Single-Phase Transformer Model and Equivalent Circuit

SinglePhase
Transformer Model
Chapter 3: Transformers
Twowinding,singlephase
transformersshownbelow
Equivalentcircuitofpower
transformer
Testsandperformance
Threephaseconnections
Perunitsystem
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NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
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V1
V2
V1
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jXm
Im
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Transformer Equivalent Circuit

Theapproximateequivalentcircuit:
I1 R
I2 R2 jX2
II'2
Ie
Rc
V2
Ic
N1:N2
Ideal
V2
Idealtransformermodel:
V1/V2 =N1/N2andN1 I1 =N2I2
Teeequivalentcircuitisnotderived
here
V1
I2
N1 :N2
Transformer Equivalent Circuit
I1 R1 jX1
I1
N1 :N2
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Transformers
Primaryisinputsideandsecondaryis
outputside(regardlessofvoltage
level)
I2
N1 < N2
Step-up
Transformers
I1
N1 > N2
Step-down
N1 = N2
1:1 turns ratio
V1
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jX
jXm
Im
I2
II2
Ie
V2
Rc V
Ic 2
N1:N2
Ideal
Phasor Diagram of Transformer

V1
Im
I2 V2
Neglectlossesandmagnetizingcurrent
V1
(R+jX)I1
V2
I1
jX I1
I1 =I2
Thisneglectcoreloss.
HowwouldthischangeifIm isnegligible?
HowwoulditchangeifRisnegligible?
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ThreePhase Transformer
Connections
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Oneline diagram
20kV 230kV
230kV 13.2kV
G
Gen
Gen
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10
Oneline diagram
Generatorstepuptransformer(delta
wye),transmissionline,andsubstation
stepdowntransformer(deltawye).
20kV 230kV
Convention:primarysecondary,so
deltawyemeansthedeltaisonthe
primary(input)side
To avoid confusion, we say a stepup
up
Toavoidconfusion,wesayastep
orstepdowntransformerbank,or
drawonelinediagramsthatshowthe
transformerconnections
Wyewyeconnection
y
y
Deltadeltaconnection
Wyedeltaconnection
Deltawyeconnection
Threephase transformer banks
Primaryandsecondarycanbe
connectedinwyeordelta:
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L d
Load
230kV 13.2kV
Load
11
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12
Threephase transformers
Threephase transformers
Oneoption:connectthreesingle
phasetransformersinathreephase
bank
Anotheroption:useathreephase
Another option: use a three phase
transformer(allinonetank)
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Threephasetransformer
Coreformconstructioniscommonin
threephasetransformersoflowkVAand
kV ratings
kVratings
Shellformconstructioniscommoninhigh
kVAandkVratings,andinsinglephase
transformers
13
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Coreform and shellform

construction of transformers
Construction
Nottoscale
Notethattwodifferentwinding
designsareshown.
SinglePhase
C
CoreForm
F
Sh ll F
ShellForm
Eitherwindingdesignmaybeused
witheithershellformorcoreform
construction.
ThreePhase
a
14
b c
b
c
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15
Schematic view of threephase

transformer connections
a
c
b
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a
c
b
b
c
a
b
cc
Deltadeltaconnection
Wyewyeconnection
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16
Schematic view of threephase

transformer connections
a
n
17
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18
Deltawye connections
a
n
c
b
Deltawye connections
a
b
c
Deltawyeconnection(deltaleadingby30).
Typicaldeltawyestepdownbank
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a
b
n
c
a
c
b
19
Standard DeltaWye Connection
Deltawye connection(wye leadingby

30).Typicaldeltawye stepupbank
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20
Threephase transformer banks
Thetwoconnectionsshownonthe
previouspagesarethestandard
connectionsintheUS
Thehighvoltagesideleadsthelow
voltagesideby30,regardlesswhichside
isprimaryorwhichsideisdelta
Manytransformersintherealworld
donotfollowtheANSIstandard
Weassumepositive(ABC)phase
sequence,orelsesignofphaseshiftis
reversed
Deltawye transformerbanksare
common
Localstandardsmayapply
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21
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Deltawye banks
Providesaneutralonthewyeside
(usually the secondary but not always)
(usuallythesecondary,butnotalways).
Isolatesthegroundsonthesecondary
fromthegroundsontheprimary.
22
Typical system
Deltawyetransformerbanksare
common
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23
20kV 230kV
Generator
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230kV 13.2kV
Transmission
Lines
Distribution
Feeders
24
Typical system
Turns ratio of deltawye bank
Generatorgroundedthroughresistorto
limitgroundfaultcurrent
Mediumvoltagedistributioncircuits
solidly grounded at stepdown
solidlygroundedatstepdown
transformer
Relaysandcircuitbreakersatstations
andfusesondistributionlinesclear
heavyfaultsquickly
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25
Leteachsinglephasetransformerina
deltawye bankhaveaturnsratioof
N1/N2
Thebankturnsratioisthelineline
voltageratioofN1/(3N2)withaphase
shiftof30 withthehighvoltageside
leading(phasesequenceabc)
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PerPhase Analysis
RepresentonephaseofequivalentY,with
neutralasreturnpath
Dividealldeltaimpedancesby3toget
equivalentYimpedances
Dividealllinelinevoltagesby3toget
equivalentYlineneutralvoltages
For3phasetransformerbanks,useideal
transformerwithturnsratioequaltonominal
linelinevoltageratio
Wemayincludephaseshiftduetodeltawye
banksornot,dependingonthesituation
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27
line
model
jXD/3
/
j /6
1:ej/6
20:230
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load
model
jXY ej/6:1
phaseshift
26
Typical example
20kV 230kV
230kV 13.2kV
Gen
Load
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28
Normal system
Typical example
generator
model
230:13.2
29
NormalSystemisoneinwhichthe
productsofthecomplexvoltageratios
oftransformeraroundeveryloopis1
Nominalvoltageratiosmatchuparound
eachloop
Phaseshiftsarezeroaroundeachloop
Manysystemsareonlyapproximately
NormalSystems
Deviationsareusuallysmall
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30
Normal system
Example system
20kV:230kV
230kV:44kV
230kV:46kV
Inanormalsystem,leaveoutthe
phaseshiftsduetodeltawye banks
(balancedconditionstobeanalyzed
gp p
y
usingperphaseanalysis)
Gen
230kV:46kV
Normalsystemshown.
Ifoneofthe230:46kVtransformerratingsis
changedto230:44kV,thenthesystemwould
notbenormal
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31
Thephaseofthevoltageisshiftedthe
sameasthephaseofthecurrent,sothe
powerfactorispreserved
Warning:rememberthephaseshiftis
reallythere
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NonNormal System
phaseshiftingtransformersusedtoshift
average power loading
averagepowerloading
offnominalvoltageratiosusedtoshift
reactivepowerloadingortoinduce
changesinvoltagemagnitude
33
Quantityinperunit
=actualquantity/basevalue
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34
V1 =Z1 I1 +(N1/N2)V2 and

V1/Vb1 =Z1(Ib1/Vb1)(I1/Ib1)+
(N1/N2)V2/Vb1
Let Zb1=Vb
LetZb
Vb1/Ib1 andVb
and Vb2=(N
(N2/N1)Vb1
Then
V1/Vb1 =Z1/Zb1 (I1/Ib1)+V2/Vb2
V1pu =Z1pu I1pu +V2pu
V=ZIwhereIisin[A],Zin[],andVin
[V]
LetthebasequantitiesbeIb,Zb,andVb,
alsoinSIunits:V
l i SI it Vb =ZZbIb
V/Vb =(Z/Zb)(I/Ib)
or
Vpu =Zpu Ipu
Itisconvenienttouseaperunit
systembynormalizingwithrespectto
a base quantity
abasequantity
Perunit equations of transformer
PerUnit System
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32
PerUnit System
Insomecases,thesystemisnotbe
normal:
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35
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36
Perunit equations of transformer
Perunit transformer model

I1 R
I1 =(N2/N1)I2
LetIb2 =(N1/N2)Ib1
then
I1/Ib1 =(N2/N1)I2/Ib1 =I2/Ib2
I1pu =I2pu
jX I2
V2
V1
I1 R
V1
jX
jXm
Neglects
magnetizing
current
I2
Includes
V2 magnetizing
current
Allquantitiesinperunitforbothcircuits
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37
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Base quantities
BasecurrentIb =Sb/Vb
BaseimpedanceZb =Vb/Ib =Vb2/Sb
39
Transformerimpedancesareusually
givenin%onaratingbase.Forexample
15%=0.15pumeans0.15xZb inohms
Sameper
Same perunit
unitvalueoneithersideof
value on either side of
transformergivesdifferentvalueinohms
sinceZb variesasVb2
3Transformers
Regardlessofwhetherdeltaorwye:
Choosebasevoltagesinsameratioas
thenominallinelinevoltages
ChoosebaseVAsameonbothsides
h
b
b h d
Resultistheperphaseequivalentcircuit
inperunitsystemhasnoideal
transformerinequivalentcircuit
Seeexamplesintext
40
Change of Base
Per Unit for ThreePhase
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38
Base quantities
Singlephasetransformer:Basevoltage
in[V]or[kV]andbaseapparentpower
in[kVA]or[MVA]aregiven:
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41
Changingthebasewillchangetheper
unitvalue,butnottheactualvaluein
SIunits(volts,ohms,amps).LetZbe
i
inpu:
Znew=ZoldZbold/Zbnew
Znew=Zold(Vbold2/Sbold)(Sbnew/Vbnew2)
Znew=Zold(Sbnew/Sbold)(Vbold/Vbnew)2
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42
PerUnit Analysis of a Normal System
Allotherbasevoltagesaresetbythe
transformerratios(ratedlineline
voltageratios)
Expressallimpedancesperunitofthe
appropriatebase,anddrawtheperunit
diagram
Solvetheprobleminperunit,and
convertbacktoSIunits
Notethatphaseshiftsdueto
transformersareoftenignored.The
procedurefollows:
Selectacommonvoltamperebasefor
Select a common volt ampere base for
thesystem
Selectonebasevoltage(usuallya
nominalorratedvoltageinonepartof
thesystem)
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PerUnit Analysis of a Normal System
43
3Transformers
Perunit networks for threephase

twowinding transformers
Wyewye
ZN
Herewediscussonlytheperphase
(positivesequence)networkforthe
transformer
Shorthandnotationfortransformer
equivalentcircuitisexplainedbelow
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X
VH
45
3Transformers
VH
ZX
ZH
VH1
VX
ZX
VX1
ZH
VX
VH
ZN
46
j/6
ZX e :1
VX
Zn
Wyedelta(typicalfordeltawyestepup
withHsideleadingXsideby30)
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ZH
Deltadelta
ZX ej/6:1
ZH
Zn
44
Deltawye (typicalfordeltawye stepdown

withHsideleadingXsideby30)
47
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48
ThreeWinding Transformers
ThreeWinding Transformers
Considerthesinglephasethree
windingtransformershownbelow
I1
Perunitequivalentcircuit:Yrepresents
magnetizingbranch,oftenomitted
I2
V2
V1
I1 Z1
V3
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V1
49
Measureshortcircuitcharacteristics
ofeachpairofcoilswiththirdcoil
open
51
Threephase threewinding
transformers
ConsideraYY connectionwithboth
Y'sgrounded
Perphase(positivesequence)networks
Per phase (positive sequence) networks
aresameasthatofsinglephasecase,
withthephaseshifttothedelta
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3Transformers
53
I3
Z 3 V V2
3
Z12 =Z1+Z2
Z12 =Zmeasuredat1with2shortedand3
open
open
open
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I2
Z2
50
Z13 =Z1+Z3
Z23 =Z2+Z3SolveforZ1,Z2,Z3
Z1 =(Z12+Z13Z23)/2
Z2 =(Z12+Z23Z13)/2
Z3 =(Z13+Z23Z12)/2
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52
Perphase(positivesequence)diagramfor
YY stepdown
H=primary(highvoltageside)Ygrounded
X=secondary(lowvoltageside)Ygrounded
T=tertiary(anotherlowvoltageside)
ZX IX
IH ZH
VH
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Ye
IT
Z T V VX
T
54
Remarks:
Atransformerwithapathtoground,besides
thehighimpedancemagnetizingbranch,isa
groundingtransformer
TheYY andYtransformersaregrounding
transformers,iftheY'saregrounded
TheYYtransformerisnotagrounding
The YY transformer is not a grounding
transformer
TheYYandYY transformerspassother
systemgroundsfromonesidetotheother,if
theY'saregrounded
TheYandY isolategrounds
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55
Autotransformers
Autotransformersareefficientand
economicalforvoltageratiosabove
1:1andbelowabout3:1
CommonlyusedinYconnections
l
d
Oftenhaveadeltatertiarywinding
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56
Threephase autotransformer
Autotransformers
Widelyusedtoconnectsystemsof
differentvoltage(e.g.345kVto230
kVor230kVto115kV)
OftenhasaYgroundedconnection
Often has a Y grounded connection
withadeltatertiary
Tertiary
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EquivalentcircuitissameasYY
transformer
57
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58
Regulating transformers and off

nominal taps
Transformersthatautomaticallyadjust
voltagemagnitudeorphaseshiftwill
oftenhaveoffnominaltaps
Thisisnota
This is not a normal
normal system,soideal
system so ideal
transformersarenotavoided
voltagemagnitudechangesmainlyaffect
reactivepower
phaseanglechangesmainlyaffect
averagepower
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Single-Phase Transformer Model and Equivalent Circuit

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Single-Phase Transformer Model and Equivalent Circuit

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SinglePhase

Transformer Equivalent Circuit

Transformer Equivalent Circuit

Phasor Diagram of Transformer

Threephase transformer banks

Coreform and shellform

Schematic view of threephase

Schematic view of threephase

Standard DeltaWye Connection

Deltawye connection(wye leadingby

Threephase transformer banks

Turns ratio of deltawye bank

V1 =Z1 I1 +(N1/N2)V2 and

Perunit equations of transformer

Perunit equations of transformer

Perunit transformer model

Per Unit for ThreePhase

PerUnit Analysis of a Normal System

PerUnit Analysis of a Normal System

Perunit networks for threephase

Deltawye (typicalfordeltawye stepdown

Regulating transformers and off

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