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Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

2015, Vol. 2, No. 4, 492 496

2015 American Psychological Association


2329-0382/15/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000111

BRIEF REPORT

An Exploratory Study of Young Adults Attitudes Toward Parental


Disclosure of LGBT Identity
Jennifer M. Apperson, Sarai Blincoe, and Jessica L. Sudlow

This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.
This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

Longwood University
This study examined young adults attitudes toward an LGBT parents coming out. Participants read a
hypothetical situation and answered Likert-type questions regarding their acceptance of their mother and father
if the parent disclosed a gay, lesbian, or transgender identity. Overall, participants imagined they would have
positive attitudes toward the parents coming out, although attitudes were significantly more positive toward
mothers than fathers, and toward a gay or lesbian parent than a transgender parent. Participant sex and beliefs
in the biological versus environmental determinism of sexual identity predicted their attitudes.
Keywords: adult children, attitudes, coming out, LGBT

parents, most men (77.4%) over 50 years of age had fathered


children in the context of a heterosexual relationship. But the
majority of younger men (61.7%) reported having children
(through adoption or surrogacy) after coming out. The more typical pattern for the younger generation is to come out in adolescence or early adulthood and become parents within the context of
their gay (or lesbian) identity (Patterson & Riskind, 2010; Tornello
& Patterson, 2015). These statistics point to generational shifts in
LGBT parenting behaviors.
There are few studies of children of lesbian or gay parents, but there
are fewer studies of children of transgender parents (Hines, 2006;
Kuvalanka & Goldberg, 2009). In one study of transgender individuals by White and Ettner (2004) half of the male participants married
women in an effort to conform to conventional social norms. Many of
them had children in the marriage. When the feelings of gender
dysphoria persisted, they ultimately divorced from their spouse. The
authors concluded that it was difficult to differentiate between the
effects on children of parental discord and ultimate divorce versus
the effects of having a transgender parent. As the trajectories to
parenthood for LGBT individuals shift and increase, they, and the
professionals who may assist them in navigating those trajectories,
need research-based guidance.

Practicing counselors, psychologists and social workers are


taught that, when faced with a clinical concern for which the
treatment issues are unclear, one option is to seek guidance from
the professional literature. Unfortunately, there are few empirical
studies about the therapeutic issues of the LGBT population (Breshears & Lubbe-De Beer, 2014; Rutherford, McIntyre, Daley, &
Ross, 2012). One issue is how gay, lesbian, or transgender parents
disclose their LGBT identity to young adult children and what
reactions that may elicit from the young adult children. Should
parents disclose? What are the potential benefits and risks? Are the
adult children likely to want to continue in a relationship with the
parent? What factors contribute to young adult childrens acceptance of the parents LGBT identity disclosure?
Several patterns underscore the urgency of addressing these
questions. First, LGBT parents may be less fearful of honest
disclosure. In the past, LGBT parents often withheld the truth
about their identity because that identity could put custody or
further contact with their minor child at risk (Patterson & Riskind,
2010). Fortunately, this pattern appears to be changing. Another
pattern that appears to be changing is the nonheterosexual parents
path to parenthood (National Center for Lesbian Rights, 2004; Joos
& Broad, 2007; Patterson & Riskind, 2010; and Tornello & Patterson, 2015). Until recently, most children of LGBT parents were
conceived or adopted within the context of a mixed-sex marriage,
and then one of the partners later came out as gay or lesbian and
left the marriage (National Center for Lesbian Rights, 2004; Joos
& Broad, 2007; Patterson & Riskind, 2010; and Tornello & Patterson, 2015). In Tornello and Pattersons (2015) study of gay

Parents Coming Out to Children


Our focus is on parents coming out to adult children who were
born or adopted within the context of an opposite sex marriage;
existing models of coming out may not reflect the experiences of
these parents (Lynch & Murray, 2000). Most research available
focuses on the positive outcomes of honest disclosure of gay or
lesbian identity to children (of all ages) as soon as possible (Bozett,
1980; Breshears & Lubbe-De Beer, 2014; Davies, 2008; Dunne,
1987; Lynch & Murray, 2000; Miller, 1979; Tasker, Barrett, &
DeSimone, 2010). In disclosing, parents were able to be more
spontaneous, authentic, and genuine in their relationships (Dunne,
1987; Tygart, 2000). Parents were able to include their children in
all aspects of their lives without having to compartmentalize areas

This article was published Online First June 22, 2015.


Jennifer M. Apperson, Sarai Blincoe, and Jessica L. Sudlow, Department
of Psychology, Longwood University.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jennifer
M. Apperson, Department of Psychology, Longwood University, 201 High
Street, Farmville, VA 23909. E-mail: appersonjm@longwood.edu
492

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This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

PARENTAL LGBT DISCLOSURE

which could not be shared freely with the children (Bozett, 1980).
Benefits to early disclosure also accrue to the children. Children
reared by gay or lesbian parents report learning from an early age
tolerance, open mindedness, and acceptance of all types of diversity (Bozett, 1980; Goldberg, 2007; Joos & Broad, 2007; Tasker,
Barrett, & DeSimone, 2010).
Though it appears that the research available supports gay and
lesbian parents coming out as soon as possible to children conceived
or adopted within the context of a different-sex marriage, there are
several reasons parents may be reluctant to do so. The most oft cited
reason is the fear of losing contact with the child either by jeopardizing custody of a minor child (Lynch & Murray, 2000) or by adversely
affecting the parent child relationship such that the adolescent or
young adult child terminates the relationship (Bozett, 1980; Dunne,
1987; Miller, 1979; Tygart, 2000). Some feared that disclosing their
LGBT identity to their child would expose the child to harsh social
sanctions (Joos & Broad, 2007; Lynch & Murray, 2000) or that the
child would be exposed to ridicule from nonsupportive family members or an ex-spouse (Breshears, 2010; Lynch & Murray, 2000).
Children whose parents concealed their LGBT identity from them,
then revealed it at a later date, reported having difficulty trusting the
parent on other issues (Breshears & Lubbe-De Beer, 2014; Goldberg,
2007). Once trust is eroded, it is difficult to earn back. Faced with
these concerns, a parent could benefit greatly from an understanding
of factors that predict an adult childs reaction to an LGBT disclosure.

Characteristics Predicting Acceptance in the


Adult Child
We were unable to locate studies that specifically identified factors
related to an adult childs acceptance of parental disclosure of LGBT
identity; however, researchers have examined sex differences in acceptance of LGBT identity in general. Across several studies, heterosexual men were less tolerant of nonheterosexuals (both male and
female) than heterosexual women. Heterosexual men were least tolerant of gay men (Herek, 2000; LaMar & Kite, 1998; Nagoshi et al.,
2008). Furthermore, studies have found more acceptance of LGB
people than individuals with a transgender identity (Norton & Herek,
2013; Pew Research Center, 2013). Thus we might expect that a male
adult child would have more difficulty accepting transgender disclosure, particularly a fathers disclosure, than a female adult child, and
a disclosure of transgender identity may be more difficult to accept for
all children than other disclosures.
Another factor related to acceptance of LGBT identity is the
belief in the underlying determinate of LGBT identity. Particularly
in the United States, there is a positive association between tolerant
attitudes and belief that same-sex desire has a biological basis.
Recent, representative surveys repeatedly find that those who hold
a more biological deterministic view express more tolerance and
acceptance than those who hold a more environmental deterministic view (Dunn, 2010; Mitchell & Dezarn, 2014; Tygart, 2000).
With a recent experiment, Mitchell and Dezarn (2014) add nuance
to the relationship between tolerance and beliefs about the causes
of sexual orientation. Their findings suggest that belief in choice
and reparation (gay male sexuality as the result of trauma, poor
father-son relations, immorality) explanations of sexual orientation
also correlate with less tolerant attitudes.

493

Research Questions and Hypotheses


If a parent were engaged in a gay or lesbian relationship or were
transgender, would a young adult child want to know? Would they
want to continue in a meaningful relationship with the LGBT
parent? These questions were the focus of this vignette study. We
specifically investigated the attitudes of young adults (i.e., college
students) because at that age children first become economically
and physically independent of their parents. Given the dearth of
empirical studies on this topic, we did not make a specific prediction regarding the overall positivity or negativity of a young adult
childs attitudes toward, or acceptance of, parental LGBT disclosure; however, based on past research (White & Ettner, 2004), we
hypothesized that identity concealment and accidental disclosure
would be perceived as damaging child-parent trust. In addition to
exploring the impact of parental identity on the young adult childs
attitudes, we also wanted to know whether characteristics of the
young adult would be associated with attitudes. No specific predictions were made for the effects of young adult child biological
sex on attitudes, but we hypothesized that beliefs in biological
determinism of LGBT identity would be related to more positive
attitudes toward the LGBT parent (Dunn, 2010; Mitchell & Dezarn, 2014; Tygart, 2000).

Method
Participants
All undergraduate students enrolled at a mid-Atlantic comprehensive university (approximately 4,000) received an e-mail from
the Dean of Students with a Survey Monkey link. The survey was
accessed 640 times. We screened the data to remove empty responses (e.g., no consent given, no items completed), incomplete
responses (i.e., any survey with missing data on the attitude measures), and duplicate responses (as determined by multiple hits
from the same IP address). Ultimately, we analyzed data from 510
respondents (96 males, 410 females, 4 unspecified). Participant
age ranged from 18 to 28 years (M 20.12, SD 2.01) with
91.40% of participants aged 18 to 22. Participants self-reported
their sexuality: heterosexual (N 440), gay or lesbian (N 29),
bisexual (N 36), asexual (N 1), and unspecified (N 4).
Information on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status was not
gathered; however, the larger university is 86.50% Caucasian and
14.8% first generation college students. Participants volunteered
and received no incentives.

Materials and Procedure


Upon accessing the survey, participants read a consent document. Consent was indicated by an affirmative response to a
consent question at which point participants proceeded to a page
with demographic questions (i.e., biological sex, age, and sexual
identity). Next, participants read the following scenario:
Your parents have been married to each other in a monogamous
heterosexual relationship for all of your life. During all that time, one
of your parents has been struggling with sexual or gender identity
issues that were never shared with you. After years of trying to
suppress the true feelings, your parents can no longer continue to live

APPERSON, BLINCOE, AND SUDLOW

494

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This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

a life of lies. Your parents separate without explanation. Beyond that,


your parent is uncertain about disclosing the truth to you.

Participants then rated their agreement from 1 (definitely not) to


5 (yes, absolutely) with a series of attitude questions. There were
four basic items: If your mother were lesbian, would you want to
know?; If your mother were lesbian and in a relationship with
someone, would you wish to continue a relationship with your
mother?; If your mother were lesbian and in a relationship with
someone, would you wish to be a significant part of their lives
together?; If your mother were lesbian, would you prefer that she
keeps it to herself?. These questions were repeated, replacing
mother with father and lesbian with first homosexual,
then transgender, to create four sets of identical questions. The
questions in each set (the fourth item was reverse scored) were
summed and averaged to form four attitude composites: Mother
Lesbian ( .85), Father Gay ( .89), Mother Transgender
( .84), and Father Transgender ( .87).
Using the same 1 (definitely not) to 5 (yes, absolutely) scale,
participants responded to the question if your father were transgendered, would you want to be a significant part of the transition
process, even if it meant your father making surgical physical
changes? This question was repeated with father replaced by
mother. They also answered a question about trust: If you
accidentally found out that your parent was engaged in a same sex
relationship (but they werent planning to tell you), would you
have a hard time trusting them with other issues? This question
was repeated, replacing same sex with transgender. Finally,
participants rated to what extent do you believe that being homosexual and transgendered are biologically determined? on a 1
(not at all) to 5 (completely determined) scale. This question was
repeated with biologically replaced by environmentally.

Results
Data Preparation
Six scores on the Mother Lesbian attitude composite and five
scores on the Mother Transgender attitude composite (which together account for .02% of the data points) were more than three
standard deviations below the mean for those variables. We replaced these scores with the score at three standard deviations from
the mean (1.41 and 1.10, respectively). Means and standard deviations for the attitude variables (four general attitude composites,
two transgender surgery items, two trust items, two determinism
items) are reported in Table 1.

Self-Reported Attitudes
For all four general attitude composites, the mean was above the
scale midpoint, indicating acceptance. An exploratory MixedModel ANOVA, with participant biological sex as a betweensubjects variable, compared means on the four attitude composites;
no specific predictions were made. The main effect of parental
identity (mother-lesbian, father-gay, mother-transgender, fathertransgender) was significant, F(3, 1512) 28.02, p .001, p2
.053. With a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons,
attitudes toward mothers were more positive than attitudes toward
fathers for both the gay/lesbian composites, p .001 and the

Table 1
Descriptive Statistics for Attitude Variables
Female

Male

Variable

SD

SD

Mom homosexual composite


Mom transgender composite
Dad homosexual composite
Dad transgender composite
Mom transgender surgery
Dad transgender surgery
Homosexual parent trust
Transgender parent trust
Biodeterminism
Envirodeterminism

4.29
4.12
4.11
4.04
3.56
3.47
3.65
3.64
3.27
2.99

0.89
0.97
1.06
1.05
1.46
1.47
1.18
1.19
1.26
1.15

4.09
3.91
3.83
3.74
3.16
2.96
3.73
3.70
3.02
2.87

1.08
1.07
1.26
1.21
1.48
1.50
1.17
1.23
1.37
1.20

Note. N 506 (410 females, 96 males). All of the items, with the
exception of Biodeterminism and Envirodeterminism, were rated on a 1
(definitely not) to 5 (yes, absolutely) scale. Bio and envirodeterminism
were rated on a 1 (not at all) to 5 (completely determined) scale. The means
of the attituded composites are adjusted for the mean replacement of
outliers.

transgender composites, p .001. Attitudes toward the gay/lesbian identity were more positive than those toward the transgender
identity for both the mother, p .001, and the father composites,
p .024. The main effect for participant biological sex was also
significant, F(1, 504) 5.05, p .025, p2 .010. Females
reported more positive attitudes than males across the four composites. The interaction between participant biological sex and
parental identity was not significant, F(3, 1512) 1.13, p .34.
Means and standard deviations for these composites, broken down
by participant biological sex, are reported in Table 1.
For the transgender surgery items, participant ratings were still
above the midpoint of the scale (see Table 1), suggesting neutral to
positive attitudes. An exploratory analysis revealed significantly
less desire to be a part of the fathers transition process compared
to the mothers, t(508) 4.49, p .001, r .20.
We predicted that results for the trust items would be consistent
with previous research. In support of this hypothesis, participants
reported that they would have some difficulty trusting their parents
if the parental sexual identity was accidentally revealed (see Table
1). As an exploratory analysis, we compared distrust for the
gay/lesbian identity item with the transgender item; the difference
in distrust was not significant, t(509) .23, p .82.

Predicting Positive Attitudes Toward


Parental Disclosure
A multiple regression analysis predicted participant attitudes
toward the disclosure of each of the four parental LGBT identities.
To see if participant biological sex predicted attitudes toward
parental disclosure, we coded women as 0 and men as 1, and
entered biological sex as the first step in the regression.
The biological and environmental determinism belief items
were significantly correlated, r(510) .43, p .001. Correlations between predictors in a multiple regression analysis can
create problems for prediction and interpretation; therefore, we
used only the biological determinism beliefs variable in the regression equation. This variable was centered and entered in the second
step of the regression equation to see whether biological determin-

5.833

4.036
.009

0.233 (0.084)
0.255 (0.302)
4.023
.098
0.090
28.511
0.296 (0.107)

0.209 (0.074)
0.288 (0.334)
4.097
.117
0.111
34.599
3.245

4.115
.004

3.627

4.289
.005

Note. Standardized regression coefficients appear in parentheses for the biological sex and biodeterminism variables. N 510.

p .10. p .05. p .01. p .001.

5.036

0.146 (0.058)
0.225 (0.293)
4.104
.088
0.085
25.364
0.202 (0.080)

0.142 (0.060)
0.236 (0.327)
4.277
.110
0.106
32.085
0.201 (0.085)

Biological sex
Biodeterminism
Constant
Adjusted R2
R2
F

4.112
.008

0.281 (0.099)

Model 1

Model 2
Model 1

Model 2
Model 1
Model 2
Model 1
Variable

This study sought to address several unanswered questions


regarding young adult attitudes toward parental disclosure of a
gay, lesbian, or transgender identity. Previous research used qualitative methods, including focus groups and in-depth interviews,
making this a first of its kind quantitative investigation. The results
are encouraging.
College students self-reported positive attitudes, including acceptance and the desire for a relationship, toward parents following
a hypothetical LGBT disclosure. Mean ratings for all four attitude
composites were above the scale midpoint, indicating that respondents were generally accepting of parental disclosures. Attitudes
toward mothers were significantly more positive than attitudes
toward fathers. Consistent with other research (Norton & Herek,
2013) attitudes toward parents with a gay or lesbian identity were
significantly more positive than attitudes toward parents of a
transgender identity. Whereas respondents were generally accepting of the transgender transitioning parent undergoing surgery,
they were less accepting of the fathers hypothetical transition than
the mothers. No data were collected that could explain why a
mothers transition might be more difficult for the adult child;
future research is needed to understand how young adult children
interpret and respond to parental gender transition. Consistent with
Goldberg (2007), participants expected trust to be harmed by a
parents failure to disclose. This finding is important given the
fears and anxieties in many parents minds about disclosing to
their children. Delaying disclosure may compound or create a
problem, not alleviate it.
Belief in biological determinism of LGBT is positively associated with acceptance of the LGBT parent. This is similar to past
research that people who believe that sexual orientation is biologically rooted tend to be more supportive and accepting of LGBT
individuals (Dunn, 2010; Mitchell & Dezarn, 2014; Tygart, 2000).
This could be a generational effect. Parents could be reluctant to
disclose to their adult children because the parents may be influenced by outdated ways of thinking about LGBT issues while the
younger generation may be influenced by more recent research
findings. Future studies should consider other beliefs (e.g., reli-

Mother homosexual

Discussion

Mother transgender

Father homosexual

Father transgender

ism beliefs predicted attitudes after controlling for participant sex.


We hypothesized a positive relationship between beliefs in biological determinism and self-reported attitudes toward parental
disclosure. The standardized and unstandardized regression coefficients, F, adjusted R2, and R2 values are reported in Table 2.
The first step of the regression, with participant biological sex
alone, was not significant for either mother attitude composite;
however, participant biological sex was a significant predictor in
the regression equation for both father attitude composites (see
Table 2). Being a male participant was associated with a slight
decrease in positive attitudes toward a fathers LGBT disclosure.
Our hypothesis for the biological determinism variable was
supported. Controlling for biological sex, beliefs in the biological
determination of sexual identity associated positively with accepting attitudes toward a mother after a LGBT disclosure (see Table
2). This positive relationship was replicated for the father attitude
composites and biological sex remained a significant predictor (see
Table 2).

Model 2

495

Table 2
Predictors of Self-Reported Attitudes Toward Parental LGBT Disclosure

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PARENTAL LGBT DISCLOSURE

APPERSON, BLINCOE, AND SUDLOW

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496

gious and political views), and personality traits (e.g., openness to


experience) that may also predict acceptance.
In addition to beliefs in determinism, we examined the participant variable of biological sex as a predictor of attitudes toward
parental disclosure. Consistent with past research that has found
heterosexual men to be less tolerant of gay men (Herek, 2000;
LaMar & Kite, 1998; Nagoshi et al., 2008) when compared with
women, male participants reported less positive attitudes toward a
fathers disclosure than female participants. Differences in father
son versus father daughter relationship dynamics may be at work.
Additional family level variables, such as the parents current
relationship status, and the timing of changes in relationship status
(e.g., coming out, divorce), may play an important role in the adult
childs attitudes. We did not collect information about the participants parents, or their preexisting relationships with their parents,
and thus were unable to control for likely effects of these variables.
Future research should address this limitation.
In response to a hypothetical scenario, young adults expressed
positive attitudes toward gay, lesbian, or transgender parental
disclosure and expressed a desire to continue in a meaningful
relationship with the LGBT parent. Responses to this survey are
encouraging and suggest that adult children would accept a parental disclosure. The hypothetical nature of the study is a limitation,
but we believe that the findings are consistent with other research
(Breshears & Lubbe-De Beer, 2014).
Given the risk to trust in the parent child relationship of accidental discovery if the parent attempts to conceal the truth from the
adult child, clinicians would be well advised to help LGBT parents
work toward honest disclosure to adult children. Because an adult
child has the physical and psychological independence necessary
to depart (perhaps permanently) from the relationship, coming out
to an adult child carries unique risks for the parent. Further
research can identify additional characteristics that may increase
the likelihood of parental acceptance.

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Received January 16, 2015


Revision received May 4, 2015
Accepted May 12, 2015

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