Lab Manual

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)
Objective:
Laboratory Exercise 1(a)
Introducing the BGC- 8088 Microprocessor training system.

Salient features.
Hardware specifications.
Software architecture.
Description:
The BGC Micro-engineer V3.4 is a 8088 microprocessor training system. It contains hardware
and software to expand its functions and applications. It provides user an inexpensive and useful
learning tool for the 8088 microprocessor.
Salient Features of BGC-8088 Micro-engineer V3.4 Trainer

(i)
Hardware:
8088-2 CPU, 4.77 MHz clock, with 8 MHz option.8K SRAM and 16K EPROM
with wired socket for additional 24K SRAM and 16K EPROM. 1MB RAM is
optional.
Keyboard: Large size, 56 alphanumeric and ASCII symbol keys. On-board LCD
display. An external 80 x 24 monochrome monitor can be used with a Hercules card.
Built in standard Centronics printer interface.
RS-232 interface.
Two IBM PC or compatible expansion slots.
Status ports to display keyboard status as Caps Lock, Ins, and Ctrl-P. In addition,
a speaker is built in for user application.
Parallel control interfaces: Three 8-bit I/O ports(8255), three timers(8254), and
five interrupt signals (8259A).
(ii)
An area on the main board is reserved for circuit designs and experiments.
Switching power supply: +5V, +5V, +12V, +12V and GND.
Software:
8088 assembler and dis-assembler. Assembly language coding.
Memory commands. D-display, M-move, C-Compare, E-edit and F-fill.
Display and / or modify the contents of registers.
Telecommunication Engineering Department

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology
Single step program execution and debug.
Breakpoint debug, for setting up to 10 breakpoints for program debugging.
Numerical systems conversions and calculations.
Download / Upload from / to external system.
RS-232 driver routine.
Keyboard driver routine.
Printer driver routine.
Hercules card driver routine.
LCD driver routine.
Hardware specifications of BGC-8088 Micro-engineer V3.4 Trainer
CPU: 8088-2 CPU runs at 4.77 MHz. However, a clock rate of 8 MHz can be achieved
by using a 24 MHz crystal oscillator.
RAM: The system provides 32K RAM, addresses from 00000H to 07FFFH, with
00000H to 00FFFH for system program and 0100H to 07FFFH for user applications.
ROM: The system provides ROM, addresses from F8000H to FFFFFH, with
FC000H to FFFFFH for BIOS and F8000H to FBFFFH for user applications.
Keyboard: It has 56 keys which include alphanumeric A-Z and 0-9 special ASCII
symbols.
Display: An On-board 40x2 LCD module or a *)x24 monochrome monitor can be

used. The later requires a Hercules card.
Printer interface: BGC-8088 provides a standard Centronics printer interface.

The connection cable is the same as those used in IBM PCs.
RS-232 interface. The 8250 controls the RS-232 interface. It can be programmed for
baud rate, data bit, and stop bit.
I/O expansion slot: The signals are compatible with the IBM PC expansion slot, but
no DMA function is provided.
Status port: The status port is used to display keyboard statuses such as Caps Lock,
Ins, and Ctrl-P. A correspondent LED is lighted when the function is enabled. In
addition, it provides the speaker interface to generate sound.
Parallel control interface: Three IC s are used to provide parallel controls. They are
8255- three 8-bit I/O ports, 8254, - three timers, and 8259A five interrupt signals.
Power supply: +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V and GND are used in this system.

Software architecture of BGC-8088 Micro-engineer V3.4 Trainer

The BGC-8088 is designed to allow the user to access system programs and apply these programs
to user s own applications. In addition, an I/O driver routine is available for each I/O device.
These routines can be called by issuing an interrupt instructions in the user s application
programs. The following diagram illustrates the software architecture.
System Program
User Program
I/O Drivers
Hardware
System Commands:
The system commands provide
Memory management
Program control
Numeric operation / conversion
I/O control.
Communication.
I/O Drivers:
The I/O drivers of BGC-8088 provide the software interface between the system and I/O devices.
RS-232 driver.
Keyboard driver
Printer driver
Hercules card driver
LCD display driver
Return to BIOS (system)
Assignment:
Note down the IC part numbers used in the BGC-Trainer.

Download the datasheets of each IC.
Write summary of each IC.

Laboratory Exercise 1 (b)

Objective:
Introducing the syntax and use of the system commands of BGC trainer.
Description:
The system commands can be divided into the following groups according to their functions.
Note:
Memory Management Commands.

Assembler Commands.
Numerical Operation Commands.
Program Execution Commands.
Hexadecimal numerical system is used throughout the experiments (unless otherwise

specified).
The suffix H can be omitted.
Each command begins with a command letter followed by 1 to 3 operand parameters. The
parameters of system commands are described below.
<Address>
<Range>
<Number>
<Byte>
<String>
<Series>
consists of two portions. Segment address: Offset address.

Segment registers, CS, DS, ES and SS are often used to hold a segment
address. Segment address can be omitted, but the offset value must be
indicated.
indicates an operation section of memory.
The syntax for range must be one of th efollowing.
N <Address 1><Address 2>
<Address 1> is the starting address, and could contain both segment and
offset addresses.
<Address 2> is the ending address and contain only offset address.
The addresses in <Range> must be in the same segment.
The value of <address 2> must be greater or equal to the offset address
in <address 1>
a 4 digit hexadecimal number.
a 2 digit hexadecimal number.
a set of characters included in single or double quotation marks.
a series of <number>s, <byte>s, and /or <string>s, separated by commas.


Memory Management Commands
C
D
E
F
M
Compare the contents of two blocks of memory.

Display the contents of memory.
Edit (Write) data into memory.
Fill the memory with a value.
Move the contents of memory.
Command C: Compare the contents of two blocks of memory

Command syntax
C<Range>,<Address>
<Range> indicates the source area

<Address> is the starting address of the target memory block.
If any mismatch is found, the system displays both the source and target addressees and
their contents.
Command D: Display the contents of memory

Command syntax
D<Range>
It will display the contents of a specified memory location.
The ASCII codes for this value will also displayed.
<Range> tells the D command what range of memory to display.
If range is not specified, then the default starting address is set to the location following the
last address used by a previous D command.
It there is no previous D commands, then the default starting address is 0100:0000.
The default length of display is 80H.
Command E: Edit (Write) data into memory
Command syntax
E<Address><Series>
It is used to write data into memory.

When E command is used without a <series> parameter; the system displays the <address> and
its contents, a byte of data.
The user then types in a new byte of data, (two hexadecimal digits), to replace it.
If <CR> is pressed, the next address can be edited.
Memory can be edited until <Q> is pressed to exit the E command.
Command F: Fill the memory with a value

Command syntax
F<Range><Series>
It is used to change the contents of a block of memory to a certain sequence of values.

The memory locations specified in <Range> are filled with the values specified in <series>.


Command M: Move the contents of memory
Command syntax
M<Range>,<Address>
It move the contents of a block of memory specified in <Range> from one place to another.
The starting address of the destination is specified in <Address>.
There are two different procedures for moving memory.
1. The first is used when the <Range> block occurs before the destination address.
2. The second is used when the destination start address is less than the source start address.
NOTE:
.
<Range> and <Address> may be overlapped.

However, overlapping will destroy the original memory contents
The destination occurs before the source

If the starting address of <Range> is greater than <Address>, data is moved from the starting
address of <Range> to <Address> in ascending order.
The source occurs before the destination
If the starting address of the <Range> is smaller than <Address>, then the bytes of the
<Range> are moved to the destination <Address> in descending order. This means that the
last byte in the <Range> is moved to the last location in the destination first.
Assembler Commands
A
U
I
Assemble a program.
Disassemble a program
Insert an instruction in a program.
Command A: Assemble a program

Command syntax
A [<Address>]
It is used to program with the 8088 assembly language.

Since memory space on the BGC-8088 is restricted, the assembler is limited in comparison to a
PC macro assembler, these limitations are listed below.
The assembler translate instructions into machine code and stores them in memory
immediately after they are entered.
There is no linking function.
There is no macro function.
Names and labels cannot be used to define the locations of the data segment or the code
segment.

Command U: Disassemble a program

Command syntax
U [<Range>]
It is used to disassemble assembly language instructions into machine code.

<Range> is used to select a block of memory to disassemble.
If <Range> is not specified, then the system will start immediately after the final address of the
last U command.
If no U command have been executed, the default starting address is CS: IP, which is set to
0100:0000 after power-on.
The default length is 20H.
Command I: Insert instruction into a program

Command syntax
I [<Address>]
The I and A command can both be used to enter 8088 assembly language instructions.
However, these two commands differ in how memory is handled.
The A command overwrites the contents (machine codes) of the specified memory,
While I command only pushes the contents back one location without erasing them.
The INS key is used in toggle mode.i.e by pressing it will insert instructions into memory. As long
as the INS LED is ON, the only way to leave insert mode is to press the INS key once again.
Numerical Operation Commands

B
H
J
S
V
Decimal to binary conversion.

Compute the sum and difference of 2 hexadecimal numbers.
Decimal to hexadecimal conversion.
Hexadecimal to decimal conversion.
Binary to decimal conversion.
Command B: Converting decimal to binary

Command syntax
B<Decimal number>
The range of decimal numbers on the BGC-8088 is 0 to 4294967295 (i.e. 65535 x 65535)
Negative numbers are not considered.
The binary representation for numbers in this range requires up to 32 bits.
When the binary values is displayed, the leading zeroes are omitted, and B is appended to denote
that the number is binary.
If the decimal number is greater than 4294967295, it can not be converted into binary.
Command J: Converting decimal to hexadecimal

Command syntax
J<Decimal number>
The range of decimal numbers is from 0 to 4294967295 , up to 8 digits are needed in the
hexadecimal representation of a decimal number.
As with the B command, the leading zeros or the result are not displayed and an H is suffixed to
denote that the number is in hexadecimal.
Command S: Converting hexadecimal to decimal

Command syntax
S<Hexadecimal number>
The range of decimal numbers is from 0 to FFFFFFFF, and no negative numbers are
considered.
Therefore, the maximum decimal number is 4294967295.
In the result, the leading zeros are not displayed and a D appended to denote
decimal representation.
If the input value is non-hexadecimal or greater than FFFFFFFF, no conversion is executed and
an error message is issued.
Command V: Converting binary to decimal

Command syntax
V<Binary number>
The range of decimal numbers is from 0 to 11111111111111111111111111111111 (32 bits)

Negative numbers are not considered.
Therefore, the decimal result will not exceed 4294967295.
In the result the leading zeros are not displays and a D is used to denote decimal representation.
Command H: Calculate the sum and difference

Command syntax
H<Value 1>,<Value 2>
If the sum is greater than FFFF the carry is discarded.

Only 16 bits (4 hexadecimal digits) of the result are displayed.
If <Value 1> is smaller than <Value 2>, a borrow is used to execute subtraction.
Program Control Commands

G
R
T
Execute program
Display or modify the contents of registers.
Trace program execution.
Command G: Execute program

Command syntax G[=<Start address>],[<Break point 1>, <Break point 2>... <Break point n>]
The = sign in the above syntax indicates that a <Start address> parameter will be given.
If this symbol is not used , then the system assumes that any parameters are break points.
<Start address> specifies the beginning address of the program to be executed.
f it is not present, execution will start at the default value, which is the current CS: IP.
<Break point> tells the program results to determine whether the program runs as expected.

Up to 10 break points are allowed.

Multiple break points make debugging easier when the program contains flow control
instructions, such as JNZ, JC, JNE etc.
If no break point is set, control will not return to the user, until the program execution is
completed.
Command R: Check / change the register contents

Command syntax
R[=<Register>]
The R command is used to check or change the contents of the 14 register in the BGC-8088 .
It can be used to dump the register contents, or to display and modify the register contents.
These functions can be described in the following ways.
R: Display the register contents
If there is no <Register> specified, the R command is used to dump all the register contents
to the screen.
The registers are displayed in the following order:
AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI, ES, CS, SS, DS, IP and FG.
R: <Register>: Display and modify the register contents.

After executing this command, the name and contents of the specified register
are displayed.
The use can then modify the register contents, or press the <CR> key to display the
next register in the order mentioned above.
To exit this command Q or continuous to press <CR> until all the registers have
been displayed.
RF: Display and modify the contents of the FG register
The RF command displays the current status of each flag.
The definition of the flag register is as follows.
Flag Register:
MSB
LSB
15
14
13
12
11
10
XX XX XX XX OF DF
9
IF
8
TF

7
SF
6
ZF
5
XX
4
AF
3
XX
2
PF
1
XX
0
CY

Flags
OF
DF
IF
TF
SF
ZF
AF
PF
CY
Name
Overflow
Direction
Interrupt
Trap (Single step)
Sign
Zero
Auxiliary Carry
Parity
Carry
Bit = 1
OV
DN
EI
Bit = 0
NV
UP
DI
NG
ZR
AC
PE
CY
PL
NZ
NA
PO
NC
Values of each flag Bits.
Command T: Trace program execution

Command syntax
T[=<Start address>], [<Value>]
The T command provides single step program execution.

It executes one instruction at a time, and displays the register contents after each
instruction.
<Start address> is the beginning address for program execution.
If it is not specified, the program starts at the current address of CS:IP.
<Value> defines the number of instructions to be executed.
The default value is 1.
The P command is used, then Enter, at instruction LOOP to pass through the looping.
Assignment:
Write atleast first 8-bytes of each Memory Management Command.
Assemble the following code and fill the table.
Logical Address
Opcode
Assembly code
comments
MOV AX, 0200H

MOV BX, 0400H
ADD AX, BX
;
;
;
Give answer for the following questions regarding above results:

Why the values 0200H and 0400H are written as 0002 and 0004 respectively?
Write the number of bytes each instruction taken and also the value of IP register.

10
Laboratory Exercise 2
Objective:
To understand the basic assembly language instructions and performing basic arithmetic
operations.
To understand how the Half-Adder, Full Adder, Half-Subtractor, Full Subtractor, Multiplier
and Divisor circuits are implemented as assembly instructions.
Theory:
Addition:
Half-Adder is implemented using the instruction ADD. No carry-in but carry-out may occur.
Full Adder is implemented using the instruction ADC. Both carry-in and carry-out may
occur.
(a) Program to add two 32 bit numbers using ADC (add with carry) command.
Assembly Language Program:
Address
-------:0100
-------:
-------:
-------:
-------:
-------:
Data/Code
Mnemonics
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
ADD
ADC
Comments
AX,1111
BX,2000
CX,3000
DX,4000
AX,CX
BX,DX
Result :____________________________________________________________
Also write the flags affected.

11
Subtraction:
Half-Subtractor is implemented using the instruction SUB.

Full Subtractor is implemented using the instruction SBB.
Subtraction is implemented using 2s complement method.
Steps involved in subtraction
1. Takes 2s complement of subtrahend
2. Add it to the minuend.
3. Invert the carry.
If CY=0 then result is a positive number
Else if CY=1 then result is a negative number and stored in 2s
complement.
(b) Program to subtract two 32 bit numbers using SBB (Subtract With Borrow )
command.
Address
-------:0100
-------:
-------:
-------:
-------:
-------:
Data/Code
Mnemonics
MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV
SUB
SBB
Comments
AX,3000
BX,2000
CX,1000
DX,4000
AX,DX
BX,CX
Result :____________________________________________________________
Also write the flags affected.

12
Multiplication:
Multiplication
Byte x byte
Word x word
Word x byte
Operand 1
AL
AX
AL=byte, AH=0
Operand 2
Register or memory
Register or memory
Register or memory
Result
AX
DX AX
DX AX
(c) Program to multiply two numbers store in registers BL and CL, and store the
result in register DX.
Address
-------:0100
-------:
-------:
-------:
-------:
Data/Code
Mnemonics
MOV
MOV
MOV
MUL
MOV
Comments
BL, 05
CL, 10
AL, CL
BL
DX, AX
Result :____________________________________________________________
Also write the flags affecred.

13
Division:
Division
Byte / byte
Word / word
Word / byte
DW / word
Numerator
AL=byte, AH=0
AX=word,DX=0
AX=word
DXAX=DW
Denominator
Register or memory
Register or memory
Register or memory
Register or memory
Quotient
AL
AX
AL
AX
Remainder
AH
DX
AH
DX
(d) Program to divide two numbers store in registers BL and CL,

Address
-------:0100
-------:
-------:
-------:
-------:
Data/Code
Mnemonics
Comments
MOV BL, 05
MOV CL, 10
MOV AH, 00
MOV AL, CL
DIV BL
Result :____________________________________________________________
Also write the flags affecred.

14
Laboratory Exercise 3 (a)

Objective:
Introducing DEBUG programming (at command prompt using PC).
Description:
DEBUG is a program included in the MS-DOS and PC-DOS operating systems that allows
the programmer to monitor a programs execution closely for debugging purposes.
Specifically, it can be used to examine and alter the contents of memory, to enter and run
programs, and to stop programs at certain points in order to check or even change data.
Student will learn
How to enter and exit DEBUG,

How to code, run and debug programs
How to look at machine code
How to examine and alter the contents of registers and memory,
How to examine and alter the FLAG register
Entering and Exiting DEBUG:

To enter and exit the DEBUG, simply type its name at the DOS level:
C:\> DEBUG <return>
NOTE:
DEBUG is not case-sensitive.
It is assumed in the above instruction that DEBUG program is on the drive C
After enter key pressed, the DEBUG prompt - will appear on the following line.
To quit the DEBUG, type Q at the DEBUG prompt and enter
Q <return>
C:\>
Coding, Running and Debugging the programs:
To assemble a program, write the following at DEBUG prompt
A <Starting Address>
Example: - A 100 <return>
Address
0100:0100
0100:
0100:
0100:
0100:
Data/Code
Mnemonics
MOV BL, 05
MOV CL, 10
MOV AL, CL
MUL BL
MOV DX, AX

Comments
;Load data 05 in register BL
;Load data 10 in register CL
; Position data
;Multiplying
; Storing product in register DX
15

To run or execute the instructions, write the following at DEBUG prompt
G <return>
G stands for GO
Assemble the above cod to multiply two numbers and run the instructions using G command.
Various forms of the Go Command
-G
-G = start address
-G = start address ending address
-G address
To debug a program, T (Trace) command is used which is a powerful debugging tool
T < = starting address > < number of instructions>
Also, Debug will inform any error by indicating ^Error just under the faulty instruction.
Looking at the machine code , the Unassemble command:
The unassembled command displays the machine code in memory along with their equivalent
Assembly language instructions. The command can be given in either format shown below.
U < starting address > < ending address >
U < starting address > < L number of bytes >
Get the above cod to multiply two numbers be unassembled using the U command at
DEBUG prompt.
Examine and alter the contents of registers, FLAG registers and memory:
Using the following commands at the DEBUG prompt can examine and alter the contents of
memory registers and FLAG registers,
F
D
E
R
Fills a block of memory with data

F <starting address> <ending address> <data>
F <starting address> <L number of bytes> <data>
Dumps or Displays contents of memory on the screen
D<starting address> <ending address>
D <starting address> <L number of bytes>
Enter command, examines/alters the memory contents
E<address> <data list>
E <address>
check the contents of Registers
R
Rf ( for FLAG registers)

16

Objective:
To learn how to create and assemble an executable Assembly Language Programming
using Assembler and Linker programs.
Description:
The three steps to be followed to create an executable assembly language program are listed
as under
Steps
Input
Program
Output
1. Edit the program
Keyboard
Editor
myfile.asm
2. Assemble the program
myfile.asm
TASM or MASM
myfile.obj
3. Link the program
myfile.obj
TLINK or LINK
myfile.exe
Where, .asm, .obj, and .exe are the extension meaning assembler, object and executable file
respectively.
Directives:
.model (memory models)
Memory Models
Small
Medium
Compact
Large
Huge
Code segment size
Data segment size
64kb
64kb
Can exceed 64kb
64kb
64kb
Can exceed 64kb
Both can exceed 64kb (single data array cant exceed 64kb)
Both can exceed 64kb (single data array can exceed 64kb)
.stack 100h
Stack memory reserved 100 bytes
.data
Data segment starts
.code
Code segment starts
As it is obvious from the above description that a program is to be typed in by using an editor,
like Notepad (in windows) or Edit (in DOS) with the extension .asm, it is then presented to
an assembler program such as TASM (Turbo Assembler) or MASM (Microsofts Macro
Assembler) in the following manner, (assuming that you are working on the COMMAND
PROMPT)
C:\> MASM myfile.asm < return >
If no errors found in the program, MASM will generate an object file. This object file is to be
presented to the TLINK (Turbo Linker) or LINK as
C:\> LINK myfile.obj < return >
If no errors occur, this will generate an executable file ready to be run stand-alone.
17

The executable file just created can be analyzed or debugged using DEBUG utility, the
method will be
C:\> DEBUG myfile.exe < return >
The desired DEBUG commands can then be used.
ACTIVITY:
Write, Run and Analyze a program that adds 5 bytes of data and saves the result. The data
should be the following numbers:
25, 12, 15, 1F, 2B

18
Objective:
To learn how to implement loop in assembly language.
To learn how a software program affects the hardware signals and their connections.
Theory:
LOOP Command:
The Loop is implemented by using the command LOOP followed by the lable of the instruction
where to jump to. The maximum number of iterations (repetitions) is defined in the register CX.
The LOOP instruction first decrements the value of count defined in register CX and checks the
value of CX register. If the CX register contains a non-zero value the loop continues otherwise the
loop stops. For example, following code will add 1 in the value contained in register AL for 10
times.
MOV CX, 10
;CX=max. count value i.e.; 10
MOV AL, 0
;Initializing AL with zero
SUM: ADD AL, 1
;Add 1 to AL
LOOP SUM
;DEC CX and JNZ SUM
The alternate of the LOOP instruction can be a combination of two commands DEC and JNZ. To
demonstrate this the above code can be written as:
MOV CX, 10
MOV AL, 0
SUM: ADD AL, 1
DEC CX
JNZ SUM
;CX=max. count value i.e.; 10

;Initializing AL with zero
;Add 1 to AL
;CX=CX-1
;If zero flag is not set i.e.; CX != 0 then jump to SUM
It is also to be noted that the count initialization for the CX value is done outside the loop.
Loops can also be used to insert delays in a Program. In this lab exercise we will require to turn
on/off sequentially the LEDs interfaced on the BGC-trainer. To make the sequence visible we need
to put a delay in between.
Communicating with the hardware through software:

To communicate with the hardware (Input/Output devices), 8088 microprocessor is provided with
the IN and OUT commands. Each I/O device while interfacing to the microprocessor is assigned a
port address through which it can access the processor and can be accessed by the processor.
Requirement for IN command:
DX=Port address,
AL=value from the port
IN command sequence:
MOV DX, portAddress
IN AL, DX
Requirement for OUT command:
DX=Port address,
AL=value to the port
OUT command sequence:
MOV DX, portAddress
MOV AL, value
OUT DX, AL
19
Description:
The program controls the input signals SD0, SD1 and SD2.
When one of these signals is low (L) or logic 0 the corresponding LED is turn ON.
By adjusting the level of the input signals, the program can turn each LED OFF or ON at any
time.
In this program, the LEDs are turned ON and OFF in sequence to make them blink.
The frequency of blinking cycle is determined by the contents of the CX register.
Changing the value in the CX register changes the blinking frequency.
Address
-U0,1b
0100:0000
0100:0003
0100:0005
0100:0006
0100:0009
0100:000B
0100:000D
0100:000E
0100:0011
0100:0013
01000015
0100:0016
0100:0019
0100:001B
-g
Data/Code
BA70FF
BOFE
EE
B9401F
E2FE
B0FD
EE
B9401F
E2FE
B0FB
EE
B9401F
E2FE
EBE3
Mnemonics
Comments
MOV DX,FF70
MOV AL,FE
OUT DX,AL
MOV CX,1F40
LOOP 0009
MOV AL,FD
OUT DX,AL
MOV CX,1F40
LOOP 0011
MOV AL,FB
OUT DX,AL
MOV CX,1F40
LOOP 0019
JMP 0000

20

Objective:
Using MASM/TASM learn how to use different BIOS and DOS Interrupt Services.
Description:
There are some extremely useful subroutines within BIOS and DOS that are available to the user
through the INT (Interrupt) instructions. The INT instruction is somewhat like a FAR CALL.
When it is invoked, it saves the value of CS:IP for the next instruction to be executed and flags on
the stack and load the value of the CS:IP of the ISR (Interrupt Service Routine), associated with
the interrupt, from the IVT (Interrupt Vector Table). The INT instruction has the following format
INT xx
;the interrupt number xx can be 00 to FFh
This makes 256 interrupts in 80x86 microprocessors. Of these 256 interrupts, two are widely used
namely, INT 21H (DOS) and INT 10H (BIOS). Each of them can perform number of functions.
Various functions of INT 21H and INT 10H are selected by the value put in the AH register,
To display character function 2 with int 21h

To display string function 9 with int 21h
To clear the screen function 6 with int 10h
To set the cursor function 2 with int 10h
Download the documents regarding int 10h and int 21h from the course website.
http://www.ee322.tk.
Activity 1:
Write and run an Assembly language program to display Hello World!
Activity 2:
Write and run an Assembly language program to clear the screen and then set the cursor at desired
location on the screen and display Hello World!
Activity 3:
Write and run an Assembly language program to clear the screen and then set the cursor at desired
location on the screen and display the table of any number from 2 to 10.

21

Objective:
To demonstrate string handling in assembly language.
Description:
String: A series of data words (or bytes) that reside in consecutive memory
locations
Examples: move, scan, compare
Some commands use for string handling

22
Activity 1:
Write and assemble a program in assembly language that scans the name Mr. Gones and
replaces the G with the letter J.
Activity 2:
Write and assemble a program in assembly language that scan the input string and determine if it
has letter O in it.
Activity 3:
Write and assemble a program in assembly language which compare the input string with a pre
defined string (password) and displays Access Granted on matching and displays Access
Denied if both the strings do not match.

23
Objective:
Introduction of Emulator (Emu8086) and stepper Motor
Materials:
Emulator (EMU8086)
Web Site:
www.emu8086.com
Description:
Emulator:
Emulator runs programs on a Virtual PC, this completely blocks your program from accessing real
hardware, such as hard-drives and memory, since your assembly code runs on a virtual machine,
this makes debugging much easier.
Everything for learning assembly language in one pack! Emu8086 combines an advanced source
editor, assembler, disassembler, software emulator (Virtual PC) with debugger, and step by step
tutorials. This program is extremely helpful for those who just begin to study assembly language.
It compiles the source code and executes it on emulator step by step.
Visual interface is very easy to work with. You can watch registers, flags and memory while your
program executes. Arithmetic & Logical Unit (ALU) shows the internal work of the central
processor unit (CPU).
Virtual Devices
Traffic Lights - Port 4 (word)
The traffic lights are controlled by sending data to I/O Port 4.
There are 12 lamps: 4 green, 4 yellow, and 4 red.
You can set the state of each lamp by setting its bit:
1 - the lamp is turned on.
0 - the lamp is turned off.
Only 12 low bits of a word are used (0 to 11), last bits (12 to 15) are unused.
For example:
MOV AX, 0000001011110100b
OUT 4, AX

24
We use yellow hexadecimal digits in caption (to achieve compact view), here's a conversion:
Hex - Decimal
A
B
C
D
E
F
10
11
12
13
14
15
(unused)
(unused)
(unused)
(unused)
First operand for OUT instruction is a port number (4), second operand is a word (AX)
that is written to the port. First operand must be an immediate byte value (0..255) or DX
register. Second operand must be AX or AL only.
If required you can read the data from port using IN instruction, for example:
IN AX, 4
First operand of IN instruction (AX) receives the value from port, second operand (4) is a
port number. First operand must be AX or AL only. Second operand must be an
immediate byte value (0,255) or DX register.

25
Stepper Motor - Port 7 (byte)

The Stepper Motor is controlled by sending data to I/O Port 7.
Stepper Motor is electric motor that can be precisely controlled by signals from a
computer.
The motor turns through a precise angle each time it receives a signal.
By varying the rate at which signal pulses are produced, the motor can be run at different
speeds or turned through an exact angle and then stopped.
This is a basic 3-phase stepper motor, it has 3 magnets controlled by bits 0, 1 and 2. Other
bits (3..7) are unused.
When magnet is working it becomes red. The arrow in the left upper corner shows the
direction of the last motor move. Green line is here just to see that it is really rotating.
For example, the code below will do three clock-wise half-steps:

MOV AL, 001b ; initialize.
OUT 7, AL
MOV AL, 011b ; half step 1.
OUT 7, AL
OUT 7, AL
OUT 7, AL
If you ever played with magnets you will understand how it works.
If required you can read the data from port using IN instruction, for example: IN AL, 7

26
Activity 1:
Rotate the Stepper Motor one complete revolution clockwise.
Activity 2:
Rotate the stepper motor N times clockwise and M times counter clockwise, where N & M
represents last two digits of your roll number.
Activity 3:
Write and assemble a program to run traffic lights module.

27
Laboratory Exercise 6(b)

Objective:
To perform some computation by using Assembly Language Programming.
To generate Fibonacci series
To generate BCD count
Description:
The Fibonacci Series is a sequence of numbers first created by Leonardo Fibonacci (fi-bona-chee) in 1202. It is a deceptively simple series, but its ramifications and applications are nearly
limitless. It has fascinated and perplexed mathematicians for over 700 years, and nearly everyone
who has worked with it has added a new piece to the Fibonacci puzzle, a new tidbit of information
about the series and how it works. Fibonacci mathematics is a constantly expanding branch of
number theory, with more and more people being drawn into the complex subtleties of Fibonacci's
legacy. (do visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number)
The series is like
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946,
17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393,
In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) is an encoding for
decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary sequence. Its main virtue is
that it allows easy conversion to decimal digits for printing or display and faster decimal
calculations. Its drawbacks are the increased complexity of circuits needed to implement
mathematical operations and a relatively inefficient encoding it occupies more space than a pure
binary representation. In BCD, a digit is usually represented by four bits which, in general,
represent the values/digits/characters 0-9.
Activity 1:
Write and run an Assembly language program to generate the Fibonacci series upto 233.
Activity 2:
Write and run an Assembly language program to generate two digit BCD up/down counts
(00 999).

28

Objectives:
To examine and use an 8051 assembler.

To examine and use an 8051 simulator.
To examine the flag bits of the PSW.
To examine the stack.
Reference:
Mazidi and McKinlay, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Chapter 2.
Materials:
8051 assembler and simulator from Franklin Software Inc., Keil Corporation, or the assembler
of your choice.
Web Sites:
www.keil.com
for Keil Corporation
Activity 1
Write and assemble a program to move value 99H to register A. Then from register A move it to
all registers R0 - R7. Use the simulator to single-step the program and examine the registers.
Activity 2
Write and assemble a program to add all the single digits of your ID number and save the result in
R2. Pick 7 random numbers (all single digit) if you do not want to use your ID number. Then use
the simulator to single-step the program and examine the registers.
Activity 3
Write and assemble a program that Sequentially and repeatedly turn on/off the 8 LEDs from the
leftmost LED to the rightmost LED.
Activity 4
Write and assemble a program to add the following data and then use the simulator to examine
the CY flag. 92H, 23H, 66H, 87H, F5H
Activity 5
Write and assemble a program to load values into each of registers R0 - R4 and then push each of
these registers onto the stack. Single-step the program, and examine the stack and the SP register
after the execution of each instruction.
29
Activity 6
Write and assemble a program to:
(a) Set SP = 0D,
(b) Put a different value in each of RAM locations 0D, 0C, 0B, 0A, 09, and 08,
(c) POP each stack location into registers R0 - R4.
Use the simulator to single-step and examine the registers, the stack, and the stack pointer.

30

Worksheet
1. Indicate the size (8- or 16-bit) of each of the following registers.
PC =
A=
B=
R0=
R1=
R2=
R7=
2. For Question 1, indicate the largest value (in decimal) that each register can contain.
PC =
A=
B=
R0=
R1=
R2=
R7=
3. For Question 1, indicate the largest value (in hex) that each register can contain.
PC =
A=
B=
R0=
R1=
R2=
R7=
4. Who generates each of the following files and what is the use of each.
.asm
.lst
.obj
.abs
.hex

31
5. Find the value of the CY flag after the execution of the following code.
(a)
MOV A,#85H
ADD A,#92H
(b)
MOV A,#15H
ADD A,#72H
(c)
MOV A,#0F5H
ADD A,#52H
(d)
MOV A,#0FF
INC A
6. Upon reset, what is the value in the SP register?

7. Upon pushing data onto the stack, the SP register is _____________ (decremented,
incremented).
8. Upon popping data from the stack, the SP register is ___________ (decremented,
incremented).
9. Can you change the value of the SP register? If yes, explain why you would want
to do that.
10. The stack uses the same area of RAM as bank ______.

32

Objectives:
Introduction to MTS-51 Microcontroller Trainer.
This experiment demonstrates that I/O port 2 controls LED pack D5 on the MTS-51 Trainer.
When P2 bit is 1, the corresponding LED is turned ON. When P2 bit is 0, the corresponding LED
is turned OFF. Place the SW2-4 in ON position.
Materials:
8051 assembler and simulator.
MTS-51 Trainer
Activity 1
Sequentially and repeatedly turn on/off the 8 LEDs from the leftmost LED to the rightmost LED.
The on time of each LED is 0.1 seconds.
Activity 2
Sequentially and repeatedly turn on/off the 8 LEDs from the leftmost LED to the rightmost LED.
When the rightmost LED is reached, the sequence is inverted. The on time of each LED is 0.1
seconds.
Activity 3
Sequentially turn on/off two LEDs from the two ends towards the middle. When the middle
reached, the sequence is inverted. The ON time of each LED is 1 second.
Activity 4
Turn on LEDs according to the following cases and repeat each case 8 times.
Case 1: Turn on LEDs from left to right.
Case 2: Turn on LEDs from right to left.
Case 3: Blink two sets (left and right sides) of LEDs alternately.
Case 4: Blink all of 8 LEDs.

33

Objectives:
This experiment uses the two-digit 7-segment display (DS3-DS4) of MTS-51 Trainer to show
decimal numbers.
Materials:
MTS-51 Trainer
Activity 1
(Two-Digit Up Counter)
Sequentially and repeatedly show the numbers 00 through 99 on DS3 and DS4. Each number
stays on 0.5 seconds.
Activity 2
(Two-Digit Down Counter)
Sequentially and repeatedly show the numbers 99 through 00 on DS3 and DS4. Each number
stays on 0.5 seconds.
Activity 3
Sequentially show the numbers from 00 to 99 and then from 99 to 00 on DS3 and DS4, and repeat
the sequence. Each number stays on 0.7 seconds.
Activity 4
Sequentially show the numbers from 00 to 99 on DS3 (ten digit) and DS4 (Units digit) using table
look up. Each number stays on 0.3 seconds.

34

Objectives:
To demonstrate the on-board Speaker control with the microcontroller on the MTS-51 Trainer.
Materials:
MTS-51 Trainer
Hardware Description:
The signal to the speaker driver input comes from P3.7 pin. When a HIGH is fed to it the speaker
turns ON. When a LOW is fed the speaker is turned OFF.
Activity 1
(Speaker control)
Generate a 1-KHz tone for the Speaker interface on the MTS-51 trainer.
Activity 2
Speaker sounds a 1 KHz tone for 0.5 seconds and then keeps silence 0.5 seconds.

35
OBJECTIVES:
This experiment demonstrates the interfacing and control of 8x8 dot matrix LED (D3). And
uses it to display static and dynamic alphabets and decimal number.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
The D3 is a common cathode matrix LED. The row scan signal is emitted from P2 and the
column scan signal is emitted from P0. Both row and column scan signal are active-high signals,
that is, all LEDs are turned on when the row and column signals are all 1s. The 2803 Darlington
pairs are used to sink column currents.
MATERIALS:
MTS-51 Trainer
ACTIVITY 1
(Basic Matrix LED Control)
Sequentially turn on the column LEDs from column 1 to column 8 eight times, and then turn on
the row LEDs from row 1 to row 8 eight times.
ACTIVITY 2
(Static Character Display-1)
Show a 5x7 letter A on dot matrix LED.
ACTIVITY 3
(Static Character Display-1)
Sequentially show 5x7-dot characters A through Z and numbers 0 through 9.
ACTIVITY 4
(Dynamic Character Display)
Sequentially show 5x7-dot characters A through Z and numbers 0 through 9, and move it from the
left to right.

36
OBJECTIVES:
To learn Step Motor interfacing and to control the on-board 4-phase step motor M1 on
MTS-51 Trainer.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
The motor coils A, B, A, B are energized by the signals on P2.3, P2.2, P2.1, P2.0,
respectively. Place switch SW2_8 in ON position. There are three switching schemes: 1phase-on, 2-phase-on and 1-2-phase-on switching.
MATERIALS:
MTS-51 Trainer
ACTIVITY 1
(Direction Control)
Drive the Step-motor to rotate in Clock-Wise (CW) direction using 2-phase-on switching.
ACTIVITY 2
(Revolution Control)
Drive the Step-motor to rotate one revolution CW and then rotate one revolution CCW,
continuously.
ACTIVITY 3
(Speed Control)
Drive the Step-motor to rotate one revolution CCW and then rotate two revolutions CW but with
double the CW revolution speed, continuously.

37
OBJECTIVES:
This experiment demonstrates the matrix keyboard control.
Using the matrix keyboard control to the 4-phase step motor M1 on MTS-51 Trainer.
The matrix keyboard KB1 and ecoder 74C922 builds the keyboard circuit. If a key is pressed ,
the corresponding binary value will present on the outputs DOD-DOA (P1.3 P1.0) of the
encoder, as well as Data Available (DA) signal on the DA output. The DA signal is inverted by
an inverter and then connected to P3.2 (INT0) pin.
MATERIALS:
MTS-51 Trainer
ACTIVITY 1
(Keyboard Controls 7-Segment)
1. Show the key number on the 7-segment display DS4 when a key is pressed.
2. Place SW2-3 in ON position.
ACTIVITY 2
(Keyboard Controls LED)
Using the following keys on matrix keyboard, control the state of LEDs:
a) Key 0 pressed, all the 8 LEDs light up simultaneously.
b) Key 1 pressed, all the 8 LEDs blink.
c) Key 2 pressed, two sets (left and right sides) of LEDs blink alternately.
ACTIVITY 3
(Step Motor Direction Control)
1. Key 1 pressed, the step motor rotates one step CW.

2. Key 2 pressed, the step motor rotates two step CCW.
ACTIVITY 4
(Step Motor Revolution Control)
The step motor rotates CW the same number of revolutions as the key pressed (0-9)

38
OBJECTIVES:
This experiment demonstrates the application of LCD module (LCM). LCMs are widely
used to display alphanumeric characters. The LCM on MTS-51 Trainer is a 20 characters x
2 lines back-light LCM.
SW2-5 should be placed in ON position. P0 lines are connected to the data bus DB0-DB7
of LCM. P1.5, P1.6, and P1.7 are connected to RS, R/W, and E pins, respectively.
MATERIALS:
MTS-51 Trainer
ACTIVITY 1
(LCM Character Display-1)
Show the character string Hello ! Welcome in the middle of the first line of LCM.
ACTIVITY 2
Show the character string Sir Syed University in the middle of the first line of LCM and blink it
every 0.5 second interval.
ACTIVITY 3
Show the character string Hello ! Welcome on the right side of the first line of LCM and slowly
move to the middle position, and blink it.
ACTIVITY 4
Show the key value on the LCM screen and blink the cursor.
ACTIVITY 5
Design a 4-digit counter which automatically increments its value every second, and shows the
result in the middle of the first line of LCM screen.
ACTIVITY 6
(6-Digit Electronic Stopwatch)
Design a stopwatch in the middle of LCM screen in 00:00:00 (minutes:seconds:1/60 seconds)

format. The stopwatch has a resolution of 0.01 seconds. When the key 1 is pressed, the watch
starts or resumes counting. When the key 2 is pressed, pause counting. When the key 2 is
pressed, the watch is reset.
39
OBJECTIVES:
To learn on-chip Timer/ counter control and their operation in Modes 0 and 1.
Demonstrate the operation of basic pulse counter
Mode 0: 13-bit timer
Mode 1: 16-bit timer/ counter
SW2-4 should be placed in ON position.
MATERIALS:
MTS-51 Trainer
ACTIVITY 1
(Timer/counter Mode-0)
Program timer/counter 0 operating in mode 0 and blink LEDs (D5) alternately. The ON/OFF time
is 1 second.
ACTIVITY 2
(Timer/counter Mode-1)
Program timer/counter 0 operating in mode 1 and sequentially turn on/off LEDs from leftmost to
the rightmost. The ON/OFF time is 0.5 seconds each.
ACTIVITY 3
Count the number of pulses from the 555 oscillator output and show the result on 7-segment
displays.

40
OBJECTIVES:
This experiment demonstrates the control application of photo interrupter.
The MTS-51 has two photo-interrupts PH1 and PH2. When light is blocked, the
phototransistor is cut off and low presents on the inverter output terminal. When light is
not blocked the phototransistor conducts in saturation and a high presents on the inverter
output terminal
MATERIALS:
MTS-51 Trainer
ACTIVITY
Use PH2 output to control the direction of rotation of the step motor. When PH2 is not blocked by
an object (for example, a piece of paper), the step motor rotates CW. If PH2 is blocked by an
object, the step motor rotated CCW.

41
OBJECTIVES:
This experiment demonstrates the Serial Communication using on-chip serial port Mode 1.
This experiment demonstrates the Output port expansion using serial port Mode 0.
The serial port in mode 0 acts a shift register which sends 8 data bits through RXD and the
TXD on transmit. SIPO is followed.
If two MTS-51 trainers are used, the JP2s on MTS-trainers should be interconnected such
that TXD of one is connected to the RXD of other, with a common Ground for both.
MATERIALS:
MTS-51 Trainer
ACTIVITY 1
(UART in Mode-1)
When a key is pressed on one MTS-51 trainer, the key is displayed on the 7-segment of the other
MTS-51 trainer
ACTIVITY 2
Program for the following sequence:
1. Sequentially turn on/off LEDs from left to right, 4 times
2. Sequentially turn on/off LEDs from right to left, 4 times
3. Sequentially turn on/off LEDs from left to right, and then invert the sequence 2 times.
4. Blink two sets of LEDs (right and left sides) alternately, 4 times
5. Turn on/off two LEDs ends to the middle and then from middle to ends, 4 times
[Place SW2_2 in ON position to enable LED pack 04]

42

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Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)

Laboratory Exercise 1(a)

Introducing the BGC- 8088 Microprocessor training system.

Salient Features of BGC-8088 Micro-engineer V3.4 Trainer

Built in standard Centronics printer interface.

Two IBM PC or compatible expansion slots.

Switching power supply: +5V, +5V, +12V, +12V and GND.

8088 assembler and dis-assembler. Assembly language coding.

Memory commands. D-display, M-move, C-Compare, E-edit and F-fill.

Display and / or modify the contents of registers.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)

Single step program execution and debug.

Breakpoint debug, for setting up to 10 breakpoints for program debugging.

Numerical systems conversions and calculations.

Download / Upload from / to external system.

RS-232 driver routine.

Keyboard driver routine.

Printer driver routine.

Hercules card driver routine.

LCD driver routine.

Hardware specifications of BGC-8088 Micro-engineer V3.4 Trainer

Display: An On-board 40x2 LCD module or a *)x24 monochrome monitor can be

Printer interface: BGC-8088 provides a standard Centronics printer interface.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)

Software architecture of BGC-8088 Micro-engineer V3.4 Trainer

Numeric operation / conversion

Hercules card driver

LCD display driver

Return to BIOS (system)

Note down the IC part numbers used in the BGC-Trainer.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)

Laboratory Exercise 1 (b)

Memory Management Commands.

Hexadecimal numerical system is used throughout the experiments (unless otherwise

consists of two portions. Segment address: Offset address.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)

Compare the contents of two blocks of memory.

Command C: Compare the contents of two blocks of memory

<Range> indicates the source area

Command D: Display the contents of memory

It is used to write data into memory.

Command F: Fill the memory with a value

It is used to change the contents of a block of memory to a certain sequence of values.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)

<Range> and <Address> may be overlapped.

The destination occurs before the source

Command A: Assemble a program

It is used to program with the 8088 assembly language.

Telecommunication Engineering Department

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)

Command U: Disassemble a program

It is used to disassemble assembly language instructions into machine code.

Command I: Insert instruction into a program

Numerical Operation Commands

Decimal to binary conversion.

Command B: Converting decimal to binary

Command J: Converting decimal to hexadecimal

Microprocessor and Interfacing Techniques (TE-380)