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AN UP-CLOSE VIEW OF

IMS, VOLTE & MEDIA SERVICES


Mike Keeley and Kurt Bantle
Spirent Communications

Notices
The information contained in this presentation is considered to be
confidential and proprietary information of Spirent Communications, Inc.
and is subject to the terms and conditions of the Non-disclosure
agreement (NDA) between the recipient(s) or recipient's organization and
Spirent Communications, Inc.
All of the features, functionality and updates, and the timing of the
release of such features, functionality and updates presented, are for
informational purposes only and do not constitute a commitment,
obligation or promise on the part of Spirent to provide such features,
functionality and updates and are subject to change at Spirents
discretion. At such time as these features and functionality may become
available they must be purchased separately as a product or upgrade, or
in the case of updates, will be provided as part of a purchased Annual
Support Agreement.

Spirent Communications Global Presence

A top 5 global telecom test company


~ half-billion dollar revenue (2010, USD)

Parent company: Spirent Communications plc

London Stock Exchange: SPT (FTSE 250)

More than 1,800 customers


worldwide

Spirent Wireless:
25 years in T&M

Network Emulation

Wireless Channel Emulation

Automated Test Systems

Conformance/Performance

Automated A-GPS Testing

Agenda

IMS in LTE Deployments


The reasons for IMS
IMS architecture & components
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) messaging

The Killer Apps of 2012


Evolution of Voice Services with LTE, including VoLTE
Video Telephony
Presence

Lunch (compliments of Spirent)

R&D Testing of IMS and Live Demonstrations

THE REASONS FOR IMS

Take Note!

Why IMS?

Technical History
1999

2011

3G.IP

Consortium focus group

Initially intended to bring an


all-IP network to UMTS systems

Rel 5 - Initial 3GPP release was essentially handed to 3GPP by


the 3G.IP group

At the time, this was intended


solely for 3G (sic) wireless

Rel 6 Roaming, Public Service Identities, access-specific


(i.e. GPRS-specific) issues are removed from core spec

Rel 7 GRUU/presence lets SIP address a specific user/UE


combination, Multi-media telephony (TAS or Telephony
ApplicationServer) , MMS, support of CS users, Border control
(link multiple IP multimedia core networks or to link an IP
multimedia core network with another SIP-based multimedia
network), Dynamic User Allocation (manages the use of App
Servers by many subscribers), Wireline enhancements, Fixed
network support (TISPAN)

Rel 8 LTE, xDSL, Number portability, Introduction of 3GPP2 to


the spec, Preferred Circuit Carrier Access (long distance)

Rel 9 - Updated security (media plane), Updated emergency call


control, Updated MMTel

Rel 10 - Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN),


Optimal media routing (OMR)

3GPP Releases

Two main specifications:

Nominal Requirements
Negotiable and end-to-end QoS for real-time applications

Voice transcoding (when two UEs do not support a common codec)

Interconnection between IMS domains (and different operators)


Access independence
Including access via any IP connection using Network Address Translation (NAT)
Multiple UEs per IMS service subscription (Public User Identity)
But allowing the service to identify each UE
IMS can access information about:
the state of a user's connection, even while roaming
users location, even while roaming
9

IMS ARCHITECTURE
& COMPONENTS

IMS: It is too complicated!


IP Multimedia Networks
Izi

CS Network

Mk

Ici

Mm

Mm

Legacy mobile
signalling Networks

Ix

TrGW
Mb

IBCF Mx
CS

Ma

BGCF

Mb

I-CSCF

Mk

CS

Mx

BGCF
Mj

MRFP
Mb
Mb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem

Mg

MRFC
Mp
Mb

Cx

S-CSCF

Dx

Rc

Mw

Ut
Cr

P-CSCF
Gm

HSS
Dh

SLF

UE

IMS Subsystem

TS 23.228 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS); Stage 2 (Release 8)


Figure 4.0: Reference Architecture of the IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem

IMS architecture can be complicated and difficult


to understand when taken as a whole, but

11

C, D,
Gc, Gr

Cx

Mi

MRB
Mr

Sh

Mw

Mg

IM
MGCF
MGW Mn
ISC
Mb

AS
ISC

Mx

IMS Architecture Breaking it Into Pieces


STEP 1

Consider IMS as it relates to just your home LTE network

Remove mobility with visiting networks, legacy networks (3G, 2G), non-cellular
networks (WiFi, Cable/DSL)
STEP 2

Split the IMS architecture into its major building blocks

User equipment (UE): The endpoint of the IMS architecture that residues with the user.
Contains a SIP user agent

Transport: This is the portion of the IMS architecture through which the overall
network is accessed (e.g. LTE Evolved Packet System), including the Access Network

Control: Includes the IMS Core. Provides session and media control
Application: Contains the Application Servers that host the IMS services

12

User Equipment

UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card)


A smart card that contains one or more applications

GSM SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)

UMTS/LTE USIM

CDMA CSIM

IMS ISIM (IP Multimedia Services Identity Module)

ISIM contains:
-

UE

IPMI (IP Multimedia Private Identity) Permanently allocated global identity assigned by
a users home operator

The home operators domain name

IMPU (IP Multimedia Public Identity) Used to request communication with another user

A device may have multiple IMPUs, and multiple devices may share an IMPU
-

URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) A users SIP phone number

Resembles an email address in appearance (sip:<username>@<host>:<port>)


-

13

A long-term secret to authenticate and calculate cipher keys

User Equipment

SIP UA (SIP User Agent)


The logical end-point of a SIP network
Creates and receives SIP messaging
Manages a SIP session
Can perform two roles:
UAC (User Agent Client) Sends SIP requests
UAS (User Agent Server) Received requests and sends SIP responses

An example of a SIP UA is a SIP phone providing typical telephone


functionality
Dial, answer, reject, hold, transfer

14

UE

LTE Evolved Packet System

PDN Gateway (Public Data Network Gateway)


Provides access for the UE to external packet data networks
Can be multiple gateways for access to multiple PDNs (e.g. Internet, IMS)
Anchor for mobility between LTE and other non-3GPP technologies
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
15

IMS
Network

LTE Evolved Packet System

PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function)


Provides real-time determination of whether traffic should be allowed
(Policies) and how to account for traffic (Charging Rules)

Initiates appropriate bearers within the packet core based on the IMS
service requested
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
16

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

CSCF (Call Session Control Function)


Establishes, monitors, supports and releases multimedia sessions
Manages the users service interactions
Can consist of three different entities:
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
17

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

Serving (S-CSCF)
Controls the communication session
Interfaces with the applicable Applications Servers
Is located in the users home network
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
18

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

Proxy (P-CSCF)
Provides the initial contact point for the SIP User Agent (UE)

Handles all of the requests to/from the user and forwards them as
appropriate

Optionally can include a PCF (Policy Control Function) to manage


media QoS
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
19

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

Interrogating (I-CSCF)
Provides a gateway to other domains (e.g. when a message or service
must traverse multiple IMS domains)

E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
20

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

HSS (Home Subscriber Server)


Securely stores user profile information
S-CSCF uses Diameter protocol to access HSS

E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
21

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

SLF (Subscriber Location Function)


Identifies which HSS contains the users profile if multiple HSS are in use

E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
22

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function)


Controls the various Media Gateways (MGW)

Media Gateways send and receive media over PS or CS protocols

Can convert between different Codecs (AMR vs. G.711)

For CS networks, converts between RTP and PCM

Does protocol conversion between SIP and ISUP/BICC


E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
23

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

BGCF (Breakout Gateway Control Function)


Provides the breakout to circuit-switch domain, if necessary
Could be via selecting the MGCF in the same network, a MGCF in another
IMS network, or via MGW when the other network is not IMS-based

E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
24

IMS
Network

IMS Core (Control Layer)

SGW (Signaling Gateway)


Interfaces with the signaling plane of Circuit Switched (CS) networks

E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services

S6a

Wx

S1MME

Internet

S6c

eNode B
S11

LTE-Uu

S5

eNode B

eNode B

S1-U

Internet PDN
IMS PDN

SGi
S7

Rx
25

IMS
Network

The Protocols of IMS

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

SigComp

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)

RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)

IPSec

Diameter
Provides Authentication and Authorization functions between entities in the
Packet and IMS cores

26

How SIP Stacks Up

SIP is not dependent on the underlying protocols


TCP/UDP
IP
Data Link
Physical

27

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

Basic SIP defined in RFC 3261


Used to create, modify and terminate multimedia sessions
Key function is to deliver session description information to the user at their
current location using SDP

Text-based protocol (easy to debug); Client/Server (Request/Response)


Based on familiar protocols such as HTTP and SMTP

SIP for IMS is SIP on Steroids with many extensions for 3GPP
support
Binding of SIP public URI to UEs IP address/host name during REGISTRATION
Support for instant messages and handling of subscription events

28

SIP Requests

SIP Requests have the format:


<request start line>
<request headers> (several lines)
<blank line>
<message body>
(carries the SDP message)

29

SIP Requests

SIP Requests always begin with a Method (type of request) and


the URI where the Response should be sent
SIP Request
Method Name

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Description

Defined
in

INVITE

Indicates a client is being invited to participate in a call session

RFC 3261

ACK

Confirms that the client has received a final response to an INVITE request

RFC 3261

BYE

Terminates a call and can be sent by either the caller or the callee

RFC 3261

CANCEL

Cancels any pending request

RFC 3261

OPTIONS

Queries the capabilities of servers

RFC 3261

REGISTER

Registers the address listed in the To header field with a SIP server

RFC 3261

PRACK

Provisional acknowledgement

RFC 3262

SUBSCRIBE

Subscribes for an Event of Notification from the Notifier

RFC 3265

NOTIFY

Notify the subscriber of a new Event

RFC 3265

PUBLISH

Publishes an event to the Server

RFC 3903

INFO

Sends mid-session information that does not modify the session state

RFC 6086

REFER

Asks recipient to issue SIP request (call transfer)

RFC 3515

MESSAGE

Transports instant messages using SIP

RFC 3428

UPDATE

Modifies the state of a session without changing the state of the dialog

RFC 3311

SDP Session Description Protocol

Defined in RFC 2327 SDP is a textual format used to describe


multimedia sessions. A session description contains enough
information for the remote user to join the multimedia session

SDP Offer/Answer model (RFC 3264) provides a two-way session


description exchange or negotiation
Offering user sends a session description (the Offer), the remote user
generates a new session description (the Answer) and sends it to the offering
user

The Offer/Answer exchange provides both users with a common view of the
multimedia session at a minimum media formats and transport addresses

Other information can be exchanged too e.g. cryptographic keys and


algorithms

31

SIP Responses

SIP Responses have the format:


<response status line>
<request headers> (several lines)
<blank line>
<message body>

32

SIP Responses

SIP Responses always begin with a Response Code, which falls into one of the
following categories:
Informational/Provisional (1xx): Request received and being processed

100 Trying, 180 Ringing

Successful (2xx): The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted

200 OK, 202 Accepted

Redirection (3xx): Further action needs to be taken (typically by sender) to complete the request

301 Moved Permanently, 302 Moved Temporarily

Client Failure (4xx): The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled at the server

401 Unauthorized, 403 Forbidden

Server Failure (5xx): The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request

500 Server Internal Error, 504 Server Time-out

Global Failure (6xx): The request cannot be fulfilled at any server

33

600 Busy Everywhere, 604 Does Not Exist Anywhere

SigComp (Signaling Compression)

Compression method for text-based signaling (such as SIP)

Reduces the time needed to transport SIP messaging

SigComp is used between the device and the P-CSCF

IMS device can use DEFLATE (preferred) or LZSS compression


algorithm

Current status:
SigComp is not being used
for SMS-only IMS devices

Other IMS devices (e.g. VoLTE)


shall use SigComp for all SIP
messaging over any data link

34

RTP / RTCP

Real-time Transport Protocol and RTP Control Protocol work


hand-in-hand
RTP (the data transfer protocol) defines a standardized packet format for
delivering audio and video over IP networks

RTCP (the control protocol) is used to monitor transmission statistics and


quality of service (QoS), and aids synchronization of multiple streams
RTCP is optional for VoLTE implementations

RTP

Port n (even-numbered port)

RTCP (Control)

Port n + 1

RFC 3550 RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-time Applications


35

Security in IMS Networks

Need to provide: Authentication and Integrity Protection


Diffie-Hellman Public-Key Algorithm

Authentication

Encryption

Key Management
36

Invented by Whitfield Diffie and Martin


Hellman in 1976 Published in an article
New directions in Cryptography.
First public key ever developed.

IMS Authentication

IMS clients are challenged at various points by the network


Initial registration, De-registration, certain session requests (e.g. SIP INVITE)

IMS AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement) method is used for


authentication (with IPsec)
AKA provides mutual authentication

37

IMS Authentication
UE
Shared Secret Data (SSD)
Stored at UE (e.g. I-SIM)

Calculate response
using MD5 (SSD + nonce)

Network
Shared Secret Data (SSD)
Stored at Network (e.g. HSS)

Calculate expected
response
using MD5 (SSD + nonce)

Compare expected and


actual response values

38

SESSION INITIATION PROTOCOL


(SIP) MESSAGING

SIP (IMS) Registration - Roles

The UE initiates a Registration sequence


Attach and PDP context activation
Unauthenticated registration attempt
IPSec Security Association establishment
Authenticated registration (assuming network challenges)

The P-CSCF typically resides in the visited network and acts as the
UE's gateway into the UE's home network
Identifies the home IMS network
Routes traffic to and from the home IMS network
Establishes the IPSec security association

40

SIP (IMS) Registration - Roles

The I-CSCF typically resides in the home network and acts as the
front-end of the Home IMS
Interfaces with the P-CSCF in the visited network
Selects the S-CSCF by querying the HSS

The S-CSCF typically resides in the home network


Handling the registration request from the I-CSCF
Pulling the authentication vectors from the HSS
Passing the authentication vectors to the P-CSCF via the I-CSCF
Authenticate the user in the second registration attempt

41

EPS Attach and P-CSCF Discovery

42

UE must first complete EPS Attach, establish EPS bearer


context and discover which P-CSCF(s) to use

EPS Attach and P-CSCF Discovery

43

After RRC Connection is established, UE does an ATTACH


REQUEST message and includes a PDN CONNECTIVITY REQUEST
message

EPS Attach and P-CSCF Discovery

After RRC Connection is established, UE does an ATTACH


REQUEST message and includes a PDN CONNECTIVITY REQUEST
message

PDN Connectivity
Request contains
Protocol Configuration
Options IE with
request for P-CSCF
address

44

EPS Attach and P-CSCF Discovery

45

UE must first complete EPS Attach, establish EPS bearer


context and discover which P-CSCF(s) to use

EPS Attach and P-CSCF Discovery

46

After Authentication, Security and UE Capability requests,


network accepts Attach and activates EPS bearer context

EPS Attach and P-CSCF Discovery

After Authentication, Security and UE Capability requests,


network accepts Attach and activates EPS bearer context

IMS PDN

One or more P-CSCF IP


addresses provided

47

LTE Evolved Packet System


Mobile Network Attach Default Internet Bearer
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

eNode B

S1-U

48

SGi/Gm

S5

S5

Authenticate UE

ISC

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Mobile Network Attach Default Internet Bearer
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

eNode B

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

S5

Control Signaling to Create Default Bearer


49

ISC

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Mobile Network Attach Default Internet Bearer
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

eNode B

S1-U

50

SGi/Gm

S5

S5

Default Internet Bearer

ISC

SGi

Internet

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

51

Attach Procedure

Network

52

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

53

Attach Procedure

Network

54

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

55

Attach Procedure

Network

56

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

Attach Procedure

Network

UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration

57

58

VoLTE Call Example


Mobile Network Attach Default IMS Signaling Bearer
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

eNode B

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

S5

Control Message to create Default IMS signaling Bearer


59

ISC

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Mobile Network Attach Default IMS Signaling Bearer
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

ISC

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B
S5

Default IMS Signaling Bearer


60

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


IMS Registration via SIP Signaling
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

ISC

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B
S5

IMS Registration
IMS authenticates, learns UE features
61

SGi

Internet

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

Attach Procedure

Network

UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration

62

63

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

Attach Procedure

Network

UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration

64

65

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

Attach Procedure

Network

UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration

66

67

IMS Initial Registration and Registration Event


Package Subscription
UE

Attach Procedure

Network

UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration
UE has
completed
subscription
to the
registration
event
package

68

69

VoLTE Call Example


Subscribe to Reg Event Package
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

ISC

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B
S5

Subscribe to Reg Event Package


70

SGi

Internet

SMS
UE

IMS Registration Procedure

Mobile-Originated SMS

71

Network

72

SMS
UE

Attach Procedure

Mobile-Originated SMS

73

Network

74

SMS
UE

Attach Procedure

Network

Mobile-Originated SMS

Mobile-Terminated SMS

75

76

SMS
UE

Attach Procedure

Network

Mobile-Originated SMS

Mobile-Terminated SMS

77

78

THE KILLER APPS OF 2012

IMS Applications - Vision


Telephony Services

Other Services

Residential VoIP

Push-to-Talk over Cellular

Desktop sharing & collaboration

PSTN telephony emulation

Push-to-X

Gaming with voice/messaging

Multimedia residential telephony

POC with multimedia conferencing

Mobility management

Business telephony

Instant messaging & presence

Enhanced IPTV

IP Centrex

Converged or unified messaging

Enhanced ringtone downloads

Hosted PBX

Videoconferencing &
videotelephony

Mobile advertising & marketing

Voice call continuity

Video messaging

Gambling & betting

One-number phone services

Call and share

Multimedia roaming

Web-based telephony

Location-based services

Mobile content delivery

Enhanced voicemail
Active phone book,
presence-enabled address group

80

Other Communications
Services

Parental or privacy controls

IMS Applications - Current

Multiple IMS applications are actively being developed and/or


deployed on UEs now
Registrations
SMS
Voice over IP over IMS (aka VoLTE)
Video Telephony
Presence

81

EVOLUTION OF VOICE
SERVICES WITH LTE

Evolution of Voice Services with LTE Networks


2011
CDMA
Legacy

UMTS
Legacy

83

2012

SVLTE

CSFB

2013
VoLTE +

LTE-only

1X CS

Voice Devices

VoLTE

SRVCC

SVLTE Simultaneous Voice and LTE

Uses two radios to simultaneous communicate with:

1X network for services such as CS Voice, SMS, Emergency Services


LTE network for high-rate PS data services

Pros

Rapid deployment Reuses well established methods for CS voice


High-quality concurrent services

Cons

Cost of two radios


Cross-radio, Cross-band interaction and
interference

Maximum allowable output power


considerations

Battery life considerations


84

CSFB Circuit Switched Fallback

When CS services (voice, SMS) are needed, provides a mechanism to


move from LTE to UMTS/GSM (or even 1X)

Pros

Allows for single radio


(or dual receiver) design

Complete CS services and


features

Primarily operating in
LTE mode

Cons

PS services are degraded on the


slower legacy PS network

Depending on type of CSFB used,


PS bearers will be interrupted

Longer call setup times ( 500ms)?


85

Multiple Options for CSFB

For MT services, UE is notified of need for CS services with CS SERVICE


NOTIFICATION message

UE responds with EXTENDED SERVICE REQUEST message

E-UTRAN directs UE to 2G/3G network:

Destination RAT

Option

3GPP Release

UMTS

RRC Connection Release with Redirection (w/o Sys Info)

Release 8

UMTS

RRC Connection Release with Redirection (w/ Sys Info)

Release 9

UMTS

PS Handover with DRBs

Release 8

GSM

RRC Connection Release with Redirection (w/o Sys Info)

Release 8

GSM

RRC Connection Release with Redirection (w/ Sys Info)

Release 9

GSM

PS Handover with DRBs

Release 8

GSM

Cell Change Order (w/o NACC)

Release 8

GSM

Cell Change Order (w/ NACC)

Release 8

86

SRVCC Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

Allows a PS/IMS-based (VoLTE) Voice Call on LTE to transition to a


legacy CS network

Pros
Utilizes a single radio
Provides ubiquitous voice coverage without 100% LTE coverage

Cons
Due to complicated signaling, possible
brief break in audio

Additional client support for SRVCC

87

VoLTE Voice over LTE

GSM Association Permanent Reference Document IR.92 provides a profile


of minimum mandatory 3GPP capabilities to ensure interoperable SIPbased IMS VoIP and SMS for User Equipment and the LTE EPC
IMS basic capabilities and supplementary services for telephony
Real-time media negotiation, transport and codecs
LTE radio and ePC capabilities
Functionality that is relevant across the protocol stack and subsystems

GSMA IR.88 LTE Roaming Guidelines provides guidance for LTE roaming
scenarios
Suppl
Services
SIP

88

HTTP/
XCAP

Suppl
Services

Codecs
RTP/RTCP

SIP

TCP/IP UDP/IP

TCP/IP UDP/IP

Bearers/QoS RoHC

Bearers/QoS RoHC

LTE
with VoIP optimizations

LTE
with VoIP optimizations

Mobile Device

Radio & Access Network

HTTP/
XCAP

Codecs
RTP/RTCP

TCP/IP UDP/IP

Servers (IMS)

Requirements to Support VoLTE

LTE RAN features


Semi-Persistent Scheduling
Transmission Time Interval (TTI) Bundling
Discontinuous Reception (DRX)
Robust Header Compression (RoHC)

QoS
Multiple Bearers (Default, Dedicated)
QoS Class Identifiers (QCIs)

IMS
SIP, SDP, RTP, RTCP, IPSec

Codecs
Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR), Wideband AMR (AMR-WB), EVRC

89

Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS)


ISSUE

In LTE, DL and UL traffic channels are dynamically shared

Control channel (PDCCH) must be used to identify which subframes a user should decode
on the downlink (PDSCH), and which users are allowed to transmit in each UL subframe
(PUSCH)

Every physical resource block (PRB) on DL and UL must be granted


Grant control channel overhead too great for persistent allocations of small packets
(consistent with VoIP characteristics)
SOLUTION

Define a transmission pattern and permanently assign PRBs based on that pattern

Ex: Voice = 1 coded packet every 20ms


During silent period, PRB assignment can be canceled
UL can be implicitly canceled after a defined number of empty UL transmissions
DL can be canceled with an RRC message

When to use SPS? Look at QCI and Bearer type


90

Transmission Time Interval (TTI) Bundling


ISSUE

Short (1ms) TTI introduced in LTE to reduce end-to-end latency

At cell edges, UE might not have enough power available to reliably deliver an entire
VoIP packet in one TTI
SOLUTION

Bundle multiple TTIs together without waiting for HARQ feedback

Send VoIP packet as a single PDU during a bundle of subsequent TTIs


HARQ feedback is only expected after the last transmission of the bundle

Same process to configure normal HARQ


operation (Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol)
is used to configure TTI bundles
91

Discontinuous Reception (DRX)


ISSUE

Constant voice session can more quickly reduce battery life


SOLUTION

VoLTE traffic is highly predictable (e.g. 20ms codec packets) UE receiver does not have to
constantly monitor the PDCCH

RRC must carefully configure DRX


to account for applications latency
and responsiveness requirements
92

Robust Header Compression (RoHC)


ISSUE

IP header information can be disproportionately large compared to the relatively small


VoLTE codec packets being transmitted large air interface bandwidth inefficiency

RTP/UDP/IP header can be ~40 to 60 bytes long


AMR-WB @ 20msec = ~50 bytes/frame
SOLUTION

Compress and decompress the collection of headers (RTP/UDP/IP) before and after the air
interface

Reduce header info to ~ 2 to 4 bytes


Audio/Video Application

Audio/Video Application
RoHC Node

C/D

D/C

RTP

RTP

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

Internet Link
93

RoHC Node

ROHC

ROHC

Air Interface

RTP

RTP

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

Internet Link

Simplified VoLTE Call Flow

Initial attach
Create default bearer for IP connectivity
Discover P-CSCF

Create default bearer for SIP signaling


Register UE with IMS network
Subscribe to Registration event package

<ready to place & receive calls>

Send SIP INVITE


SDP Offer/Answer media negotiation
Create dedicated bearer for RTP data
<talk>

94

Terminate Call

VoLTE Call Flow UE-Initiated Call


UE1

CSCF

IMS Registration

95

UE2

96

More about the


SIP INVITE SDP

Field

Meaning

Format

v=

version

v=0

o=

session owner & ID

o=<username> <session id> <version> <network type>


<address type> <address>

s=

session name

s=<session name>

t=

time the session is


active

t=<start time> <stop time>

m=

media type, format and


transport address

m=<media> <port> <transport> <format list>


<media> is audio or video (two m= lines for both)

97

c=

connection information

c=<network type> <address type> <connection address>

a=

session attributes

a=<attribute> or a=<attribute> <value>

More about the


SIP INVITE SDP
(session attributes)
Session Attribute
rtpmap

Format and Description


a=rtpmap:<payload type> <encoding name>/<clock rate>
[/<encoding parameters>]
Mapping from RTP payload codes (from the <format list> in the
m= field) to a codec name, clock rate and other encoding
parameters

sendrecv

a=sendrecv (or sendonly, recvonly, inactive, broadcast)

ptime

a=ptime:<packet time>
Length (in ms) carried in one RTP packet

fmtp

a=fmtp:<format> <format specific parameters>


Defines parameters that are specific to a given format code

98

More about the


SIP INVITE SDP
(rtpmap and fmtp
samples)
Payload
Type

99

Encoding Name

Sample Usage

PCMU

a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000

PCMA

a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000

100

Telephone Event

a=rtpmap:100 telephone-event/8000
a=fmtp:100 0-15

102

AMR (Adaptive MultiRate)

a=rtpmap:102 AMR/8000
a=fmtp:102 octet-align=1; modeset=0,2,5,7;
mode-change-capability=2

104

AMR-WB (AMR Wideband)

a=rtpmap:104 AMR-WB/16000
a=fmtp:104 octet-align=1; modeset=0,2,5,7;
mode-change-capability=2

VoLTE Call Flow UE-Initiated Call


UE1

CSCF

IMS Registration

100

UE2

101

VoLTE Call Flow UE-Initiated Call


UE1

CSCF

IMS Registration

RTP Voice Traffic

102

UE2

103

VoLTE Call Example


UE using Internet, No active Voice Call
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

ISC

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B
S5

UE using Internet
104

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Initiate Voice Call
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

ISC

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B
S5

Initiate Phone Call (Sip Signaling)


105

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Initiate Voice Call
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

ISC

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B
S5

IMS requests Dedicated Bearer for RTP Voice (QCI=1)


106

SGi

Internet

QCI (QoS Class Identifier) Values for Bearers


QCI

Resource
Type

Priority

Packet Delay
Budget (ms)

Packet Error
Loss Rate

GBR

100

10-2

Conversational Voice

GBR

150

10-3

Conversational Video (live streaming)

GBR

300

10-6

Non-conversational video (buffered


streaming)

GBR

50

10-3

Real-time gaming

Non-GBR

100

10-6

IMS Signaling

Non-GBR

100

10-3

Voice, Video (live streaming),


interactive gaming

Non-GBR

300

10-6

Video (buffered streaming)

Non-GBR

300

10-6

TCP-based (WWW, email, FTP)

Non-GBR

300

10-6

GBR = Guaranteed Bit Rate

107

Example Services

VoLTE Call Example


Initiate Voice Call
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B

Voice Data
S5

PCRF Triggers Network Initiated Dedicated Bearer


108

ISC

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Initiate Voice Call, Dedicated Bearer Established for Voice
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B

Voice Data
S5

RTP Dedicated Bearer for RTP Voice


109

ISC

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Voice Conversation
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B

Voice Data
S5

Voice Traffic in Dedicated Bearer


SIP Signaling Traffic in Default Bearer
110

ISC

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Flow UE-Initiated Call Termination


UE1

CSCF
Existing call between UE1 & UE2

111

UE2

VoLTE Call Example


Terminate Call
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B

Voice Data
S5

SIP Signaling Terminate Call


112

ISC

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


Terminate Call
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

ISC

Gx
S6b
S11

SGi/Gm

S5

S1-U
eNode B

Voice Data
S5

Delete Dedicated Bearer Messaging


113

SGi

Internet

VoLTE Call Example


No Voice Call, Dedicated Bearer Deleted
E-UTRAN

EPC

IP Services
Cx
Sh

IMS

S6a
SWx
Rx

LTE-Uu

eNode B

S1-MME

Gx
S6b
S11

S1-U

SGi/Gm

S5

eNode B

Voice Data
S5

Attached, No Voice Call, No Data


114

ISC

SGi

Internet

Supplementary Services with VoLTE

Call Waiting

Call Hold

3-way Conferencing

Call Forking
(Simultaneous Ringing)

115

UE1

CSCF

UE2

UE3

Existing call between UE1 & UE2


INVITE (UE3 to UE1)
1

INVITE (UE3 to UE1)

180 RINGING
180 RINGING

UE1 is
notified
of incoming
call from
UE3

PRACK/200 OK Exchange

reINVITE (UE1 to UE2)


(SDP, a = SendOnly)

ACK (UE1 to UE2)

ACK (UE1 to UE2)

200 OK (UE1 to UE3)


200 OK (UE1 to UE3)
ACK
ACK

116

UE2 is
placed on
hold

200 OK (UE2 to UE1)


(SDP, a = RecvOnly)

200 OK

reINVITE (UE1 to UE2)


(SDP, a = SendOnly)

User is presented with option to answer waiting call or not

User chooses to answer waiting call and puts existing call on hold

UE1 completes call setup with UE3

Call is
completed
between
UE1 and
UE3

Video Telephony

Adds a 2nd IMS Dedicated Bearer for


video traffic (QCI=6)

New scenarios:
Video call upgrade
(add video to an existing VoLTE call)

Video call downgrade


(drop video and go to VoLTE call)

SIP reINVITE is used to trigger


upgrade or downgrade
New SDP offer contents

117

RRCConnectionConfiguration used
to activate or deactivate dedicated
bearer

Presence

Allows a user to subscribe to presence information about its


contacts
If the contact accepts the request, the user will be notified when presence
information about the contact is published (changes)

Watcher

Watcher CSCF

Presentity CSCF

PS

SUBSCRIBE

Presentity UE

SUBSCRIBE

Event=presence,
Request URI = Presentity URI

SUBSCRIBE

Watcher is authorized
200 OK
200 OK
200 OK
NOTIFY
NOTIFY

PUBLISH
PUBLISH

Publisher is authorized
200 OK
NOTIFY
NOTIFY
200 OK
200 OK
118

200 OK

R&D Testing of IMS

VoLTE Testing Methodologies

Interoperability Protocol Analysis


SIP, SDP
Registrations, Authentication, Addressing,

Calls, Supplementary Services

Feature Interaction

Mobility

Quality of Experience (QoE) Voice Quality


MOS-LQ (Listening Quality) (e.g. PESQ, POLQA)

Quality of Service (QoS) Measuring KPIs


One-way delay, Packet loss rate, Packet loss
distribution, One-way delay variation, data rate

120

IMS Testing Plans


GSM Association

IR.92 IMS Profile for Voice and SMS


Defines a minimum mandatory set of
features that a UE and network are
required to implement to guarantee
LTE IMS interoperability and quality

~ 40 test scenarios
can be derived
from the
requirements

121

IMS Testing Plans


The International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium

Test Cases IMS Profile for Voice and SMS


~ 30 test cases designed to
verify an IMS Client Applications
ability to interoperate with
IMS network implementations

122

IMS Testing Plans


Standards-developed Conformance Test Specifications
3GPP

TS 34.229-1

Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia call control protocol based on


Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP);
User Equipment (UE) conformance specification;
Part 1: Protocol conformance specification

123

IMS Testing Plans


Carrier-developed Conformance Test Specifications

124

E.g. Verizon Wireless Device Compliance Test Plan LTE SMS

Audio Quality Testing

POLQA - voice quality analysis of HD Voice for 3G and 4G/LTE


networks

Latency, jitter (variable delay), gain variations, speech signal and


BGN level measurements, level clipping, dropouts (e.g. generated
by packet loss), operability of VAD

Handset, Headset, Speaker modes

Wide-band (WB)
7 kHz

Narrow-band (NB)
3.4 kHz

POTS

Super-wide-band (SWB)
14 kHz

HD Voice

Evolution of ITU-T Recommendations for Voice Quality Testing


(P.86x Full Reference MOS-LQO)

POLQA
P.863

PESQ-WB
P.862.2

PESQ

11/2005

ITU-T P.862
02/2001

2000
VoIP
125

2011

2005
3G

2010
3.5G

NGN

UC

4G/LTE

Summary

IMS has been around for > 10 years, but it is now


becoming a reality

IMS provides convergence on multiple fronts Access-type (fixed, mobile)

IMS offers operators the chance to add value to IP-based services by


becoming service administrators

While IMS can be broken into manageable pieces, it still introduces


multiple new protocols and procedures

Killer IMS applications are rapidly reaching commercial maturity


SMS, Voice, Video, etc.

126

Test plans and testing of IMS in cellular environments is starting

LIVE DEMONSTRATION

CS8: For All Phases of Device Development

RF/BASEBAND
DEVELOPMENT &
INTEGRATION
L1-only BB testing
Parametric testing
Protocol testing

128

RADIO PROTOCOL
DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM &
APPLICATION TEST

PLATFORM
VALIDATION

Protocol design
Protocol testing
Adversarial testing

End-to-End testing with


Fading/Noise
System Test under
Multi-Cell test
environment
Adversarial Data
Testing
Real IPv6 with UE-toServer Connectivity

RF Performance in
Platforms/Handset
Protocol customization
for regions
Service Interaction
tests i.e. Voice + Data,
Voice + SMS etc.

CS8 for Protocol Testing

Interactive GUI for intuitive testing (no scripting required)

Data testing (data throughput, data retry)

Multi-RAT network emulation


LTE, WCDMA, HSDPA, CDMA, EV-DO

129

Real-time responses from network-grade protocol engine

CS8 for Protocol Testing

The industrys most complete and realistic Evolved Packet Core


(EPC)
The same EPC emulation used to test infrastructure products

True IPv6 network emulation


(not just IPv6 headers!)
UE-to-Server Connectivity

130

CS8 for Protocol Testing

Interactive UI for intuitive LTE performance testing for


Data throughput
Data retry
Inter-RAT handovers

131

CS8 for Adversarial Protocol (NAS/RRC)

Protocol testing
Simulate end-to-end tests for Protocol Rejects and Negative responses
Data Retry protocol tests

132

Demonstration Scenario

Done in Field

133

Done in Office / Lab

Drive test LTE USB


dongle on VZW live
LTE Network

Output IPv6 flow


from QXDM to
Wireshark PCAP file

Import PCAP file into


Spirent CS8s IMS
Call Flow Editor

QXDM Log file

PCAP file

CS8 Data Message


Flow file

Recreate drive test


scenario using
Spirents CS8
eAirAccess

Edit CS8 Data


Message Flow file to
create an alternate
scenario

Modified / New
CS8 Data Message
Flow file

Use Spirents CS8


eAirAccess to
execute Modified /
New IMS test
scenario

QUESTIONS?

THANK YOU!

SOURCES

Sources
Graham Finnie. IMS Application Servers & the IMS Applications Environment. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from
http://www.heavyreading.com/details.asp?sku_id=1399&skuitem_itemid=984
Jhansi Jujjuru. AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNET PROTOCOL MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEMS (IMS) ARCHITECTURE. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from
http://www.rivier.edu/journal/ROAJ-Spring-2008/J134-Jujjuru.pdf
IETF. RFC4566. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4566.txt
Hill Associates. Breakout gateway control function. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from http://wiki.hill.com/wiki/index.php?title=BGCF
Gilles Bertrand. The IP Multimedia Subsystem in Next Generation Networks. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from
http://www.tele.pw.edu.pl/~mareks/auims/IMS_an_overview-1.pdf
Wikipedia. IP Multimedia Subsystem. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem
Wikipedia. Session Initiation Protocol. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol
Radio-Electronics. IMS, IP Multimedia Subsystem tutorial. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/telecommunications_networks/ims-ip-multimedia-subsystem/tutorial-basics.php
Wikipedia. IP Multimedia Services Identity Module. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Services_Identity_Module
Verizon Wireless. DEVICE COMPLIANCE TEST PLAN - LTE SMS, Version 6.0. Issued March 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from
http://opennetwork.verizonwireless.com/getDeviceCertified_docSpec.aspx
Wikipedia. Signaling Compression. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_Compression
Vladimr Toncar. VoIP Protocols: SIP Call Flow. Retrieved November 22, 2011 from
http://toncar.cz/Tutorials/VoIP/VoIP_Protocols_SIP_Call_Flow.html
EventHelix. IMS Registration Sequence Diagrams. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://eventhelix.com/ims/registration/
Wikipedia. Real-time Transport Protocol. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol

137

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