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Notices
The information contained in this presentation is considered to be
confidential and proprietary information of Spirent Communications, Inc.
and is subject to the terms and conditions of the Non-disclosure
agreement (NDA) between the recipient(s) or recipient's organization and
Spirent Communications, Inc.
All of the features, functionality and updates, and the timing of the
release of such features, functionality and updates presented, are for
informational purposes only and do not constitute a commitment,
obligation or promise on the part of Spirent to provide such features,
functionality and updates and are subject to change at Spirents
discretion. At such time as these features and functionality may become
available they must be purchased separately as a product or upgrade, or
in the case of updates, will be provided as part of a purchased Annual
Support Agreement.
Spirent Wireless:
25 years in T&M
Network Emulation
Conformance/Performance
Agenda
Take Note!
Why IMS?
Technical History
1999
2011
3G.IP
3GPP Releases
Nominal Requirements
Negotiable and end-to-end QoS for real-time applications
IMS ARCHITECTURE
& COMPONENTS
CS Network
Mk
Ici
Mm
Mm
Legacy mobile
signalling Networks
Ix
TrGW
Mb
IBCF Mx
CS
Ma
BGCF
Mb
I-CSCF
Mk
CS
Mx
BGCF
Mj
MRFP
Mb
Mb
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem
Mg
MRFC
Mp
Mb
Cx
S-CSCF
Dx
Rc
Mw
Ut
Cr
P-CSCF
Gm
HSS
Dh
SLF
UE
IMS Subsystem
11
C, D,
Gc, Gr
Cx
Mi
MRB
Mr
Sh
Mw
Mg
IM
MGCF
MGW Mn
ISC
Mb
AS
ISC
Mx
Remove mobility with visiting networks, legacy networks (3G, 2G), non-cellular
networks (WiFi, Cable/DSL)
STEP 2
User equipment (UE): The endpoint of the IMS architecture that residues with the user.
Contains a SIP user agent
Transport: This is the portion of the IMS architecture through which the overall
network is accessed (e.g. LTE Evolved Packet System), including the Access Network
Control: Includes the IMS Core. Provides session and media control
Application: Contains the Application Servers that host the IMS services
12
User Equipment
UMTS/LTE USIM
CDMA CSIM
ISIM contains:
-
UE
IPMI (IP Multimedia Private Identity) Permanently allocated global identity assigned by
a users home operator
IMPU (IP Multimedia Public Identity) Used to request communication with another user
A device may have multiple IMPUs, and multiple devices may share an IMPU
-
13
User Equipment
14
UE
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
15
IMS
Network
Initiates appropriate bearers within the packet core based on the IMS
service requested
E-UTRAN
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
16
IMS
Network
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
17
IMS
Network
Serving (S-CSCF)
Controls the communication session
Interfaces with the applicable Applications Servers
Is located in the users home network
E-UTRAN
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
18
IMS
Network
Proxy (P-CSCF)
Provides the initial contact point for the SIP User Agent (UE)
Handles all of the requests to/from the user and forwards them as
appropriate
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
19
IMS
Network
Interrogating (I-CSCF)
Provides a gateway to other domains (e.g. when a message or service
must traverse multiple IMS domains)
E-UTRAN
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
20
IMS
Network
E-UTRAN
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
21
IMS
Network
E-UTRAN
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
22
IMS
Network
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
23
IMS
Network
E-UTRAN
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
24
IMS
Network
E-UTRAN
EPC
IP Services
S6a
Wx
S1MME
Internet
S6c
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
eNode B
S1-U
Internet PDN
IMS PDN
SGi
S7
Rx
25
IMS
Network
SigComp
IPSec
Diameter
Provides Authentication and Authorization functions between entities in the
Packet and IMS cores
26
27
SIP for IMS is SIP on Steroids with many extensions for 3GPP
support
Binding of SIP public URI to UEs IP address/host name during REGISTRATION
Support for instant messages and handling of subscription events
28
SIP Requests
29
SIP Requests
30
Description
Defined
in
INVITE
RFC 3261
ACK
Confirms that the client has received a final response to an INVITE request
RFC 3261
BYE
Terminates a call and can be sent by either the caller or the callee
RFC 3261
CANCEL
RFC 3261
OPTIONS
RFC 3261
REGISTER
Registers the address listed in the To header field with a SIP server
RFC 3261
PRACK
Provisional acknowledgement
RFC 3262
SUBSCRIBE
RFC 3265
NOTIFY
RFC 3265
PUBLISH
RFC 3903
INFO
Sends mid-session information that does not modify the session state
RFC 6086
REFER
RFC 3515
MESSAGE
RFC 3428
UPDATE
Modifies the state of a session without changing the state of the dialog
RFC 3311
The Offer/Answer exchange provides both users with a common view of the
multimedia session at a minimum media formats and transport addresses
31
SIP Responses
32
SIP Responses
SIP Responses always begin with a Response Code, which falls into one of the
following categories:
Informational/Provisional (1xx): Request received and being processed
Successful (2xx): The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted
Redirection (3xx): Further action needs to be taken (typically by sender) to complete the request
Client Failure (4xx): The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled at the server
Server Failure (5xx): The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request
33
Current status:
SigComp is not being used
for SMS-only IMS devices
34
RTP / RTCP
RTP
RTCP (Control)
Port n + 1
Authentication
Encryption
Key Management
36
IMS Authentication
37
IMS Authentication
UE
Shared Secret Data (SSD)
Stored at UE (e.g. I-SIM)
Calculate response
using MD5 (SSD + nonce)
Network
Shared Secret Data (SSD)
Stored at Network (e.g. HSS)
Calculate expected
response
using MD5 (SSD + nonce)
38
The P-CSCF typically resides in the visited network and acts as the
UE's gateway into the UE's home network
Identifies the home IMS network
Routes traffic to and from the home IMS network
Establishes the IPSec security association
40
The I-CSCF typically resides in the home network and acts as the
front-end of the Home IMS
Interfaces with the P-CSCF in the visited network
Selects the S-CSCF by querying the HSS
41
42
43
PDN Connectivity
Request contains
Protocol Configuration
Options IE with
request for P-CSCF
address
44
45
46
IMS PDN
47
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
eNode B
S1-U
48
SGi/Gm
S5
S5
Authenticate UE
ISC
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
eNode B
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
eNode B
S1-U
50
SGi/Gm
S5
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
51
Attach Procedure
Network
52
53
Attach Procedure
Network
54
55
Attach Procedure
Network
56
Attach Procedure
Network
UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration
57
58
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
eNode B
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
ISC
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
S5
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
ISC
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
S5
IMS Registration
IMS authenticates, learns UE features
61
SGi
Internet
Attach Procedure
Network
UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration
62
63
Attach Procedure
Network
UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration
64
65
Attach Procedure
Network
UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration
66
67
Attach Procedure
Network
UE has
completed
initial IMS
registration
UE has
completed
subscription
to the
registration
event
package
68
69
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
ISC
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
S5
SGi
Internet
SMS
UE
Mobile-Originated SMS
71
Network
72
SMS
UE
Attach Procedure
Mobile-Originated SMS
73
Network
74
SMS
UE
Attach Procedure
Network
Mobile-Originated SMS
Mobile-Terminated SMS
75
76
SMS
UE
Attach Procedure
Network
Mobile-Originated SMS
Mobile-Terminated SMS
77
78
Other Services
Residential VoIP
Push-to-X
Mobility management
Business telephony
Enhanced IPTV
IP Centrex
Hosted PBX
Videoconferencing &
videotelephony
Video messaging
Multimedia roaming
Web-based telephony
Location-based services
Enhanced voicemail
Active phone book,
presence-enabled address group
80
Other Communications
Services
81
EVOLUTION OF VOICE
SERVICES WITH LTE
UMTS
Legacy
83
2012
SVLTE
CSFB
2013
VoLTE +
LTE-only
1X CS
Voice Devices
VoLTE
SRVCC
Pros
Cons
Pros
Primarily operating in
LTE mode
Cons
Destination RAT
Option
3GPP Release
UMTS
Release 8
UMTS
Release 9
UMTS
Release 8
GSM
Release 8
GSM
Release 9
GSM
Release 8
GSM
Release 8
GSM
Release 8
86
Pros
Utilizes a single radio
Provides ubiquitous voice coverage without 100% LTE coverage
Cons
Due to complicated signaling, possible
brief break in audio
87
GSMA IR.88 LTE Roaming Guidelines provides guidance for LTE roaming
scenarios
Suppl
Services
SIP
88
HTTP/
XCAP
Suppl
Services
Codecs
RTP/RTCP
SIP
TCP/IP UDP/IP
TCP/IP UDP/IP
Bearers/QoS RoHC
Bearers/QoS RoHC
LTE
with VoIP optimizations
LTE
with VoIP optimizations
Mobile Device
HTTP/
XCAP
Codecs
RTP/RTCP
TCP/IP UDP/IP
Servers (IMS)
QoS
Multiple Bearers (Default, Dedicated)
QoS Class Identifiers (QCIs)
IMS
SIP, SDP, RTP, RTCP, IPSec
Codecs
Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR), Wideband AMR (AMR-WB), EVRC
89
Control channel (PDCCH) must be used to identify which subframes a user should decode
on the downlink (PDSCH), and which users are allowed to transmit in each UL subframe
(PUSCH)
Define a transmission pattern and permanently assign PRBs based on that pattern
At cell edges, UE might not have enough power available to reliably deliver an entire
VoIP packet in one TTI
SOLUTION
VoLTE traffic is highly predictable (e.g. 20ms codec packets) UE receiver does not have to
constantly monitor the PDCCH
Compress and decompress the collection of headers (RTP/UDP/IP) before and after the air
interface
Audio/Video Application
RoHC Node
C/D
D/C
RTP
RTP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
Internet Link
93
RoHC Node
ROHC
ROHC
Air Interface
RTP
RTP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
Internet Link
Initial attach
Create default bearer for IP connectivity
Discover P-CSCF
94
Terminate Call
CSCF
IMS Registration
95
UE2
96
Field
Meaning
Format
v=
version
v=0
o=
s=
session name
s=<session name>
t=
m=
97
c=
connection information
a=
session attributes
sendrecv
ptime
a=ptime:<packet time>
Length (in ms) carried in one RTP packet
fmtp
98
99
Encoding Name
Sample Usage
PCMU
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
PCMA
a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
100
Telephone Event
a=rtpmap:100 telephone-event/8000
a=fmtp:100 0-15
102
a=rtpmap:102 AMR/8000
a=fmtp:102 octet-align=1; modeset=0,2,5,7;
mode-change-capability=2
104
a=rtpmap:104 AMR-WB/16000
a=fmtp:104 octet-align=1; modeset=0,2,5,7;
mode-change-capability=2
CSCF
IMS Registration
100
UE2
101
CSCF
IMS Registration
102
UE2
103
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
ISC
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
S5
UE using Internet
104
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
ISC
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
S5
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
ISC
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
S5
SGi
Internet
Resource
Type
Priority
Packet Delay
Budget (ms)
Packet Error
Loss Rate
GBR
100
10-2
Conversational Voice
GBR
150
10-3
GBR
300
10-6
GBR
50
10-3
Real-time gaming
Non-GBR
100
10-6
IMS Signaling
Non-GBR
100
10-3
Non-GBR
300
10-6
Non-GBR
300
10-6
Non-GBR
300
10-6
107
Example Services
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
Voice Data
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
Voice Data
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
Voice Data
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
CSCF
Existing call between UE1 & UE2
111
UE2
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
Voice Data
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
ISC
Gx
S6b
S11
SGi/Gm
S5
S1-U
eNode B
Voice Data
S5
SGi
Internet
EPC
IP Services
Cx
Sh
IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx
LTE-Uu
eNode B
S1-MME
Gx
S6b
S11
S1-U
SGi/Gm
S5
eNode B
Voice Data
S5
ISC
SGi
Internet
Call Waiting
Call Hold
3-way Conferencing
Call Forking
(Simultaneous Ringing)
115
UE1
CSCF
UE2
UE3
180 RINGING
180 RINGING
UE1 is
notified
of incoming
call from
UE3
PRACK/200 OK Exchange
116
UE2 is
placed on
hold
200 OK
User chooses to answer waiting call and puts existing call on hold
Call is
completed
between
UE1 and
UE3
Video Telephony
New scenarios:
Video call upgrade
(add video to an existing VoLTE call)
117
RRCConnectionConfiguration used
to activate or deactivate dedicated
bearer
Presence
Watcher
Watcher CSCF
Presentity CSCF
PS
SUBSCRIBE
Presentity UE
SUBSCRIBE
Event=presence,
Request URI = Presentity URI
SUBSCRIBE
Watcher is authorized
200 OK
200 OK
200 OK
NOTIFY
NOTIFY
PUBLISH
PUBLISH
Publisher is authorized
200 OK
NOTIFY
NOTIFY
200 OK
200 OK
118
200 OK
Feature Interaction
Mobility
120
~ 40 test scenarios
can be derived
from the
requirements
121
122
TS 34.229-1
123
124
Wide-band (WB)
7 kHz
Narrow-band (NB)
3.4 kHz
POTS
Super-wide-band (SWB)
14 kHz
HD Voice
POLQA
P.863
PESQ-WB
P.862.2
PESQ
11/2005
ITU-T P.862
02/2001
2000
VoIP
125
2011
2005
3G
2010
3.5G
NGN
UC
4G/LTE
Summary
126
LIVE DEMONSTRATION
RF/BASEBAND
DEVELOPMENT &
INTEGRATION
L1-only BB testing
Parametric testing
Protocol testing
128
RADIO PROTOCOL
DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM &
APPLICATION TEST
PLATFORM
VALIDATION
Protocol design
Protocol testing
Adversarial testing
RF Performance in
Platforms/Handset
Protocol customization
for regions
Service Interaction
tests i.e. Voice + Data,
Voice + SMS etc.
129
130
131
Protocol testing
Simulate end-to-end tests for Protocol Rejects and Negative responses
Data Retry protocol tests
132
Demonstration Scenario
Done in Field
133
PCAP file
Modified / New
CS8 Data Message
Flow file
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!
SOURCES
Sources
Graham Finnie. IMS Application Servers & the IMS Applications Environment. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from
http://www.heavyreading.com/details.asp?sku_id=1399&skuitem_itemid=984
Jhansi Jujjuru. AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNET PROTOCOL MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEMS (IMS) ARCHITECTURE. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from
http://www.rivier.edu/journal/ROAJ-Spring-2008/J134-Jujjuru.pdf
IETF. RFC4566. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4566.txt
Hill Associates. Breakout gateway control function. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from http://wiki.hill.com/wiki/index.php?title=BGCF
Gilles Bertrand. The IP Multimedia Subsystem in Next Generation Networks. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from
http://www.tele.pw.edu.pl/~mareks/auims/IMS_an_overview-1.pdf
Wikipedia. IP Multimedia Subsystem. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem
Wikipedia. Session Initiation Protocol. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol
Radio-Electronics. IMS, IP Multimedia Subsystem tutorial. Retrieved November 8, 2011 from http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/telecommunications_networks/ims-ip-multimedia-subsystem/tutorial-basics.php
Wikipedia. IP Multimedia Services Identity Module. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Services_Identity_Module
Verizon Wireless. DEVICE COMPLIANCE TEST PLAN - LTE SMS, Version 6.0. Issued March 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from
http://opennetwork.verizonwireless.com/getDeviceCertified_docSpec.aspx
Wikipedia. Signaling Compression. Retrieved November 15, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_Compression
Vladimr Toncar. VoIP Protocols: SIP Call Flow. Retrieved November 22, 2011 from
http://toncar.cz/Tutorials/VoIP/VoIP_Protocols_SIP_Call_Flow.html
EventHelix. IMS Registration Sequence Diagrams. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://eventhelix.com/ims/registration/
Wikipedia. Real-time Transport Protocol. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol
137