7 Compression Tanks.28123914

Energy Efficient Building Design
College of Architecture
Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago
Volume of Pipes in System
Pressurization Tank Sizing
Color Codes
Nom
Inside
Project Name
User Input
Size
Diam
Project No.
Calculated
(ins)
(ins)
Reference Data
3/8
0.49
1/2
0.62
3/4
0.82
System Type
Chilled Water
Date
Tank Identif. / Name
Tank Description
Cylindrical / Horizontal
1.05
Location (building)
Penthouse Equipt Room
1 1/4
1.38
1 1/2
1.61
Volume System Equipt
Properties of Water
Equipt Dscr
Volume
(replace/edit)
(cu.ft.)
Chillers - Evap
Temp
Sp.Vol
T deg F V ft3/lb
20
Temp
Sp.Vol
% exp T deg F V ft3/lb
2.07
2 1/2
2.47
% exp
3.07
35
0.01600
160
0.01639
2.44
3 1/2
3.55
40
0.01602
0.12
170
0.01645
2.81
4.03
50
0.01602
0.12
180
0.01651
3.19
5.05
60
0.01604
0.25
190
0.01657
3.56
6.07
CW Pumps
70
0.01605
0.31
200
0.01663
3.94
7.89
Boilers - WT
80
0.01607
0.44
210
0.01670
4.38
10
10.02
HW Pumps
90
0.01610
0.62
220
0.01677
4.81
12
11.94
100
0.01613
0.81
230
0.01684
5.25
14
13.13
110
0.01617
1.06
240
0.01692
5.75
16
15.00
120
0.01620
1.25
250
0.01700
6.25
18
16.88
130
0.01625
1.56
260
0.01708
6.75
20
18.81
140
0.01629
1.81
270
0.01719
7.44
22
20.75
150
0.01634
2.13
280
0.01726
7.88
24
22.64
Chillers - Cond
Cooling Towers
CHW Pumps
10
Heat Exchangers
Cooling Coils
50
Heating Coils
Radtrs, Convtrs
Fan Coil Units
30
Terminal Equipt
Miscell Equipt
Equip Vol (ft3)
10
120
System Vol (ft3) =
270
Equiv lbs of Water = Vp
27.25
e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016
30
29.25
t = Max temp of water (deg F)
32
31.25
297
Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb)
34
33.25
36
35.25
18,555
Equiv gals of Water = Vg
25.25
28
10
Contigency Factor ( %) =
Sys Vol + % age (ft3 ) = Vs
26
e = % Expansion of Water from 35 F to t
a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.0000065
2,226
a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.0000095
E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks
Total Volume of Pipes (ft3)
E = Net Exp of water (gals) heated from
90
0.004
110
0.008
130
0.012
150
0.018
100
0.006
120
0.010
140
0.015
160
0.021
T
e=
100
120
150
0.006
0.010
0.018
22.3
40.1
200
E = exp 13.4
Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method)

Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F)
% Exp of Water fr 35 F to T2
T2
e
Tank Material (Steel / Copper)

Coeff of Exp of Tank Material
Tank Type (Open / Closed)

Closed Type (Normal / Diaphragm)
Average Operating Temp (F)
3.94
Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F)
T1
40
Steel
Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F)
T2
200
6.5E-006
Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3/lb
V1
0.0160
Open
Specific Volume at Tmax (ft3/lb
V2
0.0167
System Volume (ft3)
Vs
297
Min Press at Highest Point (psi
P1
25.0
24
Max Press to open Safety Valve
P2
40.0
Suction
Atmospheric Pressure (psia))
Pa
14.7
A, Pa'
33.9
12
Normal
Tank Size (% of System Volume)

Default Diameter (inches)
200
Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge)

System Height above Tank (ft)
90
Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wtr)
Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.Wtr)
20
Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr)
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.
Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP
305001475.xls

Pump Head (ft Wtr)
PH
70
Maxim Operating Pressure (ft W
Po
350
305001475.xls
Pipes in System
Volume
Length Volume
per ft
per size per size
(cu.ft.)
(ft)
0.001
(cu.ft.)
0.00
0.002
0.00
0.004
20
0.07
0.006
30
0.18
0.010
0.00
0.014
30
0.42
0.023
20
0.47
0.033
30
1.00
0.051
20
1.03
0.069
0.00
0.088
30
2.65
0.201
50
10.03
0.340
30
10.19
20
15.55
0.139
0.00
0.548
0.00
0.777
0.940
0.00
1.227
0.00
1.553
70
108.73
1.931
0.00
2.348
0.00
2.796
0.00
3.477
0.00
4.050
0.00
4.666
0.00
5.326
0.00
6.030
0.00
6.777
0.00
me of Pipes (ft3) =
150.3
als) heated from T1 to T2

200
280
0.034
0.070
75.7
155.8
dt = T2-T1 =
160
(V2/V1 - 1) =
0.0438
Pa / P1 =
0.588
Pa / P2 =
0.3675
P1 / P2 =
0.625
Pa' / Po =
0.0969
3*a*dt =
0.0031
psi x
2.31
= ft
" Hg x
1.33
= ft
ft3 x
7.5
gals x
8.334
= gals
= lbs
305001475.xls

ft3 x
62.4
= lbs
305001475.xls
Pressurization Tank Sizing

Open Tank Sizing
Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2

Vt
Basis of Sizing
(1) As a Percentage of Syst
Weight Volume
Tank Size
3' above highest point of system, & (3) connected to pump
gallons
lbs
ft3
D (in)
L (ft)
Vt =
Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals)
111
928
15
24.0
4.7
Vt =
Vs * (% of System Volume / 100)
(2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp 96
804
13
24.0
4.1
Vt =
Vs * (e/100) * 1.1
Exp Vol + 10%
from ASHRAE Systems 20 181
1508
24
24.0
7.7
Vt =
2 * Vs * [ (V2/V1 - 1) - (3ASHRAE 2000
Closed Tank Sizing
V = +ve venting pressure (= 12 ft if unknow
Fill Pressure (Pf): The tank location w.r.t. the piping system affects the initial fill or F
minim
= frictional
press at
loss
thefrom
tank.
tank to pump in orde
The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system as shown bemaintain +ve venting pressure (ft)
Pf = Initial or
Pf
Pa/Pf
A = atmospheric pressure (ft)
Min
Pa/Pf
Pf/Po 1-Pf/Po
Fill
Pressure
Location of Tank
ft H2O
- Pa/Po
H = system static head (ft) = distance betwe
(ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping Pf = V + F +
65.9
0.51
0.42 0.19
0.81
tank and highest point of system
(2) Tank is on suction side o
Pf = V + H +
135.9
0.25
0.15
0.39
0.61
(3) Tank is on discharge sid
Pf = V + PH + 115.9
0.29
0.20
0.33
0.67
110
Vs =
297
(1) Closed Tank:: T <= 16 T2 =
150
dt =
V2 at T2 0.016
Location of Tank
Denom Vt gals
E = e*Vs
40
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
(1) Tank is above the piping
0.42
96
798
13
24.0
4.1
0.15
262
2185
35
24.0
11.1
0.20
204
1704
27
24.0
8.7
Using ASHRAE HdBk Syst 0.22
193
1608
26
24.0
8.2
Vs =
297
(2) Closed Tank:: 160 <= T <= T2 =
200
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) x
Location of Tank
DenomGallons
79
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
0.42
189
1573.0
25.2
24.0
8.0
0.15
517
4304.6
69.0
24.0
22.0
0.20
403
3357.5
53.8
24.0
17.1
410
3419
55
24.0
17.4
(3) Closed Chilled Water Tank
T=
Vs =
297
Location of Tank
DenomGallons
79
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
L (ft)
0.81
97
809
13
24.0
4.1
0.61
129
1074
17
24.0
5.5
0.67
118
982
16
24.0
5.0
205
1709
27
24.0
8.7
297
(4) Closed Diaphragm Water Ta T =
120
Vs =
E=
0.01
Num = E*Vs = 22
Location of Tank
DenomGallons
Lbs
ft3
D (ft)
L (ft)
0.19
118
985
16
24.0
5.0
0.39
57
478
24.0
2.4
0.33
67
560
24.0
2.9
241
2010
32
24.0
10.3
References: (1) 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, pp. 13.11 - 13.15

Minim Volume of Pressurization Tank (gals)
Vt =
ASHRAE 1987
(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)
for T <= 160 F
E = Net expansion of water (gals) heated from 40 F
Vt =
Vs *
[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3* ASHRAE

(Pa/P1) - (Pa/P 2000
L (ft)
90
at the top of the system
L (ft)
(0.00041 x T - 0.0466) x
Vt =
PH = pump head (ft) reqd to maintain +ve p
Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.046 ASHRAE 1987

( Pa/Pf) - (Pa/P 160 <= T <= 280
(1) Tank Size is half of a hot water tank operating at

Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
2 * [(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)]
ASHRAE 1987
(2) Tank Size can be estimated from:

Vt =
Vt =
Vt =
(0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs
1 - (Pf/Po)
E * Vs
ASHRAE 1987
[ 1 - (Pf/Po) ]
for T <= 160 F
Vs *
[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3*a
ASHRAE
[ 1 - (P1/P2) ] 2000
(2) 2000 ASHRAE Handbook pp. 12.3 - 12.5
305001475.xls
305001475.xls
o atmosphere, (2) at least
nected to pump suction
= 12 ft if unknown)
o pump in order to
ressure (ft)
= distance between
of system
maintain +ve press.
on Tank (gals)
eated from 40 F to T
T <= 280
nk operating at 200 F
305001475.xls
305001475.xls
Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago
PRESSURIZATION TANKS
Pressurization tanks include expansion tanks and compression tanks. The term expansion tank is used with low
pressure systems where the tank is located at the highest point of the piping system (open or closed) and the ta
water surface is at atmospheric pressure. The height location of the expansion tank determines the static press
head available to the terminal equipment. The term compression tank applies to pressurized closed piping syste
Make-up water is supplied through the pressurization tank.
Pressurization tank types include (1) Open and (2) Closed
Closed pressurization tank construction can be:
A regular tank where the pressurizing air or gas is in contact with the liquid.
A diaphragm tank where the air charge and liquid are permanently separated by a diaphragm to prevent
corrosion of the tank or contamination of the fluid.
System Volume
Pressurization tank size is based on the volume capacity of the system. System volume consists of:
the physical inside volume of all the pipe sections in the system. The pipe volume is converted into gallon
liquid using the density of the liquid.
the liquid storage capacity of all the equipment in the system. The physical volume storage capacity of th
terminal equipment, primary equipment and miscellaneous equipment, etc., that is converted to liquid
volume using liquid density.
Open Tank Sizing
Open tank sizing assumes that the tank is:
vented to the atmosphere
at least three feet above the highest point in the piping system
connected to the suction side of the pump
Tank Volume
The tank volume size in gallons is estimated as a percentage of the total system volume The minimum reco
volume is 6% in accordance with 1987ASHRAE Handbook. An alternative to sizing the tank based on percenta
system volume, the system liquid expansion volume can be used to determinethe tank size. This expansion
is the difference in volumes at the maximum temperature of the piping system and at the minimum temperatur
Closed Tank Sizing

Fill Pressure: The tank location with respect to the piping system affects the initial fill or minimum pressure Pf
at the tank. The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Pf = V + F + A
Pf = V + H + A
Pf = V + PH + A
Tank is above the piping system

V
= positive venting pressure; (assumes 12 ft of liquid if not known)
F
= frictional pipe losses from tank to pump that must be overcome in order to
obtain positive air venting pressure (ft of liquid as specified in input)
A
= atmospheric pressure (ft of liquid)
Tank is on suction side of the pump

H
= system static head = distance between tank and highest point of piping syste
Tank is on discharge side of the pump

PH = pump head (ft of liquid) required to maintain positive pressure attop of system
In all three cases, the atmospheric pressure A is added to obtain absolute pressure
You must specify either the initial fill pressure Pf or the system static head H.
305001475.xls
Tank Sizing Equations (closed tanks)
is used with low

losed) and the tanks
Vt =
s the static pressure
osed piping systems.
[( ) ( ) ]
Vt =
Pa
Pf
Pa
Po
(1) Tank with operating temperatures below 160 F

Vt = minimum volume of pressurization tank (gal)
E
= net pressurization of water in the system when heated from min to max temp (gal)
Pa = pressure in tank when water first enters tank (ft of water absolute); At atmos.press.
Pf = initial fill or minimum pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)
Po = maximum operating pressure of tank (ft of water absolute)
( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s
[( ) ( )]
Pa
Pf
gm to prevent
( 0 . 041 x T - 0 . 0466 ) x V s
Vt =
[ ( )]
verted into gallons of
ge capacity of the
onverted to liquid
Vt =
Pa
Po
e Vs
[ ( )]
1-
Pf
Po
Pf
Po
(2) Tank with operating temperatures between 160 F and 280 F

T
= maximum average operating temperature (oF)
Vs = system volume calculated from the piping system dimensions (gal)
Error: Denominator is Pa/Pf - Pa/Po
(3) Chilled Water Tank

Error: Denominator is 1 - Pf/Po
Tank sizing for chilled water systems will result in tanks of very small size
because of the low pressurization coefficients (40 F to 90 F temperature range). Fo
reason, closed compression tanks applied to chilled water systems are sized as follo
(1) regular tank size is half the equivalent hot water size
(2) the piping system is considered to be operating from 70 F to 200 F
(4) Diaphragm Water Tank
Specific Volume of Water

(ASHRAE Chapter-6, Table-4)
e = net pressurization factor for water Tmp
Press
Sp.Vol Expansion
F
psia
0.0185
0.0886
The lowest temperature of chilled water equals the mini 32

design temperature. This can be assumed to be 35 o 40
inimum reco The highest temperature is the highest anticipated ambie 50
ed on percentaThe net pressurization factor e is obtained from table be 60
his expansion Source: 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, Table 2, p. 13.15
70
mum temperature.
80
Net Pressurization Facto Typical make-up water su 90
for Diaphragm Water Ta and expansion tank piping100
plain steel tanks
110
0.3633
0.5074
0.6989
0.9503
Press.
120
1.2765
1.6947
F
90
Factor
e
0.004
130
140
2.2257
2.8926
100
110
0.006
0.008
150
160
3.7228
4.7469
120
130
0.010
0.012
170
180
190
5.9994
7.5194
9.3495
140
150
0.015
0.018
200
210
11.5375
14.1358
160
0.021
220
230
17.2010
20.7960
240
250
24.9873
29.8462
260
280
35.4502
49.2260
300
67.0350
Highest
um pressure Pf Temp
me in order to
0.1217
0.1781
0.2564
nt of piping system
e attop of system
Sp.Vol
Exp: ft3
ft3 / (F.lb) ft3 / gal

/ (F.gal)
* 1,000,000
* 1,000,000
###
###
###
0.0175
###
0.0160
ft3 / lb
0.0160
0.0160
###
###
0.0161 1.6667
0.0161 1.7500
0.0161 2.0000
0.0161 2.1667
0.1338
0.1339
8.6900
10.6845
0.1342
0.1344
13.5480
15.4570
0.0162 2.4286
0.0162 2.5000
0.0163 2.7778
0.0163 2.9000
0.0163 3.0909
0.1348
0.1350
18.0111
18.8850
0.1354
0.1358
0.1362
21.4167
22.6086
24.3415
0.0164 3.2500
0.0165 3.4615
0.1366
0.1371
25.7855
27.6485
0.0165 3.6429
0.0166 3.8000
0.0166 3.9375
0.0167 4.1176
0.1376
0.1381
29.2453
30.6292
0.1386
0.1392
31.8401
33.3988
0.0168 4.2778
0.0168 4.4211
0.0169 4.6000
0.0170 4.7619
0.1398
0.1403
34.7843
36.0240
0.1410
0.1417
37.5564
38.9429
0.0171 4.9091
0.0173 5.2500
0.0175 5.5769
0.1423
0.1438
0.1454
40.2033
43.1035
45.8781
305001475.xls
max temp (gal)

At atmos.press.
ature range). For that

are sized as follows:
305001475.xls
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
Liquid
Water
tmos.press.
Glycol
Brine
range). For that Diesel

sized as follows:
Petrol
Properties
Density (lb/cu ft)
Specific Gravity ( = Density / 6
Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec)
Specific heat (Btu/lb oF)
Density (lb/cu ft)
Density (lb/cu ft)
Density (lb/cu ft)
Density (lb/cu ft)
-30
67.98
1.09
67.55
1.08
595.00
190.00
0.70
0.73
78.59
1.26
0.66
59.20
0.95
78.21
1.25
77.50
0.67
57.40
0.92
376.70
161.50
0.47
46.10
0.74
11.00
0.47
0.48
45.50
0.73
9.80
0.48
171.70
PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT WATER

Temp
deg F
212
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
Satur.
Press
psig
0
2.5
10.3
20.7
34.5
52.3
119.9
232.6
407.9
Density Specific
Kinem Sp. Heat
lb/cu ft Gravity = Viscos Btu/lb oF
Density/62.4 sq ft/sec
0.96
1.006
59.81
3.2
0.96
1.007
59.63
3
0.95
1.01
59.1
2.7
0.94
1.015
58.51
2.5
0.93
57.94
2.3
1.02
0.92
57.31
2.1
1.26
0.89
55.59
1.9
1.044
0.86
53.65
1.7
1.067
0.83
51.55
1.5
1.095
Temperature
30
60
100
150
62.42
62.37
62.00
61.20
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.00
12.17
7.39
4.76
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
67.11
66.55
65.74
64.68
1.08
1.07
1.05
1.04
85.40
48.60
22.60
12.50
0.76
0.78
0.81
0.85
77.71
77.21
76.09
1.25
1.24
1.22
34.70
21.80
8.90
0.68
0.69
0.71
56.10
54.90
53.00
51.10
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.82
80.70
48.30
29.10
7.50
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
44.90
44.70
44.30
42.40
0.72
0.72
0.71
0.68
8.80
7.00
5.50
3.00
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
210
59.81
0.96
3.20
1.01
63.12
1.01
6.40
0.88
Increase in Frictional Pressure Loss

due to Pipe Age
Hydraulic Handbook by Colt Industries
Multipliers
Pipe Age
Years
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
Small
1 - 3
1
1.4
2.2
3.6
5
6.3
7.25
8.1
8.75
9.25
9.6
10
Medium Large
4 to 12 14 - 48
1
1
1.35
1.3
1.9
1.6
2.7
1.8
3.5
2
4.2
2.1
4.73
2.2
5.2
2.3
5.58
2.4
5.93
2.6
6.23
2.86
7
3
305001475.xls
nal Pressure Loss

to Pipe Age
by Colt Industries
305001475.xls

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Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Volume of Pipes in System

Pressurization Tank Sizing

Penthouse Equipt Room

Volume System Equipt

% exp T deg F V ft3/lb

System Vol (ft3) =

Equiv lbs of Water = Vp

e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016

t = Max temp of water (deg F)

Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb)

Equiv gals of Water = Vg

a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.0000065

a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.0000095

E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks

Total Volume of Pipes (ft3)

E = Net Exp of water (gals) heated from

Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method)

Tank Material (Steel / Copper)

Tank Type (Open / Closed)

Average Operating Temp (F)

Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F)

Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F)

Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3/lb

Specific Volume at Tmax (ft3/lb

System Volume (ft3)

Min Press at Highest Point (psi

Max Press to open Safety Valve

Atmospheric Pressure (psia))

Tank Size (% of System Volume)

Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge)

Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wtr)

Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.Wtr)

Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr)

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

per size per size

als) heated from T1 to T2

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Energy Efficient Building Design

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Energy Efficient Building Design

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing

Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2

3' above highest point of system, & (3) connected to pump

Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals)

Vs * (% of System Volume / 100)

(2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp 96

from ASHRAE Systems 20 181

2 * Vs * [ (V2/V1 - 1) - (3ASHRAE 2000

Closed Tank Sizing

V = +ve venting pressure (= 12 ft if unknow

(3) Tank is on discharge sid

(1) Closed Tank:: T <= 16 T2 =