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Contents
Introduction..........................................................................................................................5
Procedure.............................................................................................................................8
Apparatus...........................................................................................................................10
Figa1:Weir Channel...........................................................................................................11
...................................................................................................................................12
Figa2: v-Notch...................................................................................................................12
Figa3: Watt Meter Display.................................................................................................13
Figa4: Volumetric Scale.....................................................................................................14
Results and Calculations (sample).....................................................................................15
Figb1:NPSH.......................................................................................................................36
Reference...........................................................................................................................39
Introduction
Pumps are fluid machines that move a liquid. A Pump in which energy is supplied by a rotating
shaft falls under the class of Turbo-machines, since the Latin prefix turbo means spin. Under
the category of Turbo-machines there are dynamic machines. In dynamic machines, there is no
closed volume; instead, rotating blades supply or extract energy to or from the fluid. For pumps,
these rotating blades are called impeller blades. Dynamic pumps include enclosed pumps and
ducted pumps (those with casings around the blades such as the water pump in your cars
engine).
The purpose of a pump is to add energy to a fluid, resulting in an increase in
fluid pressure, not necessarily an increase of fluid speed across the pump. A Centrifugal Pump
can correctly be described as one having the aforementioned properties or characteristics along
with the following. Additionally it can be referred to as a Rotodynamic Pump or Rotary pumps.
Rotary pumps are classified by the manner in which flow exits the pump: centrifugal flow (Fig.
A), axial flow, and mixed flow.
In a centrifugal-flow pump, fluid enters axially (in the same direction as the axis of the rotating
shaft) in the center of the pump, but is discharged radially (or tangentially) along the outer radius
of the pump casing. For this reason centrifugal pumps are also called radial-flow pumps
Operation of Centrifugal Pumps: According to, Thermodynamics an Engineering Approach
A shroud often surrounds the impeller blades to increase blade stiffness. In pump
terminology, the rotating assembly that consists of the shaft, the hub, the impeller blades, and the
impeller shroud is called the impeller or rotor. Fluid enters axially through the hollow middle
portion of the pump (the eye), after which it encounters the rotating blades. It acquires tangential
and radial velocity by momentum transfer with the impeller blades, and acquires additional radial
velocity by so-called centrifugal forces, which are actually a lack of sufficient centripetal forces
to sustain circular motion. The flow leaves the impeller after gaining both speed and pressure as
it is flung radially outward into the scroll (also called the volute). As sketched in Fig. 1433, the
scroll is a snail-shaped diffuser whose purpose is to decelerate the fast-moving fluid leaving the
trailing edges of the impeller blades, thereby further increasing the fluids pressure, and to
combine and direct the flow from all the blade passages toward a common outlet (Cengel &
Boles, 1989).
Fig:B
Pump Characteristic Curves: These are Curves of; Manometric-Head, H/m, Pump
Efficiency, pump , and Power Input, Wi as functions of Volumetric Flow Rate, Q or
V/m3s-1 corresponding to a specific rotational speed. They are also referred to as
Pump-performance curves or Characteristic-curves.The pump performance curves
change with rotational speed. It is important to realize that for steady conditions, a pump
can operate only along its performance curve. Thus, the operating point of a piping system is
determined by matching system requirements (required net head) to pump performance
(available net head) and this is the major importance of these charts. (Cengel & Boles 1989).
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH): This is the pressure available in the system. There are
two types of (NPSH): NPSHavailable and NPSHrequired. NPSHavailable: This is the pressure above vapor
pressure of the liquid at its pumping temperature in the system. NPSHrequired,: This is pressure drop
at the pump entrance to the Eye of the impeller
Procedure
It was ensured that the Wattmeter was connected to the pumps. The pump inlet valve was
then opened. It was then ensured that the water level in the Reservoir tank was in 20-50mm of
the top. Next, the stilling basket was placed in the left side of Weir channel and then the bench
flexible water supply water hose was supplied to the stilling basket. After wards, the benchregulating valve was closed and then the knob on the speed control unit was set to mid-range.
The electrical supply was then connected to the bench and then it was switched on.
The bench regulating valve and pump speed control unit was adjusted to obtain required
flow, this was done by selecting the P6012 pump on the speed control unit, to ensure pump speed
is maintained at desired value. The pump flow was adjusted by using by the Bench regulating
valve and speed control unit to adjust changes in pump speed. Next a 60rpm pump speed was
selected, with the bench regulating valve fully closed. After which the values of; pump suction,
delivery pressures and pump speed were recorded.
Next, the regulating valve was then gradually turned to its fully opened position and then
the pressure values were recorded again. The pressure difference between the values when the
valve was closed and opened was then calculated and the obtained value was used as a marker to
select subsequent readings.
After which the bench regulating valve was closed and pressure and power input values
were recorded. Then the regulating was partially re-opened in order for the pumps to produce a
discharge flow with a corresponding pressure of 10% less than the initial stagnation(no flow)
value. Simultaneously the flow rate of a suitable amount was measure for the measuring tank by
using a stopwatch, the V-notch and Rotameter. Then, the corresponding pressures, pump speed,
time and flow rate readings were recorded. After which other flow settings were selected that
covered the change in pressure difference calculated, such that 60% to 70% of them were in the
first-half of the pressure difference and the remaining 40%-30% covering the latter-half of the
change in pressure range. The experiment was repeated for a pump speed of 70rpms and 80rpms.
Apparatus
This consists of a steel frame, which supports a fibreglass worktop with integral weir channel,
and volumetric measuring tank, a sump tank, variable speed centrifugal water pump(s) with
associated pipe work and valves. The measuring tank is provided with a sight glass and scale,
and is stepped with a 10-litre tower portion and a 35-litre upper portion to allow accurate
measurements of both low and high flow rates. The measuring tank discharges into a fiberglass
sump tank of about 120 litres capacity, via a quick acting ball valve located in the connecting
pipe work. An overflow pipe prevents the sump from running dry. A V-Notch weir at the end of
the weir channel has a scale calibrated in litres/min, and this provides a crude indication of
flowrates. A centrifugal pump delivers water to the supply hose at the bench top. The flow rate of
water is controlled both by a chrome-plated valve, and by a variable pump speed control.
Figa1:Weir Channel
Figa2: v-Notch
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Time Time2
1
(s)
Average
P2-P1
(s)
(s)
(m3/h)
(Lmin-1)
Dischar
Power
Pressure
ge
Input
P1(Kpa)
Pressur
(Wi)
Pa
e P2
82
80
81
60100
(Kpa)
52.5
61
23.43
23.44
23.435
57600
0.1
50
73
27.66
27.88
27.77
55100
0.41
12
47.5
82.5
23.92
23.05
23.485
52600
0.52
15
45
90
28.31
29
28.655
50100
0.7
18
42.5
94
25.98
25.83
25.905
47600
0.82
20
40
99
10
24.29
24.29
24.29
42600
1.2
24
35
106
10
22.25
22.14
22.195
37600
1.26
26
30
108
23
Time1(
Time2(
Average
L)
s)
s)
(s)
Pa
(m3/h)
Dischar
Power
Notch
Pressure
ge
Input
Lmin-1
P1(Kpa)
Pressur
(Wi)
e P2
2
133.061
83600
(Kpa)
76
134
133.530
79600
72
32.89
33.46
5
33.175
75
20.08
18.96
19.52
75600
0.35
10
68
14.66
15.72
15.19
71600
0.58
15
64
17.33
17.11
17.22
67600
0.84
20
60
13.2
13.1
13.15
59600
1.1
24
52
14.53
14.43
14.48
51600
1.42
30
44
13.88
13.82
13.85
47600
1.85
30
40
82
105
115
127
139
150
154
24
Time1
Time2
Average
(s)
(s)
(s)
(Pa)
(m3/h)
(Lmin-1)
Discharge
Pow
Pressure
Pressure
Inpu
P1(Kpa)
P2
(Wi
(Kpa)
(L)
1
200.058
180.055
190.0565
110100
102.5
95
57.71
57.86
57.785
107600
100
93
39.5
38.55
39.025
105100
97.5
101
11.78
12.43
12.105
97600
0.26
9.8
90
124
17.44
17.11
17.275
95100
0.45
12
87.5
133
14.4
13.89
14.145
92600
0.6
15
85
145
19.41
19.43
19.42
90100
0.68
17
82.5
148
17.46
17.51
17.485
87600
0.8
19
80
155
25
Manometric
P2-P1
Hm
Flow Rate
Power
(m)
(Pa)
Q
(m3s-1)
Wsh
Power
Efficiency
Wh
Wi
(Watt/W)
(Watt/W)
Electrica
and
Mechanic
Efficienc
em
6.16611316
60100
5.909619268
57600
3.7e-5
1.3e-4
5.653125376
55100
5.396631484
52600
2.22592592
51.85
61
0.04293010
0.85
6
7.37358651
62.05
73
5
0.118832982
0.85
6
11.90493338 70.125
82.5
0.16976732
0.85
13.4383649
90
1
0.17566490
0.85
0.85
2.1e-4
0.3e-4
5.140137592
50100
4.883643701
47600
3.1e-4
76.5
1
15.7354737
79.9
94
1
0.19693959
4
16.537348
84.15
99
6
0.19652225
0.85
0.85
0.85
3.5e-4
4.370655917
42600
3.857668133
37600
4.1e-4
4.5e-4
17.5380815
90.1
106
8
0.19465129
2
16.9407524
91.8
108
3
0.18453978
26
Manometric
Electrical
Hm
Flow Rate
Power
Power
Power
Efficiency
Mechanic
(m)
(Pa)
Wh
Wsh
Wi
Efficienc
(m3s-1)
(Watt/W)
8.577155743
83600
8.166765516
79600
1.5e-5
6.0e-5
7.756375289
75600
2.0e-4
em
(Watt/W)
1.25214838 63.75
95
0.01964154
0.85
6
4.79879427 69.7
93
3
0.06884927
0.85
101
2
0.17357762
0.85
3
15.4918032 89.25
8
71600
18.8545095 97.75
2.6e-4
6.935594835
67600
6.114814381
59600
3.54-4
4.6e-4
5.294033927
51600
4.883643701
47600
27
5.5e-4
5.8e-4
124
0.19288500
0.85
5
23.5540069 107.95
133
8
0.21819367
0.85
7
27.1939163 118.15
145
3
0.23016433
0.85
5
28.5082872 127.5
148
6
0.22359441
0.85
9
27.4945848 130.9
154
0.21004266
0.85
P2-P1
Volumetric
Hydraulic
Shaft
Flow Rate
Power
Power
Power
Efficiency
Mechanical
Hm
Wh
Wsh
Wi
Efficiency
(m)
(m3s-1)
(Watt/W)
Man
ometric
11.295991
110100
110100
0.5793014
em
(Watt/W)
80.75
95
0.0071740
0.85
28
11.0394971
107600
107600
18
1.8620749
79.05
93
11
0.0235556
10.7830032
105100
105100
33
5.3862908
101
6
0.0627407
0.85
85.85
105.4
124
2
0.1529940
0.85
133
03
0.1947833
0.85
113.05
0.85
1
10.0135215
97600
97600
39
16.125567
4
9.75702764
95100
95100
95
22.020260
123.25
145
75
0.2124619
148
18
0.2212820
0.85
125.8
0.85
155
44
0.2281597
5
9.50053375
92600
92600
49
26.185931
4
9.24403986
90100
90100
42
27.837281
87600
15
30.060051
2
8.98754597
87600
131.75
47
83
29
Manometric Head V.S Volumetric Flow Rate for Pump at different Revolutions Per Second (rps)
11.3
11.04
10.78
10.01
9.76
9.5
9.24
Polynomial (60rps) 8.99
60rps
70rps
Polynomial (70rps)
8.58
8.17
7.76
7.35
6.94
6.17
80rps
5.91
6.11
5.65
5.4
5.14
Exponential (80rps)
5.29
4.88
4.88
4.37
3.86
30
31
32
2.27794E-05
6.196995024
11.34328847
3.70234E-05
9.1688E-05
5.900488085
10.80054739
0.000125845
0.000311655
5.603981146
10.25780632
0.000161718
0.000400494
5.307474207
9.715065245
0.000213981
0.000529922
5.010967268
9.17232417
0.000280209
0.000693935
4.417953391
8.086842019
0.000339296
0.000840262
3.824939513
7.001359869
0.000354729
0.000878484
3.528432574
6.458618794
33
Manometric Head v.s Volumetric Flow Rate For a Change In Impeller Diameter(D) at 70RPS
1.15D
Polynomial (1.15D)
0.85D
Polynomial (0.85D)
Discussion
34
Volumetric flow rate is an appropriate fundamental character which is used to analyze the
performance of a pump, also known as the capacity. Using the Net Head gives a more detailed
description of the pump. The Net Head is described as the change in Bernoulli Head from the
inlet to the outlet, given by equation 1 on page 14. The hydraulic power of the pump, Wh is
power supplied to the fluid by the pump and Wsh is the external power supplied to the pump.
Now, overall efficienc, 0
is
the power supplied to the pump must be larger than the hydraulic power, as to compensate for the
losses that will be encountered in a piping system.
According to GraphA we see an increase in Head from 60rps-80rps and also in the
corresponding Hydraulic powers. Just as important though is point where these lines would
eventually intersect the Volumetric Flow rate line, which corresponds to a maximum flow rate
and a minimum Head and this point is called the Free Delivery. Next, is the point of maximum
Head for each Revolution per second(rms), we can see a minimum of zero volumetric flow rate
and this point is called the Shut off head.
Free Delivery: The free delivery condition is achieved when there is no flow restriction at
the pump inlet or outlet, in other words when there is no load on the pump.
Shut off head: This occurs when the outlet port of the pump is blocked off.
Focusing our attention Graph B: we see that Manometric Head, Overall Efficiency and Hydraulic
Power are plot against Volumetric Flow rate. It can be seen that in ascending order of maximum
Hydraulic Power reached it corresponds to 60rps-80rps, which based on the formula for
Hydraulic power is expected since it is proportional to Manometric head and since Monomteric
head from Graph A: increase from 60rps-80rps. For the Overall efficiency it can be seen that
35
70rps corresponds to the highest maximum value for all three rps values, with 80rps having the
second highest and 60rps having the least.
Now as it relates to Graph D we can see manometric plot against volumetric flow rate for the
pump operating at 70rps . The line in red represents the manometric head obtained for using an
impeller diameter of 1.15 times greater than the one used in the original experiment. The blue
line represents an impeller diameter which is 0.85 times the original. We can see from Graph D
that increasing the diameter of the impeller increases the manometric head and the range of
volumetric flow rate. The graph was developed by the Affinity Laws (pages 21-20), which are a
set of equations used to scale the size of pump up or down without first having to physically
make one first,(Noel Brown).
Figb1:NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head is of two types(NPSH): Net Positive Suction Head required(NPSHr)
and Net Positive Suction Head available(NPSHa). NPSHa is important in pumps because it tells
us the point at which we can safely operate without causing damage to the pump due to
cavitation. NPSHa should be greater than NPSHr or else vapor bubbles will form in the eye of the
impeller and when the bubbles enter the pump where there is higher pressure it will cause the
36
bubbles to collapse and cause noise due to cavitation, this is why NPSH is important when
pumping a liquid. As can be seen in the figb1, NPSH increases with volume flow rate
.
V
and
the point intersection of the two NPSH curves indicates the point at which of maximum NPSH
and volumetric flow rate where cavitation wont occur. The formula that for calculating NPSH is,
NPSH=P+hs-hfs-hvp. Where P=pressure of liquid from source,hs =Static Height, hfs=friction loss
on suction side and hvp= vapour pressure of liquid at the pumping temperature. For this
experiment NPSH=9.60Pa (calculation on page 22).
37
Conclusion
With increasing revolutions per second(rps) maximum manometric head and maximum
hydraulic power increased for each consecutively larger value of rps(Graph B). The maximum
manometric head and maximum hydraulic power values for 60rps,70rps and 80rps respectively
are as follows; 6.16m,8.57m and 11.29m and 7.53W,28.50W and 30.06W. Based on the results
manometric head and hydraulic power of a pump increases with rps.
As it relates to the efficiency we can see from Graph B a maximum overall efficiency of
0.23/23%, at 80rp there is a max value of 0.228/22.8% and at 60rps there is a max value of
0.19/19%. From this its can be seen that the pump had ist maximum efficiency at 70rpm at a
volumetric flow rate of 4.6e-4m3s-1 and manometric head of 6.16m.
Reference
38
39