six statements are
given out of which three are logically related to each
other. In the three related sentences the third is
logically deduced from the first two.
Example 1 :
(A) All heroes can be villains.
(B) Ram is a villian.
(C) No villain can be a hero.
(D) Ram cannot be a hero.
(E) All villains cannot be heroes.
(F) Ram can be a villain.
(a) EFD
(b) BCD
(c) DCB
(d) AEC
Sol.
Here A, B, C, D, E and F are the six statements. These are
followed by four options which give various combinations
of three statements out of the six statements.
The correct answer is (b) BCD
(b) Checking with the options; we have
(a) EFD; All villains cannot be heroes + Ram can be a
villain
Ram cannot be a hero.

(b) BCD; Ram is a villain and No villain can be a hero

surely implies that Ram cannot be a hero.
These type of problems can also be showed using
venn diagrams.

V
(a)

(b) R

R
Not sure
R

Correct
V
H

(c)

(d)
Diagram cannot
be drown

Not correct

TYPE II : In this type of question, four statements are given.

Each statement has 3 segments. Out of the four
statements you have to find those statement(s) in
which the third segment is logically deduced from
the preceding two, but not just from one of them.
Example 2 :
A. Some icicles are cycles; all cycles are men; some icicles
are men
B. All girls have teeth; no teeth are yellow; no girls have
yellow teeth.
C. No hand is foot; some foot are heads; some heads are
not hands
D. Every man has wife; all wives are devoted; no devoted
wife has a husband.
(a) A, B and C only
(b) A and B
(c) C and B
(d) A, B and C and D
Sol.

(a)

men

girls
Icicles

yellow

teeth

C
hand

foot

heads or hand

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foot
head

EXERCISE
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1 - 6) : Each of the questions below contains
four arguments of three sentences each. Choose the set in which
the third statement is a logical conclusion of the first two.
1.
A. No sun is not white; all moon is sun; all moon is white
B. All windows are open; No open space is allocated; all
window is closed space
C. Some As can sleep late; some Bs wake up early; some
As wake up early.
D. No German can fire; all Americans bombard; both Germans and Americans can fight.
(a) A only
(b) B only
(c) C only
(d) D only
2.
A. All Ts are square; all square are rectangular; all Ts are
rectangular
B. Some fat are elongated; some elongated things are
huge; some fat are huge.
C. Idiots are bumblers; bumblers fumble; Idiots fumble
D. Water is good for health; health foods are rare; water is
rare
(a) D only
(b) C only
(c) Both A & C
(d) All of the above
3.
A. No cowboys laugh. Some who laugh are sphinxes. Some
sphinxes are not cowboys.
B. All ghosts are fluorescent. Some ghosts do not sing.
Some singers are not fluorescent.
C. Cricketers indulage in swearing. Those who swear are
hanged. Some who are hanged are not cricketers.
D. Some crazy people are pianists. All crazy people are
whistelers. some whistlers are pianists.
(a) A and B
(b) C only
(c) A and D
(d) D only
4.
A. All good peoples are knights. All warriors are good
people. All knights are warriors
B. No footballers are ministers. All footballers are tough.
Some ministers are players
C. All pizzas are snacks. Some meals are pizzas. Some meals
are snacks.
D. Some barkers are musk-dear. All barkers are sloth bears.
Some sloth bears are musk deer
(a) C and D
(b) B and C
(c) A only
(d) C only
5.
A. Dinosaurs are pre-historic creatures Water buffaloes
are not dinosaures Water buffaloes are not pre historic
creatures
B. All politicians are frank. No frank people are crocodiles. No crocodiles are politicians
C. No diamond is quartz. No opal is quartz. Diamonds are
opals.
D. All monkeys like bananas. Some GI joes like bananas.
Some GI joes are monkeys.

6.

(a) C only
(b) B only
(c) A and D
(d) B and C
A. All earthquakes cause havoc. Some landslides cause
havoc. Some earthquakes cause landslides
B. All glass things are transparent. Some curios are glass
things. Some curios are transparent.
C. All clay objects are brittle. All XY are clay objects.
Some XY are brittle
D. No criminal is a patriot. Ram is not a patriot. Ram is a
criminal
(a) D only
(b) B only
(c) C and B
(d) A only

DIRECTIONS (Qs. 7 - 9) : Each of th question below has three

sets of statement. Each set of statements is further divided into
three segments. Choose that option where the third segment can
be logically deduced from the first two :
7.
(A) Ravens are black. Ravens are evil. All evil are black.
(B) Horses are faster than eagles. All eagles are hawks.
Horses are faster than hawks.
(C) No priest is a saint. Peter is a priest. Peter is a saint.
(a) A only
(b) B Only
(c) C Only
(d) None of these
8.
(A) Some substances are crystalline. Marble is crystalline.
Marble is a substance.
(B) All greyhounds are dogs.
Some dogs are cows.
Some greyhounds are dogs.
(C) All locks are keys.
Some keys do not open.
Some locks do not open.
(a) A only
(b) B and C
(c) A and C
(d) None of these
9.
(A) All beautiful things are sad. She is beautiful. She is sad.
(B) Some nice things are flat. TVs are flat. TVs are nice
things.
(C) Potatoes are stems. All stems are fruits. Potatoes are
fruits.
(a) A Only
(b) A and B
(c) C Only
(d) A and C
Directions (Qs. 10-20) : Each of the following questions has
four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into
three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment
in the statement can be logically deduced using the preceding
two, but not just from one of them.
10.

(a) X is an actor. Some actors are pretty. X is pretty.

(b) Some men are cops. All cops are brave. Some brave
people are cops.
(c) All actors are brave. Some men are actors. Some men
are brave.
(d) All actors are pretty. X is not an actor. X is not pretty.

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5
11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

(a) All mammals are viviparous. Some fish are viviparous.

Some fish are mammals.
(b) All birds are oviparous. Some fish are not oviparous.
Some fish are birds.
(c) No mammal is oviparous. Some creatures are
oviparous. Some creatures are not mammals.
(d) Some creatures are mammals. Some creatures are
viviparous. Some mammals are viviparous.
(a) No S is P. All X is S. No X is P.
(b) No S is P. All X is S. All X is P.
(c) Some S is not P. Some X is S. Some X is not P.
(d) Some S is not P. All X is S. All X is not P.
(a) All good people are knights. All warriors are good
people. All knights are warriors.
(b) No footballers are ministers. All footballers are tough.
Some ministers are players.
(c) All pizzas are snacks. No meals are pizzas. Some meals
are snacks.
(d) Some barkers are musk deer. All barkers are sloth
bears. Some sloth bears are musk deer.
(a) All earthquakes cause havoc. Some landslides cause
havoc. Some earthquakes cause landslides.
(b) All glass things are transparent. Some curious are
glass things. Some curious are transparent.
(c) All clay objects are brittle. Some X are clay objects
All X are brittle.
(d) No criminal is a patriot. Rohit is not a patriot. Rohit
is a criminal.
(a) Some apples are sour. This fruit is an apple. This fruit
is sour.
(b) Rita is a nurse. All nurses are tall women. Sita is a
tall woman.
(c) Army officers are smart. Airforce officers are smart.
Military officers are smart.
(d) No animal likes fire. Aardvarks are animals. Aardvarks
do not like fire.
(a) All IIMs are in India. No BIMs are in India. No IIMs
are BIMs.
(b) All IIMs are in India. No BIMs are in India. Some BIMs
are IIMs.
(c) Some IIMs are not in India. Some BIMs are not in
India. Some IIMs are BIMs.
(d) Some IIMs are not in India. Some BIMs are not in
India. Some BIMs are IIMs.
(a) A few professors are scientists. Some scientists eat
grass. A few professors eat grass.
(b) Ajay is a tree. Some trees are made of iron. Ajay is
made of iron.
(c) Some cows eat grass. All bulls eat grass. No bulls are
cows.
(d) Some squirrels are donkeys. All squirrels are wolves.
Some wolves are donkeys.
(a) No cowboys laugh. Some who laugh are sphinxes.
Some sphinxes are not cowboys.
(b) All ghosts are florescent. Some ghosts do not sing.
Some singers are not florescent.

19.

20.

(c) Cricketers indulge in swearing. Those who swear are

hanged. Some who are hanged are not cricketers.
(d) Some crazy people are pianists. No crazy people are
whistlers. Some whistlers are pianists.
(a) Giraffes are carnivores. Kangaroos are not giraffes.
Kangaroos are not carnivores.
(b) All teachers are intelligent. No intelligent people are
crooks. No crooks are teachers.
(c) No television is radio. No car is radio. Television are cars.
(d) All dogs like milk. Some cats like milk. Some cats are dogs.
(a) Citizens of X Islands speak only the truth. Citizens
of X Islands are young people. Young people speak
only the truth.
(b) Citizens of X Islands speak only the truth. Some X
Islands are in Atlantic. Some citizens of X Island are
in the Atlantic.
(c) Citizens of X Islands speak only the truth. Some
young people are citizens of X Islands. Some young
people speak only the truth.
(d) Some people speak only the truth. Some citizens of
X Islands speak only the truth. Some people who
speak only the truth are citizens of X Islands.

DIRECTIONS (Qs. 21-25) : Each of the following questions has

four statements. Three are logically correct. Some of which may
look factually absurd. Ignore this absurdity and look to the
logical corrections. Choose the statement which is wrong or
doubtful.
21. (a) Jackals live in forests. Cities are in forests. Therefore
Jackals live in cities.
(b) Some tables are grass. All stools are grass. Therefore
all tables are stools.
(c) Cups play chess. Chess is a difficult game. Therefore
cups play a difficult game.
(d) Ritu is a girl. All girls are timid. Therefore Ritu is timid.
22. (a) Some musicians are not rich. All musicians are polite.
Therefore not all polite persons are rich.
(b) All musicians are rich. No rich person is polite.
Therefore musicians are not polite.
(c) Some mangoes are apples. All grapes are mangoes.
Therefore all apples are grapes.
(d) Some mangoes are apples. All apples are grapes.
Therefore some mangoes are grapes.
23. (a) All fish can fly. Some fish are birds. All birds are
naughty. Therefore some naughty can fly.
(b) All fish are birds. All birds are naughty. Therefore all
fish are naughty.
(c) All As are Bs. All Bs are Cs. Therefore all Cs are As.
(d) Some As are Bs. All Bs are Cs. Therefore some
As are Cs.
24. (a) Some As and some Bs are Cs. Some Cs are both
As and Bs. Therefore some As are Bs.
(b) All As are Bs. Some Cs are As. Therefore, some
Cs are Bs.
(c) All As are Bs. Some Bs are Cs. Therefore some As
are Cs.
(d) Some As are Bs. All Cs are As. Therefore some
Cs are Bs.

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6
25.

(a) All As are Bs. All Bs are As. Some Cs are Bs.
Therefore some Cs are As.
(b) All As are Bs. All Bs are Cs. Therefore all As are
Cs.
(c) All Bs are As. All Cs are Bs. Therefore all Cs are
As.
(d) All Cs are As. Some Bs are Cs. Therefore Some Bs
are As.
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 26-37) : The logic problems in this set present
you with three true statements: Fact 1, Fact 2, and Fact 3. Then,
you are given three more statements (labeled I, II, and III), and
you must determine which of these, if any, is also a fact. One or
two of the statements could be true; all of the statements could
be true; or none of the statements could be true. Choose your
answer based solely on the information given in the first three
facts.
26. Fact 1: Jessica has four children.
Fact 2: Two of the children have blue eyes and two of the
children have brown eyes.
Fact 3: Half of the children are girls.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. At least one girl has blue eyes.
II. Two of the children are boys.
III. The boys have brown eyes.
(a) II only
(b) I and III only
(c) II and III only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
27. Fact 1: All hats have brims.
Fact 2: There are black hats and blue hats.
Fact 3: Baseball caps are hats.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. All caps have brims.
II. Some baseball caps are blue.
III. Baseball caps have no brims.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I, II, and III
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
28. Fact 1: All chickens are birds.
Fact 2: Some chickens are hens.
Fact 3: Female birds lay eggs.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. All birds lay eggs.
II. Hens are birds.
III. Some chickens are not hens.
(a) II only
(b) II and III only
(c) I, II, and III
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
29. Fact 1: Most stuffed toys are stuffed with beans.
Fact 2: There are stuffed bears and stuffed tigers.
Fact 3: Some chairs are stuffed with beans.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?

30.

31.

32.

33.

I. Only childrens chairs are stuffed with beans.

II. All stuffed tigers are stuffed with beans.
III. Stuffed monkeys are not stuffed with beans.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) II and III only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
Fact 1: Pictures can tell a story.
Fact 2: All storybooks have pictures.
Fact 3: Some storybooks have words.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. Pictures can tell a story better than words can.
II. The stories in storybooks are very simple.
III. Some storybooks have both words and pictures.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) III only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
Fact 1: Robert has four vehicles.
Fact 2: Two of the vehicles are red.
Fact 3: One of the vehicles is a minivan.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. Robert has a red minivan.
II. Robert has three cars.
III. Roberts favorite color is red.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) II and III only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
Fact 1: Islands are surrounded by water.
Fact 2: Maui is an island.
Fact 3: Maui was formed by a volcano.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. Maui is surrounded by water.
II. All islands are formed by volcanoes.
III. All volcanoes are on islands.
(a) I only
(b) III only
(c) I and II only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
Fact 1: All drink mixes are beverages.
Fact 2: All beverages are drinkable.
Fact 3: Some beverages are red.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. Some drink mixes are red.
II. All beverages are drink mixes.
III. All red drink mixes are drinkable.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and III
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.

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7
34.

35.

Fact 1: Eyeglass frames cost between $35 and $350.

Fact 2: Some eyeglass frames are made of titanium.
Fact 3: Some eyeglass frames are made of plastic.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. Titanium eyeglass frames cost more than plastic frames.
II. Expensive eyeglass frames last longer than cheap
frames.
III. Only a few eyeglass frames cost less than $35.
(a) II only
(b) I and II only
(c) II and III only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
Fact 1: Some pens dont write.
Fact 2: All blue pens write.
Fact 3: Some writing utensils are pens.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. Some writing utensils dont write.
II. Some writing utensils are blue.
III. Some blue writing utensils dont write.
(a) II only
(b) I and II only
(c) II and III only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.

36.

37.

Fact 1: Mary said, Ann and I both have cats.

Fact 2: Ann said, I dont have a cat.
Fact 3: Mary always tells the truth, but Ann sometimes lies.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. Ann has a cat.
II. Mary has a cat.
III. Ann is lying.
(a) II only
(b) I and II only
(c) I, II, and III
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.
Fact 1: All dogs like to run.
Fact 2: Some dogs like to swim.
Fact 3: Some dogs look like their masters.
If the first three statements are facts, which of the following
statements must also be a fact?
I. All dogs who like to swim look like their masters.
II. Dogs who like to swim also like to run.
III. Dogs who like to run do not look like their masters.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) II and III only
(d) None of the statements is a known fact.

ANSWER KEY
1

(a)

(b)

11

(c)

16

(a)

21

(b)

26

(a)

31

(d)

36

(c)

(c)

(b)

12

(a)

17

(d)

22

(c)

27

(d)

32

(a)

37

(b)

(c)

(d)

13

(d)

18

(a)

23

(c)

28

(b)

33

(c)

(a)

(d)

14

(b)

19

(b)

24

(c)

29

(d)

34

(d)

(b)

10

(c)

15

(d)

20

(c)

25

(a)

30

(c)

35

(b)

ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS

1.

(a)

3.

White

(c)

Cowboys

Sun
Laugh

Sphinxes
Whistlers

Pianists
Crazy

Fumble
2.

(c)

Ts

4.

(a)
Snacks

Meals
Pizzas

Sloth Barkers
Bears

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Musk-Dear

8
5.

(b)

27.

B
Politicians

Crocodiles

Frank people

28.
B

6.

(b) Transparent
29.
Curios

30.

Glass

7.

8.

9.

(b) The deduction in (a) is not logically deduced.

As all eagles are hawks and horses are faster than
eagles, we can say that horses are faster than hawks.
(d) Only some substances are crystalline and marble is
crystalline. Hence we cannot deduce that marble is a
substance. Second statement is a particular
proposition, hence, the third segment cannot be
decuced from the first two. Again some in the third
statement makes the deduction inconsistent.
(d)

31.

32.

Sad
Beautiful

33.

She

26.

Clearly, the third statement can be logically deduced

from the first two.
(b) There would be flat things which may be not nice.
So the third statement cannot be logically deduced
from the first two.
(c) The third statement can be logically deduced from
the first two.
(a) Since one-half of the four children are girls, two must
be boys. It is not clear which children have blue or
brown eyes.

34.

35.

36.

37.

(d) All baseball caps have brims, since baseball caps are
hats (Fact 3) and all hats have brims (Fact 1). This
rules out statement IIIbut it doesnt follow that all
caps, a category that may include caps that are not
baseball caps, have brims (statement I). Statement II
cannot be confirmed, either, since it is possible, given
the information, that all baseball caps are black.
(b) The first statement cannot be true because only
female birds lay eggs. Statement II is true because
hens are chickens and chickens are birds. Statement
III is also true because if only some chickens are hens,
then some must not be hens.
(d) None of the three statements is supported by the
known facts.
(c) Statements I and II are not supported by the facts.
Statement III is true because if all storybooks have
pictures and only some have words, then some
storybooks have both words and pictures.
(d) There is not enough information to support any of
the statements. Robert is known to have a minvan,
but it is not known which of his vehicles is re(d)
Robert may have a pickup or sport utility vehicle, so
the second statement cannot be supporte(d) There is
no way to know if Roberts favorite color is red
(statement III).
(a) Since Maui is an island and islands are surrounded
by water,Maui must be surrounded by water. There
is not enough information to support statements II
and III.
(c) If all drink mixes are beverages and some beverages
are red, then some drink mixes are red (statement I).
Since all beverages are drinkable and all drink mixes
are beverages, then all red drink mixes must be
drinkable (statement III). Statement II can be ruled out.
(d) There is no information in the facts to support
statements I or II. Statement III is clearly wrong
because, according to Fact 1, no frames cost less than
$35.
(b) Since some pens dont write, some writing utensils
dont write (statement I). Since there are blue pens and
since pens are writing utensils, some writing utensils
are blue (statement II). There is not enough information
to support statement III.
(c) If Mary always tells the truth, then both Ann and
Mary have cats (statements I and II), and Ann is lying
(statement III).
(b) Statement II is the only true statement. Since all dogs
like to run, then the ones who like to swim also like
to run. There is no support for statement I or
statement III.

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