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4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
M. Maslehuddin
Alfarabi Sharif
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
Department of Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
b
Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Received 25 February 2001; received in revised form 15 June 2002; accepted 28 August 2002
Abstract
This paper reports results of a study conducted to evaluate the effect of four types of coarse aggregates, namely calcareous,
dolomitic, quartzitic limestone, and steel slag, on the compressive and tensile strength, and elastic modulus of high strength
concrete. The highest and lowest compressive strength was obtained in the concrete specimens prepared with steel slag and
calcareous limestone aggregates, respectively. Similarly, the split tensile strength of steel slag aggregate concrete was the highest,
followed by that of dolomitic and quartzitic limestone aggregate concretes. The lowest split tensile strength was noted in the
calcareous limestone aggregate concrete. The type of coarse aggregate also influences the modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Weaker aggregates tend to produce a more ductile concrete than stronger aggregates do.
2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Coarse aggregate; Compressive and tensile strengths; High strength concrete; Modulus of elasticity
1. Introduction
The term high strength concrete is used for concrete
with a compressive strength in excess of 41 MPa, as
defined by the ACI Committee 363 w1x. Others define
high strength concrete as that possessing a uniaxial
compressive strength greater than that which is ordinarily obtained in a region, because the maximum strength
of concrete which is currently being produced varies
considerably from region to region w2x. Use of high
strength concrete leads to smaller cross-sections and
hence, the reduced dead load of a structure. This helps
engineers to build taller buildings and bridges with
longer spans.
In conventional concrete (compressive strength -41
MPa), the properties of coarse aggregates seldom
become strength-limiting, because this type of concrete
mixtures typically correspond to a watercement ratio
*Corresponding author. Tel.: q966-3860-2853; fax: q966-38603996.
E-mail address: muddin@kfupm.edu.sa (M. Maslehuddin).
1
Former Graduate Student, King Fahd University of Petroleum &
Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
0950-0618/03/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 5 0 - 0 6 1 8 0 2 . 0 0 0 9 7 - 1
98
Table 1
Chemical composition of Portland cement
Table 3
Grading of coarse aggregate
Constituent
Wt.%
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
SO3
K 2O
Na2O
L.O.I.
C 3S
C 2S
C 3A
C4AF
19.92
6.54
2.09
64.70
1.84
2.61
0.56
0.28
0.73
55.90
19.00
7.50
9.80
Sieve
opening
(mm)
Percentage
passing
19.00
12.50
9.50
4.75
2.36
100
90
30
10
0
ASTM C150 Type I Portland cement, with the chemical composition shown in Table 1, was utilized in
preparing the concrete specimens. Four types of coarse
aggregates, namely calcareous limestone (CC), dolomitic limestone (DL), quartzitic limestone (QZ), and steel
slag (SS), were utilized to prepare the concrete mixtures.
The physical properties of the coarse aggregates selected
for this study and their grading are shown in Tables 2
and 3, respectively, while the quantity of clay lumps in
the selected coarse aggregates are shown in Table 4.
Table 2
Absorption and specific gravity of coarse aggregates
Table 4
Clay lumps in coarse aggregates
2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials and test specimens
Type of aggregate
Absorption
(%)
Bulk
specific
gravity
Source of aggregates
Clay
lumps
(%)
ASTM C
142 limit
(%)
Calcareous limestone
Dolomitic limestone
Quartzatic limestone
Steel slag
4.95
2.20
1.60
0.85
2.39
2.54
2.70
3.51
Calcareous limestone
Dolomitic limestone
Quartzitic limestone
Steel slag
0.78
0.65
0.41
0.12
99
100
specimens prepared with CC, DL, QZ and SS aggregates. Fig. 2 shows the variation of compressive strength
with age for the concrete specimens prepared with the
four types of aggregates selected for this study. As
expected, the compressive strength increased with age
in all the concrete specimens. Further, the data in Fig.
2 indicate that the type of coarse aggregate has a
significant effect on the compressive strength of concrete. The highest compressive strength was measured
in the concrete specimens prepared with the steel slag
aggregates while the lowest compressive strength was
noted in the concrete specimens prepared with calcareous limestone aggregates. After 28 days of curing, the
compressive strength of concrete specimens prepared
with calcareous, dolomitic, and quartzitic limestone and
steel slag aggregates was 43, 45, 47 and 54 MPa,
respectively.
The data developed in this study indicate that in a
high strength concrete, i.e. concrete prepared with a low
water-to-cement ratio and a high cement content, the
compressive strength is dependent on the quality of
coarse aggregate. In such concrete, the bulk of the
compressive load is borne by the aggregates rather than
the cement paste alone. The failure in such concretes is
often through the aggregates. Since the calcareous limestone aggregates are known to be weaker than the
Table 5
Loss on abrasion in the coarse aggregates
Type of aggregate
Loss on
abrasion
(%)
Calcareous limestone
Dolomitic limestone
Quartzitic limestone
Steel slag
34.4
24.2
19.2
11.6
Fig. 2. Compressive strength development of concrete specimens prepared with the selected aggregates.
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