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Abstruct- Presented in this paper is a new matrix representation of classical electromagnetic theory. The basis
4 )f
this representation is a space-time, eight-by-eight difrerential matrix operator. This matrix operator is initially
lormulated from the differential form of the Maxwell field
equations for vacuum. The resulting matrix formulation of
Maxwells equations allows simple and direct derivation of:
i he electromagnetic wave and charge continuity equations;
I he Lorentz conditions and definition of the electromagnetic
jotentials; the Lorentz and Coulomb gauges; the electromagnetic
2otential wave equations; and Poyntings conservation of
1:nergy theorem. A four-dimensional Fourier transform of
:he matrix equations casts them into an eight-dimensional
transfer theorem. The transfer function has an inverse, and
this allows the equations to be inverted. This expresses the
fields directly in terms of the charge and current source
distributions.
--
__
-ay
dX
dr
dz
d
- a_
dz
dr
d
0
d
dz
--
ax
O
-dT
d
dT
--
dz
I. INTRODUCTION
RESENT day mathematical descriptions and computations in the field of classical electrodynamics rely heavily
on the use of vector calculus. Matrix calculus, on the other
hand, finds widespread use in other areas of physics, engineering, and applied mathematics. Structural analysis, vibrational
analysis, electrical circuit analysis, and the theory of elasticity
are just a few of the disciplines where matrix calculus [l]
has been successfully employed routinely. This paper presents
a new formulation of electromagnetic theory from a matrix
calculus point of view. As will be shown, the formulation
arises from use of a skew-Hermitian space-time eight-by-eight
differential matrix operator
11. DERIVATION
OF THE [ M ]MATRIXREPRESENTATION
The fundamental equations of classical electromagnetic phenomena, namely the Maxwell field equations in vector f o m ,
serve as our starting point in this investigation. In this section
the space-time operator [MI, which is of paramount importance to the remainder of the paper, is constructed from the
Maxwell field equations. The four Maxwell field equations,
in SI (Systeme International) units [2], are given by the
following:
Ampere-Maxwell Law
d
V x H ( r ,t ) = - D ( r , t ) + J e ( r t, )
at
( 3a)
V . D ( r .t ) = p e ( r , t )
- ~-
(2)
-.
= ict.
( 3b)
VOL. 3 6 , NO. 4 ,
NOVEMBER 1993
35 1
F iraday's Law
d
V x E ( r ,t ) = - - B ( r , t ) - P
dt
( r ,t )
V . B ( r ,t ) = p m ( r . t ) .
(34
The order in which the four equations appear above is impor ant in the construction of the space-time operator [MI.
Thi scalar and vector physical quantities appearing in the
Ma well field equations are: E ( r ,t ) the electric field, D ( r ,t )
the electric displacement, B ( r .t ) the magnetic induction,
H(~I-,
t ) the magnetic field, J e ( r ,t ) the electric current density,
s' : r ,t ) the magnetic current density, p e ( r , t ) the electric
cha-ge density, p m ( r , t ) the magnetic charge density, and ( r .t )
a sf ace-time point. Both magnetic charge and current densities
[2] have been included in Maxwell's equations for purposes
of :ompleteness. They, of course, may be set equal to zero
sin( e magnetic charge has not been discovered in nature.
'I'he electric displacement and electric field, as well as the
ma:;netic induction and magnetic field, are related [2] through
the expressions
1
D ( r ,t ) = c,E(r, t )
+ P ( r ,t ) and
+ p o M ( r .t )
B ( r ,t ) = p , H ( r , t )
(4)
P ( r ,t ) = 0 and M ( r ,t ) = 0.
(5)
'45th the use of (4) and (5), the four Maxwell's equations
car be rewritten as eight scalar equations. The eight scalar
eqi ations can then be combined into a single matrix equation
involving an eight-by-six differential matrix
lo
0
0
(7)
dx
0
d
-
_-
dY
0
ax
0
0
0
d
ay
%I
6,
--
az
352
as shown above. This eight-by-eight matrix operator representation of Maxwell's equations is now entirely equivalent to
the original vector representation, regardless of choice of the
added elements h i j . This is easy to verify. We next choose
useful, specific values for the added k i j . The motivation for
choice of the added elements h i j is as follows. The offdiagonal known elements in the eight-by-eight matrix have
an antisymmetric arrangement. For example, element h 2 5 is
d / d z and m 5 2 is -d/dz. This suggests that we choose the
added elements h i j such that antisymmetry is preserved. This
requires that we choose the off diagonal elements hi? as
follows:
m i 4 =m5g
= --,
dX
h 2 4
=m6g =
and
then the conditions for the Lorentz gauge are satisfied. This
will be seen in the next section. If, however, these elements
are chosen according to the equation
and
0
[M21
_ _8
d7
0
0
d
d
dz
__
--
d7
o - 0
a7
ax
dz
_d _ _d
d
_
d7
0
_ _a
dz
0
ay
ax
--
87
--
d
d7
0
a
-
a
-
dx
ay
dX
ay
__
- _ _ _ - _ -
%
_ _Y
_
dz
?Jl
0
-
ax
d
--
?Jld
-dX
a
-_
az
82
0
0
and
0
0
o - - dXa
0
--
a y
dz
dz
dr
I:
J,"
_ _ _ _
dr
993
Is11
a - -a
_
=a[
icp"
and
353
L icpm 1
in summary, the eight-by-eight matrix representation (13)
is equivalent to the Maxwell field equations. The matrix
rei resentation (13) is in covariant form. This development
wi 11 continue in Section IV, where four-dimensional Fourier
traisforms will be taken in order to achieve inversion of the
m: trix field equations.
where
111. MATRIXFORMULATION
OF OTHER
ELECTROMAGNETIC
PHENOMENA
The matrix representation (13) of the Maxwell field equatiois will now be shown to imply, in simple fashion, some
milestone effects of classical electromagnetic theory. Simple
mzitrix operations upon the space-time operator [MI constricted in the previous section will be shown to derive (a)
thc electromagnetic wave and charge continuity equations, (b)
thc Lorentz conditions and definition of the electromagnetic
PO entials, (c) the electromagnetic potential wave equations,
an 1 (d) Poynting's conservation of energy theorem.
and
AT
(51
-a
b21=
a-
c
A. Electromagnetic Field Wave Equations and
CI urge Continuity Equations
is equivalent to eight scalar equations. Six of these are equivalent to the two vector equations which define the relationship
between the electromagnetic potentials and the electromagnetic fields
E=
Vp" - -Ae
at
x A"'
to
and
The matrix [D]is defined in terms of the D'Alembertian
o p :rator0
r0
01
Lo
OJ
V . A " + P E -4"=0
"at
and
[(.I
a2
V 2 E - --E
c2 at2
1
a2
C 2 H - --H
c2 at2
= -Vp"
E,
= -Vp"
p,
V . J " + - p "a= o .
at
V.A"+p
E
O
-4"=O.
"at
(24'
3: 4
Mi
M2
Mi M2
M I ] M2 M I ] '
M2
[;:I
(25)
IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELD
FOURIERTRANSFORM
REPRESENTATION
1 d2
V 2 A "- --.-A"
c2 at2
= - p o J"
and
and
[:I =&/.I
J1:
[ ; I " [::I.
=
(30)
rhis is a single scalar equation representing Poynting's the,rem
d
V . S -U
E . J" H . J"" = 0
(31)
+ dt +
If
we define quantity
U G
+ip,H. H
(35b)
R = ( Z I Y l Z , T ) = (7-,T)l
dR = dz dy dz dt
and
7
= ict
(:16)
K = (kz, k y , k z , k )= (k,h-),
dK = d k , dky d k z dw
and
(32)
S=ExH,
[ i!] dK
where by definition
to obey
:,E.E
e+i(K'R)
(33)
k, = iw/c.
(37)
355
eq iations
wtlere
v.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDPOINT
SPREAD
FUNCTIONREPRESENTATION
--k,
0
0
L
0
kz
-k ,
- 0
0
-IC,
0
IC,
-IC,
0
IC,
0
0
0
-IC,
-IC,
-IC,
-k,
0
IC,
-IC,
IC,
-IC,
k,
-IC,
0
0
0
0
0
0
-IC,
0
0
k,
-IC,
0
k,
0
0
-IC,
0
k,
k,
-kz
0
0
0
0
-k,
k,
0
0
0
0
-k,
4,
-IC,
-k,
= [K].
(39)
(444
G ( R )=
(45)
Irl
\Y
= x , y, z , or T .
(46a:)
iere
K2 = k:
+ IC: + k:
-w2/cz,
(41)
(a/au)G ( R ) has
as its Fourier
(43)
3 i6
\!here
QT
0
0
QZ
0
QZ
-QY
0
QT
0
0
QT
QY
QZ
-&Z
0
Qx
QY
-QZ
0
0
.vith elements
d
dU
Qu(R) - G ( R ) .
REFERENCES
(49)